RESUMO
Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most frequent primary liver cancer worldwide. The use of antioxidants as cancer prevention and treatment agents has become a focus of research in recent years due to their limited adverse effects. Alpha lipoic acid (É-LA) is synthesized in the liver and is considered a naturally occurring antioxidant. In this study, a total of 4446 differentially expressed genes (2097 down-regulated and 2349 up-regulated) were identified via RNA-Seq in HepG2 cells after exposure to α-LA for 24 hrs. Moreover, GO and KEGG pathway analyses showed that cancer-relevant cell membrane proteins were significantly affected. An interaction network analysis predicted that Grb2 might mediate the key target pathways activated by exposure to É-LA. Verification of the RNA-Seq and iTRAQ results confirmed that Grb2 mediated the É-LA-induced inhibition of cell proliferation in vitro. Furthermore, the analysis of human hepatocellular carcinoma specimens obtained from the GEO database showed that the expression of EGFR and Met correlated with that of Grb2. These findings provide a novel mechanism through which É-LA regulates cell proliferation via the down-regulation of growth factor-stimulated Grb2 signalling.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Hepatocelular/genética , Proteína Adaptadora GRB2/genética , Neoplasias Hepáticas/genética , Ácido Tióctico/metabolismo , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/metabolismo , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patologia , Proliferação de Células/genética , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Feminino , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Neoplasias Hepáticas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patologia , Masculino , Mapas de Interação de Proteínas/genética , Proteoma/genética , Análise de Sequência de RNA , Ácido Tióctico/genética , Transcriptoma/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Alpha lipoic acid (α -LA) is a naturally occurring antioxidant and metabolic enzyme co-factor. Recently, α -LA has been reported to inhibit the growth of various cancer cells, but the precise signaling pathways that mediate the effects of α -LA on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) development remain unclear. METHODS: The CCK-8 assay was used to assess cell proliferation in NSCLC cell lines after α -LA treatment. The expression of growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2), cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-2, CDK4, CDK6, Cyclin D3, Cyclin E1, Ras, c-Raf, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), ERK1/2 and activated EGFR and ERK1/2 was evaluated by western blotting. Grb2 levels were restored in α-LA-treated cells by transfection of a plasmid carrying Grb2 and were reduced in NSCLC cells via specific siRNA-mediated knockdown. RESULTS: α -LA dramatically decreased NSCLC cell proliferation by downregulating Grb2; in contrast, Grb2 overexpression significantly prevented α-LA-induced decrease in cell growth in vitro. Western blot analysis indicated that α-LA decreased the levels of phospho-EGFR, CDK2/4/6, Cyclins D3 and E1, which are associated with the inhibition of G1/S-phase transition. Additional experiments indicated that Grb2 inhibition partially abolished EGF-induced phospho-EGFR and phospho-ERK1/2 activity. In addition, α-LA exerted greater inhibitory effects than gefitinib on NSCLC cells by preventing EGF-induced EGFR activation. CONCLUSION: For the first time, these findings provide the first evidence that α-LA inhibits cell proliferation through Grb2 by suppressing EGFR phosphorylation and that MAPK/ERK is involved in this pathway.
