Running to Outcompete Metastasis.

The role of exercise in cancer progression is an emerging field of research, with intriguing evidence for physical activity playing an inhibitory role in cancer onset. In their recent publication, Sheinboim and colleagues demonstrate the impact of physical exercise on melanoma primary tumor growth and metastasis. They establish that physical exercise decreases metastatic spread, using both human epidemiologic data and in vivo models of melanoma metastasis. Systemic metabolic reprogramming of organs, induced by exercise, leads to a decrease in melanoma growth and progression as healthy organs are able to outcompete melanoma cells for nutrients. Exercise led to systemic metabolic changes in carbohydrate metabolism, glycolysis, and oxidative phosphorylation as well as mitochondrial biogenesis. Interestingly, the "metabolic shield" created by exercise could be reversed using the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin. This study highlights the importance of metabolic plasticity in metastasis and uncovers a direct link between systemic metabolic reprogramming and mTOR signaling. Overall, the study by Sheinboim and colleagues provides a more detailed understanding of the metastatic requirements in the context of energy and nutrient availability and the impact of exercise on cancer progression, highlighting novel opportunities for therapeutic intervention. See related article by Sheinboim et al., p. 4164.

Dual Covalent Inhibition of PKM and IMPDH Targets Metabolism in Cutaneous Metastatic Melanoma.

Overcoming acquired drug resistance is a primary challenge in cancer treatment. Notably, more than 50% of patients with BRAFV600E cutaneous metastatic melanoma (CMM) eventually develop resistance to BRAF inhibitors. Resistant cells undergo metabolic reprogramming that profoundly influences therapeutic response and promotes tumor progression. Uncovering metabolic vulnerabilities could help suppress CMM tumor growth and overcome drug resistance. Here we identified a drug, HA344, that concomitantly targets two distinct metabolic hubs in cancer cells. HA344 inhibited the final and rate-limiting step of glycolysis through its covalent binding to the pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) enzyme, and it concurrently blocked the activity of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, the rate-limiting enzyme of de novo guanylate synthesis. As a consequence, HA344 efficiently targeted vemurafenib-sensitive and vemurafenib-resistant CMM cells and impaired CMM xenograft tumor growth in mice. In addition, HA344 acted synergistically with BRAF inhibitors on CMM cell lines in vitro. Thus, the mechanism of action of HA344 provides potential therapeutic avenues for patients with CMM and a broad range of different cancers. SIGNIFICANCE: Glycolytic and purine synthesis pathways are often deregulated in therapy-resistant tumors and can be targeted by the covalent inhibitor described in this study, suggesting its broad application for overcoming resistance in cancer.

Discovery of a new molecule inducing melanoma cell death: dual AMPK/MELK targeting for novel melanoma therapies.

In the search of biguanide-derived molecules against melanoma, we have discovered and developed a series of bioactive products and identified the promising new compound CRO15. This molecule exerted anti-melanoma effects on cells lines and cells isolated from patients including the ones derived from tumors resistant to BRAF inhibitors. Moreover, CRO15 was able to decrease viability of cells lines from a broad range of cancer types. This compound acts by two distinct mechanisms. First by activating the AMPK pathway induced by a mitochondrial disorder. Second by inhibition of MELK kinase activity, which induces cell cycle arrest and activation of DNA damage repair pathways by p53 and REDD1 activation. All of these mechanisms activate autophagic and apoptotic processes resulting in melanoma cell death. The strong efficacy of CRO15 to reduce the growth of melanoma xenograft sensitive or resistant to BRAF inhibitors opens interesting perspective.

Retraction Note: LAMP2 expression dictates azacytidine response and prognosis in MDS/AML.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Acadesine Circumvents Azacitidine Resistance in Myelodysplastic Syndrome and Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) defines a group of heterogeneous hematologic malignancies that often progresses to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The leading treatment for high-risk MDS patients is azacitidine (Aza, Vidaza®), but a significant proportion of patients are refractory and all patients eventually relapse after an undefined time period. Therefore, new therapies for MDS are urgently needed. We present here evidence that acadesine (Aca, Acadra®), a nucleoside analog exerts potent anti-leukemic effects in both Aza-sensitive (OCI-M2S) and resistant (OCI-M2R) MDS/AML cell lines in vitro. Aca also exerts potent anti-leukemic effect on bone marrow cells from MDS/AML patients ex-vivo. The effect of Aca on MDS/AML cell line proliferation does not rely on apoptosis induction. It is also noteworthy that Aca is efficient to kill MDS cells in a co-culture model with human medullary stromal cell lines, that mimics better the interaction occurring in the bone marrow. These initial findings led us to initiate a phase I/II clinical trial using Acadra® in 12 Aza refractory MDS/AML patients. Despite a very good response in one out 4 patients, we stopped this trial because the highest Aca dose (210 mg/kg) caused serious renal side effects in several patients. In conclusion, the side effects of high Aca doses preclude its use in patients with strong comorbidities.

LAMP2 expression dictates azacytidine response and prognosis in MDS/AML.

Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) is a highly selective form of autophagy. During CMA, the HSC70 chaperone carries target proteins endowed with a KFERQ-like motif to the lysosomal receptor LAMP2A, which then translocate them into lysosomes for degradation. In the present study, we scrutinized the mechanisms underlying the response and resistance to Azacytidine (Aza) in MDS/AML cell lines and bone marrow CD34+ blasts from MDS/AML patients. In engineered Aza-resistant MDS cell lines and some AML cell lines, we identified a profound defect in CMA linked to the absence of LAMP2A. LAMP2 deficiency was responsible for Aza resistance and hypersensitivity to lysosome and autophagy inhibitors. Accordingly, gain of function of LAMP2 in deficient cells or loss of function in LAMP2-expressing cells rendered them sensitive or resistant to Aza, respectively. A strict correlation was observed between the absence of LAMP2, resistance to Aza and sensitivity to lysosome inhibitors. Low levels of LAMP2 expression in CD34+ blasts from MDS/AML patients correlated with lack of sensitivity to Aza and were predictive of poor overall survival. We propose that CD34+/LAMP2Low patients at diagnosis or who become CD34+/LAMP2Low during the course of treatment with Aza might benefit from a lysosome inhibitor already used in the clinic.

Modular synthesis of new C-aryl-nucleosides and their anti-CML activity.

The C-aryl-ribosyles are of utmost interest for the development of antiviral and anticancer agents. Even if several synthetic pathways have been disclosed for the preparation of these nucleosides, a direct, few steps and modular approaches are still lacking. In line with our previous efforts, we report herein a one step - eco-friendly ß-ribosylation of aryles and heteroaryles through a direct Friedel-Craft ribosylation mediated by bismuth triflate, Bi(OTf)3. The resulting carbohydrates have been functionalized by cross-coupling reactions, leading to a series of new C-aryl-nucleosides (32 compounds). Among them, we observed that 5d exerts promising anti-proliferative effects against two human Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) cell lines, both sensitive (K562-S) or resistant (K562-R) to imatinib, the "gold standard of care" used in this pathology. Moreover, we demonstrated that 5d kills CML cells by a non-conventional mechanism of cell death.

ATP-competitive Plk1 inhibitors induce caspase 3-mediated Plk1 cleavage and activation in hematopoietic cell lines.

Polo-like kinases (Plks) define a highly conserved family of Ser/Thr kinases with crucial roles in the regulation of cell division. Here we show that Plk1 is cleaved by caspase 3, but not by other caspases in different hematopoietic cell lines treated with competitive inhibitors of the ATP-binding pocket of Plk1. Intriguingly, Plk1 was not cleaved in cells treated with Rigosertib, a non-competitive inhibitor of Plk1, suggesting that binding of the inhibitor to the ATP binding pocket of Plk1 triggers a conformational change and unmasks a cryptic caspase 3 cleavage site on the protein. Cleavage occurs after Asp-404 in a DYSD/K sequence and separates the kinase domain from the two PBDs of Plk1. All Plk1 inhibitors triggered G2/M arrest, activation of caspases 2 and 3, polyploidy, multiple nuclei and mitotic catastrophe, albeit at higher concentrations in the case of Rigosertib. Upon BI-2536 treatment, Plk1 cleavage occurred only in the cytosolic fraction and cleaved Plk1 accumulated in this subcellular compartment. Importantly, the cleaved N-Terminal fragment of Plk1 exhibited a higher enzymatic activity than its non-cleaved counterpart and accumulated into the cytoplasm conversely to the full length and the C-Terminal Plk1 fragments that were found essentially into the nucleus. Finally, the DYSD/K cleavage site was highly conserved during evolution from c. elegans to human. In conclusion, we described herein for the first time a specific cleavage of Plk1 by caspase 3 following treatment of cancer cells with ATP-competitive inhibitors of Plk1.

In Vitro and in Vivo Evaluation of Fully Substituted (5-(3-Ethoxy-3-oxopropynyl)-4-(ethoxycarbonyl)-1,2,3-triazolyl-glycosides as Original Nucleoside Analogues to Circumvent Resistance in Myeloid Malignancies.

A series of nucleoside analogues bearing a 1,4,5-trisubstituted-1,2,3-triazole aglycone was synthesized using a straightforward click/electrophilic addition or click/oxidative coupling tandem procedures. SAR analysis, using cell culture assays, led to the discovery of a series of compounds belonging to the 5-alkynyl-1,2,3-triazole family that exhibits potent antileukemic effects on several hematologic malignancies including chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) either sensitive or resistant to their respective therapy. Compound 4a also proved efficient in vivo on mice xenografted with SKM1-R MDS cell line. Additionally, some insights in its mode of action revealed that this compound induced cell death by caspase and autophagy induction.