Young adults looking back at their experiences of treatment and care for nonsuicidal self-injury during adolescence: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is associated with stigma, and negative attitudes among healthcare professionals toward NSSI have been reported. A person-centered approach that focuses on how individuals with lived experience of NSSI perceive the treatment and care they receive is invaluable in reducing barriers to help-seeking and improving treatment and mental healthcare services. The aim of the current qualitative study was to explore the perceptions of young adults when they look back upon their experiences of psychiatric treatment for NSSI during adolescence. METHODS: Twenty-six individuals with lived experience of NSSI who were in contact with child and adolescent psychiatry during adolescence were interviewed. The interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Three main themes were developed: Changed perceptions in retrospect, The importance of a collaborative conceptualization and Lasting impression of the relationship. Participants' perception of themselves as well as the treatment changed over time. The importance of a joint understanding of NSSI and an agreed-upon treatment focus was emphasized. The relationship to the mental health professionals, and experiences of how NSSI was communicated, were salient several years later. CONCLUSIONS: Healthcare professionals need to communicate about NSSI in a respectful manner and include the perspective of the adolescent with lived experience of NSSI in a joint conceptualization of NSSI and treatment focus.

"It's ok that I feel like this": a qualitative study of adolescents' and parents' experiences of facilitators, mechanisms of change and outcomes in a joint emotion regulation group skills training.

BACKGROUND: Emotion regulation difficulties underlie several psychiatric conditions, and treatments that focus on improving emotion regulation can have an effect on a broad range of symptoms. However, participants' in-depth experiences of participating in emotion regulation treatments have not been much studied. In this qualitative study, we investigated participants' experiences of a joint emotion regulation group skills training in a child and adolescent psychiatric outpatient setting. METHODS: Twenty-one participants (10 adolescents and 11 parents) were interviewed about their experiences after they had participated in a seven-session transdiagnostic emotion regulation skills training for adolescents and parents. The aim of the skills training was to decrease emotion regulation difficulties, increase emotional awareness, reduce psychiatric symptoms, and enhance quality of life. The skills training consisted of psychoeducation about emotions and skills for regulating emotions. The interviews were transcribed and analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. RESULTS: The analysis resulted in three overarching themes: Parent - Child processes, Individual processes, and Group processes. The result showed that participants considered an improved parent-child relationship to be the main outcome. Increased knowledge, emotion regulation skills and behavioural change were conceptualised as both mechanisms of change and outcomes. The group format, and the fact that parents and adolescents participated together, were seen as facilitators. Furthermore, the participants experienced targeting emotions in skills training as meaningful and helpful. CONCLUSION: The results highlight the potential benefits of providing emotion regulation skills training for adolescents and parents together in a group format to improve the parent-child relationship and enable the opportunity to learn skills.

The psychosocial consequences of covid-19 in adolescents with nonsuicidal self-injury.

BACKGROUND: Young people have been especially affected by the psychosocial consequences of the covid-19 pandemic. Covid-19 has potentially also been more stressful for vulnerable groups with mental health problems. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, the psychosocial effects of covid-19 in a vulnerable group of adolescents with nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) from a sample of 1602 Swedish high-school students were examined. Data were collected in 2020 and 2021. First, adolescents with and without NSSI were compared on how they perceived the psychosocial impact of covid-19, and second, a hierarchical multiple regression analysis was used to examine whether lifetime NSSI experience was associated with perceived psychosocial consequences of covid-19, when demographic variables and symptoms of mental health problems were controlled for. Interaction effects were also examined. RESULTS: Significantly more individuals with NSSI reported being burdened by covid-19 compared to those without NSSI. When demographic variables and mental health symptoms were controlled for, adding NSSI experience did not, however, increase the amount of variance explained in the model. The total model explained 23.2% of the variance in perceived psychosocial impact of covid-19. Perceiving the family's financial situation as poor and neither good nor bad, studying a theoretical high school program, symptoms of depression and difficulties with emotion regulation were significantly associated with perceived negative psychosocial impact of the covid-19 pandemic. There was a significant interaction effect between NSSI experience and depressive symptoms. The effect of NSSI experience was larger when depressive symptoms were lower. CONCLUSIONS: Lifetime NSSI experience in itself was not associated with psychosocial covid-19 consequences when other variables were controlled for, whereas symptoms of depression and difficulties with emotion regulation were. Results imply that vulnerable adolescents with mental health symptoms need special attention and access to mental health support in order to prevent further stress and worsening of mental health symptoms in the wake of the covid-19 pandemic.

Responses of horses in behavioural tests correlate with temperament assessed by riders.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Behavioural tests as well as observers' ratings have been used to study horses' temperament. However, the relationship between the ratings and the responses in behavioural tests has not yet been studied in detail. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to examine this relationship between ratings and responses. METHODS: Eighteen mature Swedish Warmblood horses were subjected to 2 behavioural tests, one relating to novelty (novel object test) and one to handling (handling test). Subsequently, 16 of these horses were ridden by 16 equally experienced students, having no former experience with the horses. Immediately after each ride, the students scored the horse for 10 temperamental traits using a line rating method. RESULTS: It was shown that for each temperamental trait all 16 riders agreed on the ranking of the horses (0.212

Studies on the intracellular distributions of soluble epoxide hydrolase and of catalase by digitonin-permeabilization of hepatocytes isolated from control and clofibrate-treated mice.

Digitonin permeabilization of hepatocytes from control and clofibrate-treated (0.5% by mass, 10 days) male C57bl/6 mice was used to study the intracellular distributions of soluble ('cytosolic') epoxide hydrolase and of catalase. The following conclusions were drawn. (1) About 60% of the total soluble epoxide hydrolase activity in control mouse hepatocytes is situated in the cytosol. (2) The rest is not mitochondrial, but probably peroxisomal. (3) Of the total catalase activity in control mouse hepatocytes, 5-10% is found in the cytosol. (4) Treatment of mice with clofibrate increases the total hepatocyte activity of soluble epoxide hydrolase 4-fold, but does not influence the relative distribution of this enzyme between cytosol and peroxisomes. (5) The total catalase activity is increased 3.5-fold by clofibrate treatment and 15-35% of this activity is shifted from the peroxisomes to the cytosol.

Isolated liver perfusion--a tool in mutagenicity testing for the evaluation of carcinogens.

An isolated liver perfusion system suitable for the combination with Chinese hamster V79 cells is described. With this system, it is possible to study, with the V79 cells as genetic targets, the mutagenic effect of a chemical after metabolic activation in the intact organ. Those substances commonly used in mutagenicity testing as inducers of drug metabolising enzymes, i.e. Arochlor 1254. Phenobarbital(PB) and 3-Methylcholantrene(3-MC), were studied for their effect in the isolated perfused liver. PB increased the bile flow, which was not significantly affected by the other inducers. Only Arochlor caused a significant increase in the amino acid incorporation into plasma proteins and total liver proteins (expressed per mg liver protein). None of the inducers had an effect on gluconeogenesis from lactate or urea synthesis. All three inducers caused an increase in the level of microsomal P-450 enzymes, the biggest increase being seen after Arochlor-induction (170%), followed by PB(90%) and 3-MC(50%). Arochlor- and PB-induction had a dramatic effect on N- and C-oxygenation of N, N-dimethylaniline: N-oxygenation was decreased by 35% and 40% respectively and C-oxygenation increased by 130% and 140% respectively. The advantages of the isolated perfused liver as an intact metabolising unit is discussed in relation to other mutagenicity assays, in which subcellular fractions are used as the metabolising system.

Disturbance of microsomal detoxication mechanisms in liver by chlorophenol pesticides.

The pesticide pentachlorophenol known as an uncoupler of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation was shown to disturb liver microsomal detoxication functions by a selective inhibition of the terminal oxygenation enzyme P-450. At lower concentrations the flavin moiety of this enzyme chain is not inhibited but rather is stimulated, whereby a qualitative shift in detoxication of aromatic amines from C-oxygenation to N-oxygenation is obtained. The effects were due to the pentachlorophenol itself and not to a metabolite. Similar effects of varying strength were also obtained with other chlorophenol pesticides; 2,4,di-, 2,4,6,-tri and 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol, di- and hexachlorophen, tri- and nonachloro-2-hydroxydiphenyl ethers. The relevance of these findings to the possible synergistic influence of chlorophenols on the carcinogenic effects of polyaromatic amines and hydrocarbons is discussed.