Experimental models for peri-implant diseases: a narrative review.

OBJECTIVES: Peri-implant diseases, being the most common implant-related complications, significantly impact the normal functioning and longevity of implants. Experimental models play a crucial role in discovering potential therapeutic approaches and elucidating the mechanisms of disease progression in peri-implant diseases. This narrative review comprehensively examines animal models and common modeling methods employed in peri-implant disease research and innovatively summarizes the in vitro models of peri-implant diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Articles published between 2015 and 2023 were retrieved from PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, and Embase. All studies focusing on experimental models of peri-implant diseases were included and carefully evaluated. RESULTS: Various experimental models of peri-implantitis have different applications and advantages. The dog model is currently the most widely utilized animal model in peri-implant disease research, while rodent models have unique advantages in gene knockout and systemic disease induction. In vitro models of peri-implant diseases are also continuously evolving to meet different experimental purposes. CONCLUSIONS: The utilization of experimental models helps simplify experiments, save time and resources, and promote advances in peri-implant disease research. Animal models have been proven valuable in the early stages of drug development, while technological advancements have brought about more predictive and relevant in vitro models. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This review provides clear and comprehensive model selection strategies for researchers in the field of peri-implant diseases, thereby enhancing understanding of disease pathogenesis and providing possibilities for developing new treatment strategies.

Double Reinforcing Strategy with Perpendicular Plate of Ethmoid in Asian Secondary Unilateral Cleft Rhinoplasty: A Finite Element Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Deviation and asymmetry relapse after secondary unilateral cleft rhinoplasty with septal extension graft is a common yet serious problem especially among Asian patients. Therefore, finding an effective approach to reduce deformity relapse remains a great challenge to plastic surgeons. METHODS: In this study, authors established finite element models to simulate different nasal cartilage-corrected options and different reinforcing strategies in secondary unilateral cleft rhinoplasty. A load of 0.01N was given to the nasal tip to simulate the soft tissue pressure, while two loads of 0.5N were separately given to the anterior and posterior part of the septal extension graft to simulate the rhinoplasty condition. Maximum deformations were evaluated to make stability judgments. RESULTS: The maximum deformation of different cartilage correction models in ascending order was: UCL deformity with septum correction, normal nasal cartilage, UCL nasal deformity, and UCL nasal deformity with lower lateral cartilage correction. When applied L-strut reinforcement graft was harvested from the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, the maximum deformation of the models decreased significantly, and strong fixation of the septum could further enhance this decreasing effect. CONCLUSIONS: Correcting the septum and lower lateral cartilage together could improve the structural stability and symmetry in secondary unilateral cleft rhinoplasty. To keep the corrected septum stable and thus reduce deformity relapse, reinforcing the L-strut with perpendicular plate of ethmoid graft while strongly anchoring the septal cartilage to the anterior nasal spine was proved to be effective in both finite element analysis and clinical observation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Characteristics and prognostic value of cardiac magnetic resonance strain analysis in patients with different phenotypes of heart failure.

Background: Strain analysis of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) is important for the prognosis of heart failure (HF). Herein, we aimed to identify the characteristics and prognostic value of strain analysis revealed by CMR in different HF phenotypes. Methods: Participants with HF, including HF with reduced ejection fraction, HF with mildly reduced ejection fraction, and HF with preserved ejection fraction, and controls were enrolled. The baseline information and clinical parameters of participants were collected, and echocardiography and CMR examination were performed. Three-dimensional strain analysis was performed in the left ventricle, right ventricle, left atrium, and right atrium using CMR. A multifactor Cox risk proportional model was established to assess the influencing factors of cardiovascular adverse events in patients with HF. Results: During a median follow-up of 999 days (range: 616-1334), 20.6% of participants (73/354) experienced adverse events (HF readmission and/or cardiovascular death). Univariable Cox regression revealed that a 1% increase in left atrial global longitudinal strain (LAGLS) was associated with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.21 [95% confidence interval (CI):1.15-1.28; P < 0.001]. Left ventricular global circumferential strain (LVGCS) (HR, 1.18; 95% CI: 1.12-1.24; P < 0.001), and left ventricular global longitudinal strain (LVGLS) (HR, 1.27; 95% CI: 1.20-1.36; P < 0.001) were also associated with HF hospitalizations and cardiovascular deaths. Among clinical variables, hypertension (HR, 2.11; 95% CI: 1.33-13.36; P = 0.002), cardiomyopathy (HR, 2.26; 95% CI: 1.42-3.60; P < 0.001) were associated with outcomes in univariable analysis. Multivariable analyses revealed that LAGLS (95% CI: 1.08-1.29; P < 0.001), LVGLS (95% CI:1.08-1.29; P < 0.001) and LVGCS (95% CI: 1.19-1.51; P < 0.001) were significantly associated with outcomes. Among clinical variables, hypertension (95% CI: 1.09-3.73; P < 0.025) remained a risk factor. Conclusion: CMR plays an obvious role in phenotyping HF. Strain analysis, particularly left atrial and left ventricular strain analysis (LAGLS, LVGLS, and LVGCS) has good value in predicting adverse outcome events.

Low-dose CT fluoroscopy-guided interventional minimally invasive robot.

Background: This study aimed to assess the feasibility, safety, and accuracy of a low-dose CT fluoroscopy-guided remote-controlled robotic real-time puncture procedure. Methods: The study involved two control groups with Taguchi method: Group A, which underwent low-dose traditional CT-guided manual puncture (blank control), and Group B, which underwent conditional control puncture. Additionally, an experimental group, Group C, underwent CT fluoroscopy-guided remote-controlled robotic real-time puncture. In a phantom experiment, various simulated targets were punctured, while in an animal experiment, attempts were made to puncture targets in different organs of four pigs. The number of needle adjustments, puncture time, total puncture operation time, and radiation dose were analyzed to evaluate the robot system. Results: Successful punctures were achieved for each target, and no complications were observed. Dates were calculated for all parameters using Taguchi method. Conclusion: The low-dose CT fluoroscopy-guided puncture robot system is a safe, feasible, and equally accurate alternative to traditional manual puncture procedures.

Exploring the influence of a single-nucleotide mutation in EIN4 on tomato fruit firmness diversity through fruit pericarp microstructure.

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) stands as one of the most valuable vegetable crops globally, and fruit firmness significantly impacts storage and transportation. To identify genes governing tomato firmness, we scrutinized the firmness of 266 accessions from core collections. Our study pinpointed an ethylene receptor gene, SlEIN4, located on chromosome 4 through a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of fruit firmness in the 266 tomato core accessions. A single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (A → G) of SlEIN4 distinguished lower (AA) and higher (GG) fruit firmness genotypes. Through experiments, we observed that overexpression of SlEIN4AA significantly delayed tomato fruit ripening and dramatically reduced fruit firmness at the red ripe stage compared with the control. Conversely, gene editing of SlEIN4AA with CRISPR/Cas9 notably accelerated fruit ripening and significantly increased fruit firmness at the red ripe stage compared with the control. Further investigations revealed that fruit firmness is associated with alterations in the microstructure of the fruit pericarp. Additionally, SlEIN4AA positively regulates pectinase activity. The transient transformation assay verified that the SNP (A → G) on SlEIN4 caused different genetic effects, as overexpression of SlEIN4GG increased fruit firmness. Moreover, SlEIN4 exerts a negative regulatory role in tomato ripening by impacting ethylene evolution through the abundant expression of ethylene pathway regulatory genes. This study presents the first evidence of the role of ethylene receptor genes in regulating fruit firmness. These significant findings will facilitate the effective utilization of firmness and ripening traits in tomato improvement, offering promising opportunities for enhancing tomato storage and transportation capabilities.

STING inhibition suppresses microglia-mediated synapses engulfment and alleviates motor functional deficits after stroke.

Ischemic stroke is the leading cause of adult disability. Ischemia leads to progressive neuronal death and synapse loss. The engulfment of stressed synapses by microglia further contributes to the disruption of the surviving neuronal network and related brain function. Unfortunately, there is currently no effective target for suppressing the microglia-mediated synapse engulfment. Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is an important participant in innate immune response. In the brain, microglia are the primary cell type that mediate immune response after brain insult. The intimate relationship between STING and microglia-mediated neuroinflammation has been gradually established. However, whether STING affects other functions of microglia remains elusive. In this study, we found that STING regulated microglial phagocytosis of synapses after photothrombotic stroke. The treatment of STING inhibitor H151 significantly improved the behavioral performance of injured mice in grid-walking test, cylinder test, and adhesive removal test after stroke. Moreover, the puncta number of engulfed SYP or PSD95 in microglia was reduced after consecutive H151 administration. Further analysis showed that the mRNA levels of several complement components and phagocytotic receptors were decreased after STING inhibition. Transcriptional factor STAT1 is known for regulating most of the decreased molecules. After STING inhibition, the nucleus translocation of phosphorylated STAT1 was also suppressed in microglia. Our data uncovered the novel regulatory effects of STING in microglial phagocytosis after stroke, and further emphasized STING as a potential drug-able target for post-stroke functional recovery.

Soil bacterial community characteristics and its effect on organic carbon under different fertilization treatments.

Introduction: By implementing small-scale and efficient fertilization techniques, it is possible to enhance the activity of microorganisms, thereby improving soil carbon sequestration and ecological value in agriculture. Methods: In this study, field experiments were conducted using various types of fertilizers: organic fertilizer, microbial fungal fertilizer, composite fertilizer, and an unfertilized control (CK). Additionally, different dosages of compound fertilizers were applied, including 0.5 times compound fertilizers, constant compound fertilizers, 1.5 times compound fertilizers and CK. Using advanced technologies such as Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing, PICRUSt2 prediction, Anosim analysis, redundancy analysis, canonical correlation analysis, and correlation matrix, soil organic carbon (SOC) content and components, bacterial diversity, metabolic functions, and interaction mechanisms were examined in different fields. Results and Discussion: The results showed pronounced effects of various fertilization modes on SOC and the bacterial community, particularly in the topsoil layer (0-20 cm). Organic fertilizer treatments increased the richness and diversity of bacterial communities in the soil. However, conventional doses and excessive application of compound fertilizers reduced the diversity of soil bacterial communities and SOC content. Additionally, different fertilization treatments led to an increase in easily oxidizable organic carbon (EOC) contents. Interestingly, the relationship between SOC components and soil bacteria exhibited inconsistency. EOC was positively correlated with the bacterial diversity index. Additionally, Chloroflexi exhibited a negative correlation with both SOC and its components. The influence of metabolismon primary metabolic functions on the content of SOC components in the soil was more notable. It included seven types of tertiary functional metabolic pathways significantly correlated with SOC components (p < 0.05). Purpose and Significance: These findings enhance the understanding of the relative abundance of bacterial communities, particularly those related to the carbon cycle, by adjusting agricultural fertilization patterns. This adjustment serves as a reference for enhancing carbon sinks and reducing emissions in agricultural soils.

Chemogenetic activation of astrocytic Gi signaling promotes spinogenesis and motor functional recovery after stroke.

Ischemic stroke is the leading cause of adult disability. The rewiring of surviving neurons is the fundamental process for functional recovery. Accumulating evidence implicates astrocytes in synapses and neural circuits formation, but few studies have further studied how to enhance the effects of astrocytes on synapse and circuits after stroke and its impacts on post-stroke functional recovery. In this study, we made use of chemogenetics to specifically activate astrocytic Gi signaling in the peri-infarcted sensorimotor cortex at different time epochs in a mouse model of photothrombotic stroke. We found that early activation of astrocytic hM4Di after stroke by CNO modulates astrocyte activity and upregulates synaptogenic molecules including thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) as revealed by bulk RNA-sequencing, but no significant improvement was observed in dendritic spine density and behavioral performance in grid walking test. Interestingly, when the manipulation was initiated at the subacute phase of stroke, the recovery of spine density and motor function could be effectively promoted, accompanied by increased TSP1 expression. Our data highlight the important role of astrocytes in synapse remodeling during the repair phase of stroke and suggest astrocytic Gi signaling activation as a potential strategy for synapse regeneration, circuit rewiring, and functional recovery.

A Global Seawater Density Distribution Model Using a Convolutional Neural Network.

Seawater density is an important physical property in oceanography that affects the accuracy of calculations such as gravity fields and tidal potentials and the calibration of acoustic and optical oceanographic sensors. In related studies, constant density values are frequently used, which can introduce significant errors. Therefore, this study employs a basic convolutional neural network model to construct a comprehensive model showing the seawater density distribution across the globe. The model takes into account depth, latitude, longitude, and month as inputs. Numerous real seawater datasets were used to train the model, and it has been shown that the model has an absolute mean error and root mean square error of less than 1 kg/m3 in 99% of the test set samples. The model effectively demonstrates the influence of input parameters on the distribution of seawater density. In this paper, we present a newly developed global model for distributing seawater density which is both comprehensive and accurate, surpassing previous models. The utilization of the model presented in this paper for estimating seawater density can minimize errors in theoretical ocean models and serve as a foundation for designing and analyzing ocean exploration systems.

Interventions for psychiatric disorders among university students: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses / Intervenciones para los trastornos psiquiátricos entre estudiantes universitarios: una revisión general de revisiones sistemáticas y metanálisis

Background: Mental disorders are considered to be the main reason for the increase of the disease burden. College students seem to be more vulnerable to the adverse effects of stress, which makes them more at risk of suffering from mental disorders. This umbrella review aimed to evaluate the credibility of published evidence regarding the effects of interventions on mental disorders among university students. Methods: To identify systematic reviews and meta-analyses investigating the effects of interventions on mental disorders in the university student population, extensive searches were carried out in databases including PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Database, spanning from inception to July 21, 2023. Subsequently, a thorough reanalysis of crucial parameters such as summary effect estimates, 95 % confidence intervals, heterogeneity I2 statistic, 95 % prediction intervals, small-study effects, and excess significance bias was performed for each meta-analysis found. Results: Nineteen articles involving 74 meta-analyses were included. Our grading of the current evidence showed that interventions based on exercise, Cognitive-behavioural Intervention (CBI), mindfulness-based interventions (MBI), and other interventions like mood and anxiety interventions (MAI) were effective whereas exercise intervention had the highest effect size for both depression and anxiety among university students. However, the credibility of the evidence was weak for most studies. Besides, suggestive evidence was observed for the positive effects of CBI on sleep disturbance(SMD: -0.603, 95 % CI: -0.916, -0.290; P-random effects<0.01) and MAI on anxiety (Hedges'g = -0.198, 95 % CI: -0.302, -0.094; P-random effects<0.01). Conclusion: Based on our findings, it appears that exercise interventions, CBI, and MAI have the potential to alleviate symptoms related to mental disorders...(AU)

The Design of PAN-Based Janus Membrane with Adjustable Asymmetric Wettability in Wastewater Purification.

In this paper, an environmentally friendly polyacrylonitrile-based (PAN-based) composite membrane with a Janus structure for wastewater treatment was successfully fabricated. To achieve the optimum adsorption of PAN-based Janus composite membrane, the asymmetric wettability was regulated through electrospinning, resulting in TiO2 modifying PAN as the hydrophilic substrate layer, and PCL gaining a different thickness as the hydrophobic layer. The prepared Janus composite membrane (PAN/TiO2-PCL20) showed excellent oil/water separation performance for diverse surfactant-stabilized oil-in-water emulsions. For n-hexane-in-water emulsion, the permeate flux and separation efficiency reached 1344 L m-2 h-1 and 99.52%, respectively. Even after 20 cycles of separation, it still had outstanding reusability and the separation efficiency remained above 99.15%. Meanwhile, the PAN/TiO2-PCL20 also exhibited an excellent photocatalytic activity, and the removal rate for RhB reached 93.2%. In addition, the research revealed that PAN/TiO2-PCL20 possessed good mechanical property and unidirectional water transfer capability. All results indicated that PAN/TiO2-PCL20 with photocatalysis and oil/water separation performance could be used for practical complex wastewater purification.

Interventions for psychiatric disorders among university students: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.

Background: Mental disorders are considered to be the main reason for the increase of the disease burden. College students seem to be more vulnerable to the adverse effects of stress, which makes them more at risk of suffering from mental disorders. This umbrella review aimed to evaluate the credibility of published evidence regarding the effects of interventions on mental disorders among university students. Methods: To identify systematic reviews and meta-analyses investigating the effects of interventions on mental disorders in the university student population, extensive searches were carried out in databases including PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Database, spanning from inception to July 21, 2023. Subsequently, a thorough reanalysis of crucial parameters such as summary effect estimates, 95 % confidence intervals, heterogeneity I2 statistic, 95 % prediction intervals, small-study effects, and excess significance bias was performed for each meta-analysis found. Results: Nineteen articles involving 74 meta-analyses were included. Our grading of the current evidence showed that interventions based on exercise, Cognitive-behavioural Intervention (CBI), mindfulness-based interventions (MBI), and other interventions like mood and anxiety interventions (MAI) were effective whereas exercise intervention had the highest effect size for both depression and anxiety among university students. However, the credibility of the evidence was weak for most studies. Besides, suggestive evidence was observed for the positive effects of CBI on sleep disturbance(SMD: -0.603, 95 % CI: -0.916, -0.290; P-random effects<0.01) and MAI on anxiety (Hedges'g = -0.198, 95 % CI: -0.302, -0.094; P-random effects<0.01). Conclusion: Based on our findings, it appears that exercise interventions, CBI, and MAI have the potential to alleviate symptoms related to mental disorders. Despite the overall weak credibility of the evidence and the strength of the associations, these interventions offer a promising avenue for further exploration and research in the future. More high-quality randomized controlled trials should be taken into account to verify the effects of these interventions on various mental disorders.

Magnesium promotes vascularization and osseointegration in diabetic states.

Diabetes has long been considered a risk factor in implant therapy and impaired wound healing in soft and hard oral tissues. Magnesium has been proved to promote bone healing under normal conditions. Here, we elucidate the mechanism by which Mg2+ promotes angiogenesis and osseointegration in diabetic status. We generated a diabetic mice model and demonstrated the alveolar bone healing was compromised, with significantly decreased angiogenesis. We then developed Mg-coating implants with hydrothermal synthesis. These implants successfully improved the vascularization and osseointegration in diabetic status. Mechanically, Mg2+ promoted the degradation of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) and the nucleation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) by up-regulating the expression of sestrin 2 (SESN2) in endothelial cells, thus reducing the elevated levels of oxidative stress in mitochondria and relieving endothelial cell dysfunction under hyperglycemia. Altogether, our data suggested that Mg2+ promoted angiogenesis and osseointegration in diabetic mice by regulating endothelial mitochondrial metabolism.

Mapping of individual sensory nerve axons from digits to spinal cord with the transparent embedding solvent system.

Achieving uniform optical resolution for a large tissue sample is a major challenge for deep imaging. For conventional tissue clearing methods, loss of resolution and quality in deep regions is inevitable due to limited transparency. Here we describe the Transparent Embedding Solvent System (TESOS) method, which combines tissue clearing, transparent embedding, sectioning and block-face imaging. We used TESOS to acquire volumetric images of uniform resolution for an adult mouse whole-body sample. The TESOS method is highly versatile and can be combined with different microscopy systems to achieve uniformly high resolution. With a light sheet microscope, we imaged the whole body of an adult mouse, including skin, at a uniform 0.8 × 0.8 × 3.5 µm3 voxel resolution within 120 h. With a confocal microscope and a 40×/1.3 numerical aperture objective, we achieved a uniform sub-micron resolution in the whole sample to reveal a complete projection of individual nerve axons within the central or peripheral nervous system. Furthermore, TESOS allowed the first mesoscale connectome mapping of individual sensory neuron axons spanning 5 cm from adult mouse digits to the spinal cord at a uniform sub-micron resolution.

Periplaneta americana extract promotes hard palate mucosal wound healing via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in male mice.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the effect of Periplaneta americana extract, a traditional Chinese medicine, on hard palate mucosal wound healing and explore the underlying mechanisms. DESIGN: Hard palate mucosal wound model was established and the effects of Periplaneta americana extract on hard palate mucosal wound healing were investigated by stereomicroscopy observation and histological evaluation in vivo. Human oral keratinocytes and human gingival fibroblasts, which play key roles in hard palate mucosal wound healing, were selected as the main research cells in vitro. The effects of Periplaneta americana extract on cell proliferation, migration, and collagen formation were determined by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, Transwell assay, and Van Gieson staining. The underlying mechanism was revealed by RNA sequencing, and results were verified by western blot assay. RESULTS: Stereomicroscopy observation and H&E staining confirmed that Periplaneta americana extract accelerated the healing rate of hard palate mucosal wound (p < 0.001) in vivo. Transwell assay and Van Gieson staining assay showed that Periplaneta americana extract promoted the migration and collagen formation of human oral keratinocytes (p < 0.001) and human gingival fibroblasts (p < 0.001) in vitro. Mechanistically, RNA sequencing and western blot assay demonstrated that Periplaneta americana extract promoted hard palate mucosal wound healing via PI3K/AKT signaling, and the beneficial effects of Periplaneta americana extract were abrogated by the PI3K inhibitor LY294002. CONCLUSIONS: Periplaneta americana extract shows promising effects for the promotion of hard palate mucosal wound healing and may be a novel candidate for clinical translation.

Composition of gut microbiota and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to summarize the associations between gut microbiota composition and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. To compare the differences between individuals with or without NAFLD, the standardized mean difference and 95% confidence interval were computed for each α-diversity index and relative abundance of gut microbes. The ß-diversity indices were summarized in a qualitative manner. A total of 54 studies with 8894 participants were included. Overall, patients with NAFLD had moderate reduction in α-diversity indices including Shannon (SMD = -0.36, 95% CI = [-0.53, -0.19], p < 0.001) and Chao 1 (SMD = -0.42, 95% CI = [-0.68, -0.17], p = 0.001), but no significant differences were found for Simpson, observed species, phylogenetic diversity, richness, abundance-based coverage estimator, and evenness (p ranged from 0.081 to 0.953). Over 75% of the included studies reported significant differences in ß-diversity. Although there was substantial interstudy heterogeneity, especially for analyses at the phylum, class, and family levels, the majority of the included studies showed alterations in the depletion of anti-inflammatory microbes (i.e., Ruminococcaceae and Coprococcus) and the enrichment of proinflammatory microbes (i.e., Fusobacterium and Escherichia) in patients with NAFLD. Perturbations in gut microbiota were associated with NAFLD, commonly reflected by a reduction in beneficial species and an increase in the pathogenic species.

Efficacy and safety of hepatitis B vaccine: an umbrella review of meta-analyses.

BACKGROUND: There is a lack of synthesis of literature to determine hepatitis B vaccine (HepB) strategies for hepatitis B virus (HBV) supported by quality evidence. We aimed to explore the efficacy and safety of HepB strategies among people with different characteristics. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Web of Science were searched for meta-analyses comparing the efficacy and safety of HepB up to July 2023. RESULTS: Twenty-one meta-analyses comparing 83 associations were included, with 16 high quality, 4 moderate, and 1 low quality assessed by AMSTAR 2. Highly suggestive evidence supports HepB booster and HepB with 1018 adjuvant (HBsAg-1018) for improved seroprotection, and targeted and universal HepB vaccination reduced HBV infection Suggestive evidence indicated that targeted vaccination decreased the rate of hepatitis B surface antibody positivity and booster doses increased seroprotection in people aged 10-20. Weak evidence suggests potential local/systemic reaction risk with nucleotide analogs or HBsAg-1018. Convincing evidence shows HLA-DPB1*04:01 and DPB1*04:02 increased, while DPB1*05:01 decreased, hepatitis B antibody response. Obesity may reduce HepB seroprotection, as highly suggested. CONCLUSION: Targeted vaccination could effectively reduce HBV infection, and adjuvant and booster vaccinations enhance seroprotection without significant reaction. Factors such as obesity and genetic polymorphisms may affect the efficacy.

The critical role of microplastics in the fate and transformation of sulfamethoxazole and antibiotic resistance genes within vertical subsurface-flow constructed wetlands.

Constructed wetlands (CWs) are reservoirs of microplastics (MPs) in the environment. However, knowledge about the impact of MPs on antibiotic removal and the fate of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is limited. We focused on sulfamethoxazole (SMX) as a representative compound to examine the effects of MPs on SMX removal and the proliferation and dissemination of two SMX-related ARGs (sul1 and sul2) in vertical subsurface-flow CW (VFCW) microcosm. The presence of MPs in the substrate was found to enhance the proliferation of microorganisms owing to the large specific surface area of the MPs and the release of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on MP surfaces, which resulted in a high SMX removal ranging from 97.80 % to 99.80 %. However, the presence of MPs promoted microbial interactions and the horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of ARGs, which led to a significant increase in the abundances of sul1 and sul2 of 68.47 % and 17.20 %, respectively. It is thus imperative to implement rigorous monitoring strategies for MPs to mitigate their potential ecological hazards.

Long-Life Lead-Carbon Batteries for Stationary Energy Storage Applications.

Owing to the mature technology, natural abundance of raw materials, high recycling efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and high safety of lead-acid batteries (LABs) have received much more attention from large to medium energy storage systems for many years. Lead carbon batteries (LCBs) offer exceptional performance at the high-rate partial state of charge (HRPSoC) and higher charge acceptance than LAB, making them promising for hybrid electric vehicles and stationary energy storage applications. Despite that, adding carbon to the negative active electrode considerably enhances the electrochemical performance. However, carbon brings some adverse effects, such as the severe hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in the NAM due to the low overpotential of carbon material, promoting severe water loss in LCBs. From a practical application point of view, the irreversible sulfation of the negative active material (NAM) and extreme shedding and softening of the positive active material (PAM) are the main obstacles for next-generation LCBs. Recently, a lead-carbon composite additive delayed the parasitic hydrogen evolution and eliminated the sulfation problem, ensuring a long life of LCBs for practical aspects. This comprehensive review outlines a brief developmental historical background of LAB, its shifting towards LCB, the failure mode of LAB, and possible potential solutions to tackle the failure problems. The detailed LCB's development towards long life was discussed in light of the reported literature to guide the researcher to date progress. More emphasis was directed toward the new applications of LCBs for stationary energy storage applications. Finally, state-of-the-art progress and further research gaps were pointed out for future work in this exciting era.

Evaluation of the accuracy of implant placement by using implant positional guide versus freehand: a prospective clinical study.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to examine and compare the accuracy of implant placement using implant positional guide and freehand. METHODS: 48 implants were placed in patients with single tooth loss with implant positional guide and freehand, respectively. The accuracy of implant placement was assessed by comparing the actual and planned position, including four parameters: coronal deviation, apical deviation, angular deviation, and vertical deviation. RESULTS: Comparing all the variables, it has been found that the implant positional guide is more accurate than the freehand. All parameters describing in the deviation were significantly lower in the implant positional guide group than the freehand. CONCLUSIONS: The implant positional guide can act as a practicable tool for dental implant surgery. It is a promising technology that guarantees low cost and high precision in implant surgery. However, based on the restricted evidence from clinical studies, longer follow-up periods, larger population studies, and standardized experimental studies are required. Trial registration CHICTR, ChiCTR2300071024. Registered 28 April 2023-CHICTR, ChiCTR2300071024. Registered 28 April 2023-Retrospectively registered, https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=195424 .