Aircraft wake vortex and turbulence measurement under near-ground effect using coherent Doppler lidar.

This paper evaluates the wake vortex characteristics using pulsed coherent Doppler lidar (PCDL) under near-ground effect (NGE). A wake vortex visualization demonstrator (V2D) is developed in order to visualize wake vortex in real-time. The combination of radial velocity distribution and FFT spectrum characterization are used to identify the core position of wake vortex. The velocity envelope and Burnham-Hallock model correction are used to retrieve the circulation of wake vortex under NGE. The circulation error, which is caused by PCDL scanning mode, is simulated and corrected. To investigate the dissipation rate's effect on wake vortex in real atmosphere, the cross wind and atmospheric turbulence are concurrently retrieved from the same measurement of wake vortex by using structure function. The statistics of wake vortex parameters are analyzed, based on the measurement campaign at Beijing Capital International Airport (BCIA) in 2017.

Doppler lidar investigation of wind turbine wake characteristics and atmospheric turbulence under different surface roughness.

Four field experiments based on Pulsed Coherent Doppler Lidar with different surface roughness have been carried out in 2013-2015 to study the turbulent wind field in the vicinity of operating wind turbine in the onshore and offshore wind parks. The turbulence characteristics in ambient atmosphere and wake area was analyzed using transverse structure function based on Plane Position Indicator scanning mode. An automatic wake processing procedure was developed to determine the wake velocity deficit by considering the effect of ambient velocity disturbance and wake meandering with the mean wind direction. It is found that the turbine wake obviously enhances the atmospheric turbulence mixing, and the difference in the correlation of turbulence parameters under different surface roughness is significant. The dependence of wake parameters including the wake velocity deficit and wake length on wind velocity and turbulence intensity are analyzed and compared with other studies, which validates the empirical model and simulation of a turbine wake for various atmosphere conditions.

Wind turbine wake visualization and characteristics analysis by Doppler lidar.

Wind power generation is growing fast as one of the most promising renewable energy sources that can serve as an alternative to fossil fuel-generated electricity. When the wind turbine generator (WTG) extracts power from the wind, the wake evolves and leads to a considerable reduction in the efficiency of the actual power generation. Furthermore, the wake effect can lead to the increase of turbulence induced fatigue loads that reduce the life time of WTGs. In this work, a pulsed coherent Doppler lidar (PCDL) has been developed and deployed to visualize wind turbine wakes and to characterize the geometry and dynamics of wakes. As compared with the commercial off-the-shelf coherent lidars, the PCDL in this work has higher updating rate of 4 Hz and variable physical spatial resolution from 15 to 60 m, which improves its capability to observation the instantaneous turbulent wind field. The wind speed estimation method from the arc scan technique was evaluated in comparison with wind mast measurements. Field experiments were performed to study the turbulent wind field in the vicinity of operating WTGs in the onshore and offshore wind parks from 2013 to 2015. Techniques based on a single and a dual Doppler lidar were employed for elucidating main features of turbine wakes, including wind velocity deficit, wake dimension, velocity profile, 2D wind vector with resolution of 10 m, turbulence dissipation rate and turbulence intensity under different conditions of surface roughness. The paper shows that the PCDL is a practical tool for wind energy research and will provide a significant basis for wind farm site selection, design and optimization.