Comparing accuracy of bedside ultrasound examination with physical examination for detection of pleural effusion.

BACKGROUND: In detecting pleural effusion, bedside ultrasound (US) has been shown to be more accurate than auscultation. However, US has not been previously compared to the comprehensive physical examination. This study seeks to compare the accuracy of physical examination with bedside US in detecting pleural effusion. METHODS: This study included a convenience sample of 34 medical inpatients from Calgary, Canada and Spokane, USA, with chest imaging performed within 24 h of recruitment. Imaging results served as the reference standard for pleural effusion. All patients underwent a comprehensive lung physical examination and a bedside US examination by two researchers blinded to the imaging results. RESULTS: Physical examination was less accurate than US (sensitivity of 44.0% [95% confidence interval (CI) 30.0-58.8%], specificity 88.9% (95% CI 65.3-98.6%), positive likelihood (LR) 3.96 (95% CI 1.03-15.18), negative LR 0.63 (95% CI 0.47-0.85) for physical examination; sensitivity 98% (95% CI 89.4-100%), specificity 94.4% (95% CI 72.7-99.9%), positive LR 17.6 (95% CI 2.6-118.6), negative LR 0.02 (95% CI 0.00-0.15) for US). The percentage of examinations rated with a confidence level of 4 or higher (out of 5) was higher for US (85% of the seated US examination and 94% of the supine US examination, compared to 35% of the PE, P < 0.001), and took less time to perform (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: US examination for pleural effusion was more accurate than the physical examination, conferred higher confidence, and required less time to complete.

POCUS Evaluation in Acute Kidney Injury.

Acute kidney injury is a common clinical problem encountered in general internal medicine. The evaluation of acute kidney injury is mainly driven by the patient's clinical history, physical exam, and laboratory investigation including urinalysis and urine sediment examination. Point of care ultrasound (POCUS) may be a useful tool to help clinicians to narrow and/or prioritize differential diagnosis in patients presenting with acute kidney injury. Here we present a case of a 67-year-old male presenting with dysuria, fevers, and flank pain along with elevation in serum creatinine who was admitted with concern for acute kidney injury secondary to complicated urinary tract infection. Subsequent kidney POCUS of the kidneys and bladder showed bilateral anechoic fluid collection within the kidney sinus with dilated calyces suggestive of bilateral hydronephrosis, most likely due to a new diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia. This case demonstrates the use of POCUS-obtained valuable diagnostic information and subsequent therapeutic management for this patient presenting with suspected acute kidney injury.

Point-of-Care Ultrasound Applications in the Outpatient Clinic.

Although the use of point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is well established in the emergency department (ED) and intensive care unit, the use of POCUS in the outpatient clinic setting is still emerging. General practitioners and specialists alike have increasing access to smaller and less expensive US devices that can assist in making timely diagnoses, guiding procedures, and monitoring patients. In this case-based review, we highlight some of the literature on simple-to-apply POCUS applications relevant to ambulatory medicine. The topics discussed include detecting left ventricular systolic dysfunction, ascites, gallstones, and Achilles tendon tears, as well as distinguishing abscess from cellulitis. Although a robust literature surrounds POCUS use in EDs, literature is limited regarding POCUS in the ambulatory setting; however, the literature supports general practitioners learning this skill set to the benefit of their patients. As POCUS moves out of hospital EDs and into the clinics, high-quality research demonstrating comparable accuracy and utility will be needed.