Odorant-binding protein CrufOBP1 in Cotesia ruficrus females plays a pivotal role in the detection of Spodoptera frugiperda larvae.

Cotesia ruficrus presents a promising local natural enemy for controlling the invasive fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda in China. However, the mechanisms underlying how C. ruficrus locates its target pest remain unclear. In this study, we analyzed the expression patterns of 18 CrufOBPs across different developmental stages of C. ruficrus, and found that CrufOBP1 exhibited consistent and high expression levels in female adults. CrufOBP1 transcript was predominantly localized in sensilla placodea and sensilla trichodea on the antennae. Additionally, we confirmed the binding properties of CrufOBP1 protein to various cuticular compounds of S. frugiperda larvae. Subsequent electroantennogram and behavioral assays revealed that 1-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)-ethanone attracted female C. ruficrus, consequently increased the parasitism rate. However, upon silencing CrufOBP1, females exhibited reduced attraction towards 1-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)-ethanone, indicating the crucial role of CrufOBP1 in the chemoreception of C. ruficrus. These findings shed light on the kairomone-based mechanism employed by C. ruficrus to locate S. frugiperda larvae and hold a promise for the development of environmentally friendly pest management strategies.

Involvement of Chemosensory Protein CrufCSP3 in Perception of the Host Location in a Parasitic Wasp Cotesia ruficrus.

Chemosensory proteins (CSPs) constitute a class of olfactory proteins localized in insect sensory organs that serve a crucial function in decoding external chemical stimuli. This study aims to elucidate the involvement of CrufCSP3 in olfactory perception within the context of Cotesia ruficrus, an indigenous endoparasitoid targeting the invasive pest Spodoptera frugiperda. Through fluorescence-competitive binding assays and site-directed mutagenesis, we pinpointed four amino acids as pivotal residues involved in the interaction between CrufCSP3 and five host-related compounds. Subsequent RNA interference experiments targeting CrufCSP3 unveiled a reduced sensitivity to specific host-related compounds and a decline in the parasitism rate of the FAW larvae. These findings unequivocally indicate the essential role of CrufCSP3 in the chemoreception process of C. ruficrus. Consequently, our study not only sheds light on the functional importance of CSPs in parasitic wasp behavior but also contributes to the development of eco-friendly and efficacious wasp behavior modifiers for effectively mitigating pest population surges.

Mechanism of Strength Formation of Unfired Bricks Composed of Aeolian Sand-Loess Composite.

Aeolian sand and loess are both natural materials with poor engineering-related properties, and no research has been devoted to exploring aeolian sand-loess composite materials. In this study, we used aeolian sand and loess as the main raw materials to prepare unfired bricks by using the pressing method, along with cement, fly ash, and polypropylene fiber. The effects of different preparation conditions on the physical properties of the unfired bricks were investigated based on compressive strength, water absorption, and softening tests and a freeze-thaw cycle test combined with X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope analysis to determine the optimal mixing ratio for unfired bricks, and finally, the effects of fibers on the durability of the unfired bricks were investigated. The results reveal that the optimal mixing ratio of the masses of aeolian sand-loess -cement -fly ash-polypropylene fiber-alkali activator-water was 56.10:28.05:9.17:2.40:0.4:0.003:4.24 under a forming pressure of 20 MPa. The composite unfired bricks prepared had a compressive strength of 14.5 MPa at 14 d, with a rate of water absorption of 8.8%, coefficient of softening of 0.92, and rates of the losses of frozen strength and mass of 15.93% and 1.06%, respectively, where these satisfied the requirements of environmentally protective bricks with strength grades of MU10-MU15. During the curing process, silicate and sodium silicate gels tightly connected the particles of aeolian sand and the loess skeleton, and the spatial network formed by the addition of the fibers inhibited the deformation of soil and improved the strength of the unfired bricks.

Characterization of CrufCSP1 and Its Potential Involvement in Host Location by Cotesia ruficrus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), an Indigenous Parasitoid of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in China.

Chemosensory proteins (CSPs) are a class of soluble proteins that facilitate the recognition of chemical signals in insects. While CSP genes have been identified in many insect species, studies investigating their function remain limited. Cotesia ruficrus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) holds promise as an indigenous biological control agent for managing the invasive pest Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in China. This study aimed to shed light on the gene expression, ligand binding, and molecular docking of CrufCSP1 in C. ruficrus. A RT-qPCR analysis revealed that the expression of CrufCSP1 was higher in the wings, with male adults exhibiting significantly higher relative expression levels than other developmental stages. A fluorescence competitive binding analysis further demonstrated that CrufCSP1 has a high binding ability with several host-related volatiles, with trans-2-hexenal, octanal, and benzaldehyde showing the strongest affinity to CrufCSP1. A molecular docking analysis indicated that specific amino acid residues (Phe24, Asp25, Thr53, and Lys81) of CrufCSP1 can bind to these specific ligands. Together, these findings suggest that CrufCSP1 may play a crucial role in the process of C. ruficrus locating hosts. This knowledge can contribute to the development of more efficient and eco-friendly strategies for protecting crops and managing pests.

An integrated deep-learning and multi-level framework for understanding the behavior of terrorist groups.

Human security is threatened by terrorism in the 21st century. A rapidly growing field of study aims to understand terrorist attack patterns for counter-terrorism policies. Existing research aimed at predicting terrorism from a single perspective, typically employing only background contextual information or past attacks of terrorist groups, has reached its limits. Here, we propose an integrated deep-learning framework that incorporates the background context of past attacked locations, social networks, and past actions of individual terrorist groups to discover the behavior patterns of terrorist groups. The results show that our framework outperforms the conventional base model at different spatio-temporal resolutions. Further, our model can project future targets of active terrorist groups to identify high-risk areas and offer other attack-related information in sequence for a specific terrorist group. Our findings highlight that the combination of a deep-learning approach and multi-scalar data can provide groundbreaking insights into terrorism and other organized violent crimes.

Comparative studies of ovipositional preference, larval feeding selectivity, and nutritional indices of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on 6 crops.

The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), is a significant invasive pest identified as a serious threat to global agricultural production and food security. However, its ovipositional preference, larval feeding selectivity, and nutritional indices are less studied. Here, we investigated these traits of FAW when fed on maize, wheat, soybean, tomato, cotton, and Chinese cabbage, and analyzed the correlation between its nutritional indices and the nutritional contents of crops. The results showed that the highest number of eggs were laid on maize and the lowest number were laid on tomato. The highest feeding choice rate of third instar larvae was on maize, and the lowest was on Chinese cabbage. The fifth instar larvae showed the highest feeding choice rate on maize, but no significant differences were found among other crop species. The food consumption (FC), the relative growth rate (RGR), and the approximate digestibility (AD) were significantly higher on maize and wheat, while the efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) and the efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD) were significantly higher when fed on cotton and Chinese cabbage. The FC, the relative consumption rate (RCR), RGR, and AD were significantly and positively correlated with soluble sugar and protein contents of host plants, while the ECI and ECD were significantly and negatively correlated with the soluble sugar content. The present study indicates that FAW may cause potential economic losses to these crops besides maize, and these findings are valuable in managing and controlling this pest.

Exploring the global geography of cybercrime and its driving forces.

Cybercrime is wreaking havoc on the global economy, national security, social stability, and individual interests. The current efforts to mitigate cybercrime threats are primarily focused on technical measures. This study considers cybercrime as a social phenomenon and constructs a theoretical framework that integrates the social, economic, political, technological, and cybersecurity factors that influence cybercrime. The FireHOL IP blocklist, a novel cybersecurity data set, is used to map worldwide subnational cybercrimes. Generalised linear models (GLMs) are used to identify the primary factors influencing cybercrime, whereas structural equation modelling (SEM) is used to estimate the direct and indirect effects of various factors on cybercrime. The GLM results suggest that the inclusion of a broad set of socioeconomic factors can significantly improve the model's explanatory power, and cybercrime is closely associated with socioeconomic development, while their effects on cybercrime differ by income level. Additionally, results from SEM further reveals the causal relationships between cybercrime and numerous contextual factors, demonstrating that technological factors serve as a mediator between socioeconomic conditions and cybercrime.

Fall Armyworm Gut Bacterial Diversity Associated with Different Developmental Stages, Environmental Habitats, and Diets.

The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a major invasive pest that seriously threatens world agricultural production and food security. Microorganisms play a crucial role in the growth and development of insects. However, the diversity and dynamics of gut microbes with different developmental stages, environmental habitats, and diets in S. frugiperda remain unclear. In this study, we found the changes of the microbiome of S. frugiperda across their life stages, and the bacteria were dominated by Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. The community composition of the egg stage was quite different from other developmental stages, which had the highest community diversity and community richness, and was dominated by Proteobacteria. The bacterial community compositions of male and female adults were similar to those of early larvae stage (L1-L2), and operational taxonomic units (OTUs) with abundant content were Enterococcus and Enterobacteriaceae bacteria, including Enterobacteria, Klebsiella, Pantoea, and Escherichia. The third instar larvae (L3) mainly consist of Enterococcus. The late stage larvae (L4-L6) harbored high proportions of Enterococcus, Rhodococcus, and Ralstonia. There was no significant difference in gut microbial composition between field populations and laboratory populations in a short period of rearing time. However, after long-term laboratory feeding, the gut microbial diversity of S. frugiperda was significantly reduced. Enterococcus and Rhodococccus of S. frugiperda feeding on maize showed higher relative proportion, while the microbial community of S. frugiperda feeding on artificial diet was composed mainly of Enterococcus, with a total of 98% of the gut microbiota. The gene functions such as metabolism, cell growth and death, transport and catabolism, and environmental adaptation were more active in S. frugiperda feeding on corn than those feeding on artificial diet. In short, these results indicate that developmental stage, habitat, and diet can alter the gut bacteria of S. frugiperda, and suggest a vertical transmission route of bacteria in S. frugiperda. A comprehensive understanding of gut microbiome of S. frugiperda will help develop novel pest control strategies to manage this pest.

Quantitative analysis of 20 purine and pyrimidine metabolites by HILIC-MS/MS in the serum and hippocampus of depressed mice.

Purine and pyrimidine metabolism are vital metabolic pathways in the development, proliferation or repairment of cells or tissues associated with various diseases. Here, a simple, all-in-one injection hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for simultaneous determination of 20 metabolites: adenine, adenosine, deoxyadenosine, adenosine 5'-monophosphate, cyclic adenosine monophosphate, hypoxanthine, xanthine, inosine, deoxyinosine, xanthosine, xanthosine 5'-monophosphate and uric acid, which are products of purine metabolism; uridine, deoxyuridine, uridine 5'-monophosphate and uracil, are products of pyrimidine metabolism; and corticosterone, methionine, acetylcholine and serotonin. To minimize interference of endogenous molecules in sample matrixes, a combination of activated carbon adsorption and a serum substitute matrix (5% bovine serum albumin in phosphate buffered saline) was utilized and jointly applied. The sensitivity, linearity, stability, precision, accuracy and extraction recovery were evaluated, and the method was demonstrated to be accurate, sensitive and reliable. An analytical strategy was successfully applied to quantitatively determine 20 metabolite levels in the serum and hippocampus of mice with chronic social defeat stress-induced depression. The results showed greatly perturbed purine metabolism in the depressed mice, which was primarily characterized by dramatic increases in hypoxanthine, xanthine and inosine in serum and reduced levels of adenine, adenosine and adenosine 5'-monophosphate in the hippocampus. These findings suggest that this novel strategy can facilitate the quantitative analysis of adenine and other purine and pyrimidine metabolites in tissue and serum and exhibits great potential in the exploration of metabolism-related mechanisms of relevant diseases.

Quantifying risk factors and potential geographic extent of African swine fever across the world.

African swine fever (ASF) has spread to many countries in Africa, Europe and Asia in the past decades. However, the potential geographic extent of ASF infection is unknown. Here we combined a modeling framework with the assembled contemporary records of ASF cases and multiple covariates to predict the risk distribution of ASF at a global scale. Local spatial variations in ASF risk derived from domestic pigs is influenced strongly by livestock factors, while the risk of having ASF in wild boars is mainly associated with natural habitat covariates. The risk maps show that ASF is to be ubiquitous in many areas, with a higher risk in areas in the northern hemisphere. Nearly half of the world's domestic pigs (1.388 billion) are in the high-risk zones. Our results provide a better understanding of the potential distribution beyond the current geographical scope of the disease.

Melanin synthesis genes BgTH and BgDdc affect body color and cuticle permeability in Blattella germanica.

Melanin is involved in cuticle pigmentation and sclerotization of insects, which is critical for maintaining structural integrity and functional completeness of insect cuticle. The 2 key enzymes of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopa decarboxylase (DDC) predicted in melanin biosynthesis are usually conserved in insects. However, it is unclear whether their function is related to epidermal permeability. In this study, we identified and cloned the gene sequences of BgTH and BgDdc from Blattella germanica, and revealed that they both showed a high expression at the molting, and BgTH was abundant in the head and integument while BgDdc was expressed highest in the fat body. Using RNA interference (RNAi), we found that knockdown of BgTH caused molting obstacles in some cockroaches, with the survivors showing pale color and softer integuments, while knockdown of BgDdc was viable and generated an abnormal light brown body color. Desiccation assay showed that the dsBgTH-injected adults died earlier than control groups under a dry atmosphere, but dsBgDdc-injected cockroaches did not. In contrast, when dsRNA-treated cockroaches were reared under a high humidity condition, almost no cockroaches died in all treatments. Furthermore, with eosin Y staining assay, we found that BgTH-RNAi resulted in a higher cuticular permeability, and BgDdc-RNAi also caused slight dye penetration. These results demonstrate that BgTH and BgDdc function in body pigmentation and affect the waterproofing ability of the cuticle, and the reduction of cuticular permeability may be achieved through cuticle melanization.

Improvement of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Fitness on Chinese Kale upon Simultaneous Herbivory by Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae).

Bemisia tabaci and the diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella, are two major cosmopolitan pests that often occur together and cause severe economic losses to cruciferous crops. However, little is known about how they interact with each other. To determine the effects of defense responses induced by the two pests on the biology and population dynamics of the herbivores, we studied the performance and fitness of B. tabaci and DBM when they damaged Chinese kale simultaneously and in different orders. The results showed that DBM pre-infestation shortened the developmental duration, increased longevity, oviposition days, and fecundity of B. tabaci. Meanwhile, the intrinsic rate of increase (r), net reproductive rate (R0) and finite rate of increase (λ) of B. tabaci increased significantly with dual infection as compared with only B. tabaci infestation. In contrast, B. tabaci pre-infestation reduced the longevity and oviposition days of DBM, but the population parameters r, R0, and λ did not vary significantly compared with only DBM infestation. Thus, co-infestation of B. tabaci and DBM was beneficial to the performance of the B. tabaci population. The present findings highlight that B. tabaci has become a dominant competitor when mixing with DBM on the same host plant.

Effects of periodically repeated high-temperature exposure on the immediate and subsequent fitness of different developmental stages of Propylaea japonica.

BACKGROUND: Repeated extreme high temperature occurs frequently in summer. Propylaea japonica is a predominant predator in South-East Asia and has been considered as a successful natural enemy to control aphids. However, how repeated extreme high temperature affects the fitness of P. japonica remains unclear. This study evaluated the immediate and subsequent fitness of P. japonica when egg, larva, pupa, and adult were exposed to repeated high temperatures (39, 41, or 43 °C for 3 h exposure duration per day) during several days. RESULTS: The effect of repeated high temperatures on P. japonica fitness was stage-specific: the egg stage was the most sensitive, the larval and pupal stages were moderately resistant and the adult stage was the most resistant to heat. Repeated high temperatures extended the immature developmental time and decreased the sex ratio of eggs treated with these temperatures, compared to control eggs. A temperature of 39 °C had no significant effect on the pre-oviposition period, oviposition period, fecundity (except stress pupa), or longevity compared with the control, but negative carry-over effects above 39 °C on subsequent stages were found. CONCLUSION: Repeated high temperature for consecutive days not only had a significant effect on the immediate survival and developmental time, but also had deleterious effects on the subsequent development and performance of P. japonica. The present study provides valuable information for understanding and utilizing P. japonica to control aphids in challenging environments. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Geographical Detector-based influence factors analysis for Echinococcosis prevalence in Tibet, China.

Echinococcosis, caused by genus Echinococcus, is the most pathogenic zoonotic parasitic disease in the world. In Tibet of the People's Republic of China, echinococcosis refers principally to two types of severe zoonosis, cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE), which place a serious burden on public health and economy in the local community. However, research on the spatial epidemiology of echinococcosis remains inadequate in Tibet, China. Based on the recorded human echinococcosis data, maps of the spatial distribution of human CE and AE prevalence in Tibet were produced at city level and county level respectively, which show that the prevalence of echinococcosis in northern and western Tibet was much higher than that in other regions. We employ a geographical detector to explore the influencing factors for causing CE and AE while sorting information on the maps of disease prevalence and environment factors (e.g. terrain, population, and yak population). The results of our analysis showed that biological factors have the most impact on the prevalence of echinococcosis, of which the yak population contributes the most for CE, while the dog population contributes the most for AE. In addition, the interaction between various factors, as we found out, might further explain the disease prevalence, which indicated that the echinococcosis prevalence is not simply affected by one single factor, but by multiple factors that are correlated with each other complicatedly. Our results will provide an important reference for the evaluation of the echinococcosis risk, control projects, and prevention programs in Tibet.

A new pest management strategy: transforming a non-host plant into a dead-end trap crop for the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella L.

BACKGROUND: The use of trap crops can reduce the egg production of female Plutella xylostella in cruciferous vegetables and is an effective method for controlling this pest. To date, most of the trap plants that have been studied are cruciferous plants containing high concentrations of glucosinolates, which are more attractive to P. xylostella female adults. However, the application of these trap plants also has some limitations. Studies have shown that aqueous extracts of cruciferous plants can attract P. xylostella to lay eggs. In this study, we utilized the extract of Chinese kale to treat a non-host plant, the faba bean, and evaluated the possibility of using it as a dead-end trap plant for P. xylostella control. RESULTS: Plutella xylostella females laid significantly more eggs on faba beans that had been sprayed with the extract of Chinese kale rather than on Chinese kale itself. The first instar larvae of P. xylostella failed to survive on faba beans. Notably, the faba beans with the Chinese kale extract had the strongest attraction effect on P. xylostella females when placed 3 m away from the Chinese kale. Moreover, this attraction effect of faba beans on P. xylostella for oviposition lasted for up to 15 days. CONCLUSION: Faba bean plants sprayed with the aqueous extract of Chinese kale represent a potential dead-end trap plant for P. xylostella adults and their oviposition while being invariably deadly for their offspring. The present study provides a new proof of concept of using a non-cruciferous trap plant for P. xylostella management.

Transcriptome response comparison between vector and non-vector aphids after feeding on virus-infected wheat plants.

BACKGROUND: Plant viruses maintain intricate interactions with their vector and non-vector insects and can impact the fitness of insects. However, the details of their molecular and cellular mechanisms have not been studied well. We compared the transcriptome-level responses in vector and non-vector aphids (Schizaphis graminum and Rhopalosiphum padi, respectively) after feeding on wheat plants with viral infections (Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV) and Wheat dwarf virus (WDV), respectively). We conducted differentially expressed gene (DEG) annotation analyses and observed DEGs related to immune pathway, growth, development, and reproduction. And we conducted cloning and bioinformatic analyses of the key DEG involved in immune. RESULTS: For all differentially expressed gene analyses, the numbers of DEGs related to immune, growth, development, reproduction and cuticle were higher in vector aphids than in non-vector aphids. STAT5B (signal transducer and activator of transcription 5B), which is involved in the JAK-STAT pathway, was upregulated in R. padi exposed to WDV. The cloning and bioinformatic results indicated that the RpSTAT5B sequence contains a 2082 bp ORF encoding 693 amino acids. The protein molecular weight is 79.1 kD and pI is 8.13. Analysis indicated that RpSTAT5B is a non-transmembrane protein and a non-secreted protein. Homology and evolutionary analysis indicated that RpSTAT5B was closely related to R. maidis. CONCLUSIONS: Unigene expression analysis showed that the total number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the vector aphids was higher than that in the non-vector aphids. Functional enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs related to immunity, growth and reproduction in vector aphids were higher than those in non-vector aphids, and the differentially expressed genes related to immune were up-regulated. This study provides a basis for the evaluation of the response mechanisms of vector/non-vector insects to plant viruses.

The Population Growth of Spodoptera frugiperda on Six Cash Crop Species and Implications for Its Occurrence and Damage Potential in China.

Spodoptera frugiperda is a significant migratory invasive pest, identified as a serious threat to agricultural production and food security in China. However, to our knowledge, the effects of most host plants on the biological characteristics of S. frugiperda have not been well studied. To develop effective management strategies for S. frugiperda in its new invasive habitat, basic biological and ecological knowledge of this pest are crucial requirements. Here, we examined the effects of six cash crops maize, wheat, soybean, tomato, cotton and Chinese cabbage on the development, survival, fecundity of S. frugiperda by using the age-stage, two-sex life table. The preadult stage, adult preoviposition period and total preoviposition period of S. frugiperda were shortest on maize and wheat but were longest on tomato. Fecundity was greatest on maize and wheat but smallest on tomato. The highest intrinsic rate of increase, finite rate of increase, net reproductive rate and the shortest mean generation time were recorded on maize. This present study showed that S. frugiperda could cause great economic losses to these cash crops, which should attract the attention of agricultural management departments. Our findings provide useful information in predicting population dynamics and understanding the potential damage that could be incurred by S. frugiperda invasion.

Host Plant Species of Bemisia tabaci Affect Orientational Behavior of the Ladybeetle Serangium japonicum and Their Implication for the Biological Control Strategy of Whiteflies.

Serangium japonicum Chapin (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is a predominant predator with a preference for Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). To date, the orientational behavior of S. japonicum toward B. tabaci-infested plants has seldom been reported. In this study, greenhouse cage experiments and bioassays with wind tunnels, a Y-tube olfactometer and B. tabaci-induced plant volatiles were executed to clarify this behavior. In greenhouse cage experiments, B. tabaci adults significantly preferred eggplant, cucumber and tobacco to cotton and tomato, whereas S. japonicum adults preferred B. tabaci-infested eggplant, cucumber and cotton to tobacco and tomato. In wind tunnel bioassays, B. tabaci showed a clear preference for eggplant, cucumber and tobacco. Compared with B. tabaci-infested eggplant, cucumber or cotton, B. tabaci-infested tobacco was rarely visited by S. japonicum. In Y-tube bioassays, S. japonicum did not distinguish between B. tabaci-infested and uninfested eggplant. Nine common plant volatiles were detected in different plant species, suggesting that these volatiles may play an important role in the process by which S. japonicum looks for prey. In light of the current results, we discuss the implications of our findings and put forward to a new strategy-i.e., an eggplant + B. tabaci + S. japonicum system-to control B. tabaci damage in the integrated management of whitefly.

Tuning surface-cross-linking of molecularly imprinted cross-linked micelles for molecular recognition in water.

Molecular recognition in water is an important challenge in supramolecular chemistry. Surface-core double cross-linking of template-containing surfactant micelles by the click reaction and free radical polymerization yields molecularly imprinted nanoparticles (MINPs) with guest-complementary binding sites. An important property of MINP-based receptors is the surface-cross-linking between the propargyl groups of the surfactants and a diazide cross-linker. Decreasing the number of carbons in between the two azides enhanced the binding affinity of the MINPs, possibly by keeping the imprinted binding site more open prior to the guest binding. The depth of the binding pocket can be controlled by the distribution of the hydrophilic/hydrophobic groups of the template and was found to influence the binding in addition to electrostatic interactions between oppositely charged MINPs and guests. Cross-linkers with an alkoxyamine group enabled two-stage double surface-cross-linking that strengthened the binding constants by an order of magnitude, possibly by expanding the binding pocket of the MINP into the polar region. The binding selectivity among very similar isomeric structures also improved.

Study on the AIDS knowledge level and its influencing factors of middle school students in the high prevalence area of AIDS in Liangshan Yi autonomous prefecture / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To understand the awareness level of AIDS knowledge and its influencing factors among middle school students from AIDS high prevalence areas of Yi Autonomous Prefecture (Liangshan Prefecture), and to provide a reference for making propaganda strategies of AIDS knowledge and intervention measures in the relevant departments.@*Methods@#Totally 10 749 students in 4 middle schools were selected from AIDS high prevalence areas of Yi Autonomous Prefecture in Liangshan by the method of cluster sampling. A self-made questionnaire was used to investigate the ways of getting AIDS knowledge and the condition of conducting AIDS life training skills in school.@*Results@#The awareness rate of AIDS-related knowledge among middle school students in Liangshan Prefecture was 44.4%. According to the results of multivariate Logistic regression analysis, female students, junior grade, Yi nationality, poor self-evaluation, lack of parents, living in rural areas, good family economic condition (student self-assessment), living in a community of Yi nationality were all the dangerous factors to the awareness rate of AIDS. School education, radio and television, and health promotion were the main ways for students to acquire AIDS knowledge(88.82%, 80.83%, 73.54%). Minority students, students in severely affected areas received less AIDS life skills training in schools, the time was later, and student needs were not strong.@*Conclusion@#The AIDS awareness level of middle school students in Liangshan AIDS high-incidence area is too low, so it is necessary to pay attention to develop targeted programs to strengthen AIDS health education for middle school students.