Analysis of Differentially Expressed Genes of Chrysoperla sinica Related to Flight Capacity by Transcriptome.

The lacewing Chrysoperla sinica (Tjeder) is a common natural enemy of many insect pests in China and is frequently employed for biological control programs. Adults make migratory flights after emergence, which reduces their effectiveness as biological control agents. Previously, we proved that 2-d-old unmated females exhibited significantly stronger flight ability than 3-d-old ones. Meanwhile, 3-d-old unmated adults flew significantly longer distances than mated ones. In this study, Illumina RNA sequencing was performed to characterize differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between virgin and mated adults of different ages in a single female strain of C. sinica. In total, 713,563,726 clean reads were obtained and de novo assembled into 109,165 unigenes with an average length of 847 bp (N50 of 1,754 bp), among which 4,382 (4.01%) unigenes matched known proteins. Based on these annotations, many putative transcripts were related to C. sinica's flight capacity and muscle structure, energy supply, growth, development, environmental adaptability, and metabolism of nutritional components and bioactive components. In addition, the differential expression of transcripts between different ages and mating status were analyzed, and DEGs participating in flight capacity and muscles were detected, including glutathione hydrolase, NAD-specific glutamate dehydrogenase, aminopeptidase, and acidic amino acid decarboxylase. The DEGs with functions associated with flight capacity and muscles exhibited higher transcript levels for younger (2 d--old) virgins. This comprehensive C. sinica transcriptomic data provide a foundation for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the flight capacity to meet the physiological demands of flight muscles in C. sinica.

[Distribution and source apportionment of n-alkanes in atmospheric particle in Taiyuan, China].

The n-alkanes in PM10 and typical emission sources samples collected during heating and non-heating periods in Taiyuan were determined with GC-MS. Meanwhile, the distribution characteristics and source identification of n-alkanes were investigated with diagnostic parameters and principal component analysis (PCA). Concentrations of n-alkanes ranged from 213.74 to 573.32 ng.m-3 and 22.69 to 150.82 ng.m-3 in the heating and non-heating seasons, respectively. The n-alkanes concentrations in suburban districts including JY, JCP, XD and SL were higher than those in urban sites in the heating quarter, and the relative concentration in JS was 7 times higher than that in SL in the other period. The correlation of the total n-alkanes in PM10 with that derived from fossil fuel was higher than the correlation with those from plant in the heating quarter, while the opposite result was detected in the other period, manifesting higher contribution of fossil fuel in the heating days. CPI and % WNA values showed that the contribution from plant wax in the non-heating period was higher than that in the heating period, and the alkanes production rate was elevated along with the increase in environmental pressures. Information on higher organic matter maturity was obtained during the heating period by Cmax and OEP and the existence of UCM bulge confirmed that vehicles were the significant contributor to n-alkanes concentration during the whole year. PCA analysis indicated the major component was the mixture of vehicle emission and higher plant, accounting for 51.28% of the total variances, followed by coal dust, accounting for 43. 14%. Cooperating control of emissions from coal combustions and vehicles would be the effective way to lower the concentrations of the corresponding n-alkanes.