Assessment of spatial brightness for a visual field in interior spaces based on indirect corneal illuminance.

Quantitative evaluation of spatial brightness has been difficult, mainly due to the lack of a metric that is both highly related to subjective evaluation and convenient to measure in the field. This work investigated the applicability of using indirect corneal illuminance to evaluate spatial brightness for a visual field in interior spaces. Three lighting scenes with different patterns of lighting distribution, which all delivered indirect light to the subjects, were compared against each other in pairs for spatial brightness. The corresponding indirect corneal illuminance required for each test scene to match the spatial brightness of the reference scene with a fixed corneal illuminance was obtained. The results showed that our proposed metric had a high correlation with subjective evaluation of spatial brightness even under very different patterns of lighting distribution. Furthermore, the proposed metric was compared with the prior metrics of MRSE and Lav,B40 in spatial brightness evaluation, and the former showed the best correlation with subjective judgments. Since the spatial brightness assessment for various visual fields together compose people's overall impression of an illuminated space, the proposed metric of indirect corneal illuminance, which combines both accuracy and convenience in measurement, could serve as a preferred metric for spatial brightness evaluation.

Development of an electrochemical biosensor for phylogenetic analysis of Amaryllidaceae based on the enhanced electrochemical fingerprint recorded from plant tissue.

A biosensor has been developed based on disposable screen-printed electrode for recording the electrochemical fingerprint of plant leaf tissue. A thin layer of polydopamine functionalized graphene sheets was coated on the plant tissue modified electrode for signal enhancement. The voltammetric data recorded under different buffer solutions can be derived as patterns for species identification. As the distribution of electrochemical active compounds in plants is controlled by genes, these fingerprints can reflect differences at the genetic level between species. Therefore, the electrochemical fingerprint of plant tissues can be used for phylogenetic research without qualitative analysis. 19 species of Amaryllidaceae including A. africanus, Clivia miniata, Clivia nobilis, Crinum firmifolium, Crinum latifolium, Crinum moorei, Curculiga gracilis, Cyrtanthus breviflorus, Habranthus robustus, Haemanthus albiflos, Haemathus multiflorus, Hippeastrum rutilum, Hymenocallis littoralis, Leucojum aestivum, Sprekelia formosissima, Tulbaghia violacea, Zephyranthes grandiflora, Zephyranthes macrosiphon and Zephyranthes minima have been selected deliberately. The dendrogram deduced from the electrochemical fingerprint was compared with the molecular phylogenetics. The results indicate the electrochemical fingerprint-based phylogenetic study is a persuasive methodology for plant phylogenetic analysis.