RESUMO
Intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) is a precise, single highdose irradiation directly targeting the tumor bed during surgery. In comparison with traditional external beam RT, it minimizes damage to other normal tissues, ensures an adequate dose to the tumor bed and results in improved cosmetic outcomes and quality of life. Furthermore, IORT offers a shorter treatment duration, lower economic costs and therapeutic efficacy comparable with traditional RT. However, its relatively higher local recurrence rate limits its further clinical applications. Identifying effective radiosensitizing drugs and rational RT protocols will improve its advantages. Furthermore, IORT may not only damage DNA to directly kill breast tumor cells but also alter the tumor microenvironment (TME) to exert a sustained antitumor effect. Specific doses of IORT may exert antiangiogenic effects, and consequently antitumor effects, by impacting postradiation peripheral blood levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and deltalike 4. IORT may also modify the postoperative wound fluid composition to continuously inhibit tumor growth, e.g. by reducing components such as microRNA (miR)21, miR221, miR115, oncostatin M, TNFß, IL6 and IL8, and by elevating levels of components such as miR223, to inhibit the ability of postoperative wound fluid to induce proliferation, invasion and migration of residual cancer cells. IORT can also modify cancer cell glucose metabolism to inhibit the proliferation of residual tumor cells. In addition, IORT can induce a bystander effect, eliminating the postoperative wound fluidinduced epithelialmesenchymal transition and tumor stem cell phenotype. Insights gained at the molecular level may provide new directions for identifying novel therapeutic targets and approaches. A more comprehensive understanding of the effects of IORT on the breast cancer (BC) TME may further its clinical application. Hence, the present article reviews the primary effects of IORT on BC and its impact on the TME, aiming to offer fresh research perspectives for relevant professionals.