[Pollution Characteristics and Emission Factors of PCDD/Fs from Iron and Steel Industry].

The pollution level, emission characteristics, and emission factors of PCDD/Fs from a number of steel plants were investigated in a particular province of China. The results showed that the concentration of PCDD/Fs was at a low level and decreased by 1-2 orders of magnitude compared with that in 2005-2019. In detail, the concentrations of PCDD/Fs ranged from 0.003-0.557 ng·m-3(I-TEQ), and the mean value was 0.165 ng·m-3 for the sintering process. Moreover, the concentrations of PCDD/Fs ranged from 0.006 to 0.057 ng·m-3, and the mean value was 0.025 ng·m-3 for the electric furnace process. In addition, the concentration of PCDD/Fs in the iron and steel industry from 2005 to 2020 increased first and then decreased, especially after the implementation of the new emission standard and the ultra-low emission control of conventional pollutants such as smoke, showing a significant decline. The results of fingerprint analysis showed that 2,3,7,8-TCDF was the largest congener contributing to the mass concentration, and lower chlorinated PCDFs were increased. This result differed from those of previous studies in which highly chlorinated PCDFs and PCDDs dominated, indicating that the generation source of PCDD/Fs had changed. The congener and isomer profiles of PCDD/Fs in flue gas from the sintering process were similar to those in the flue gas from the electric furnace process. Additionally, showing the characteristics of the typical high-temperature thermal process, the de novo synthesis may be the dominant mechanism of formation of PCDD/Fs in the sintering process and electric furnace process. The emission factor was 0.003-0.5 µg·t-1 (I-TEQ), and the average emission factor was (0.18±0.22) µg·t-1 for the sintering process. The emission factor was 0.04-0.5 µg·t-1, and the average emission factor was (0.27±0.23) µg·t-1 for the electric furnace process. These values were far lower than those of the standard toolkit for identification and quantification of dioxin and furan emissions released by UNEP in 2013 and the emission factors in the dioxin emission inventory of China in 2004. It is suggested that the emission factors of PCDD/Fs in the iron and steel industry of China should be studied and updated.

Polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzo-furans exposure and altered lung function: The mediating role of oxidative stress.

The lung has been reported to be one of the target organs of polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzo-furans (PCDD/Fs) in many toxicological studies. While the associations between PCDD/Fs exposure and lung function levels have not been investigated thoroughly. This study aimed to explore these associations and the potential mediating role of oxidative stress. In this study, 201 foundry workers and 222 non-exposed general residents were recruited from central China, and their lung function parameters were measured. Air and food samples were collected to determine the PCDD/Fs levels for individual PCDD/Fs exposure estimation. Serum PCDD/Fs levels were determined in a subgroup of individuals randomly selected from the study population to reflect the body burden. It was found that each 1-unit increase in ln-transformed concentration of PCDD/Fs exposure (fg TEQ/bw/day) was associated with a 0.47 L decrease in FVC and a 0.25 L decrease in FEV1. Each 1-unit increase in ln-transformed concentration of serum PCDD/Fs (fg TEQ/g lipid) was associated with a 0.36 L decrease in FVC and a 0.24 L decrease in FEV1. Urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) was not only positively related to PCDD/Fs exposure, but also inversely associated with FVC and FEV1 are FVC (ß = -0.15, 95% CI: -0.22 to -0.08) and FEV1 (ß = -0.07, 95% CI: -0.13 to -0.02). Mediation analysis revealed that urinary 8-OHdG mediated 12.22% of the associations of external PCDD/Fs exposure with FVC levels, 28.61% and 27.87% of the associations of serum PCDD/Fs with FVC and FEV1 levels respectively. Our findings suggested that PCDD/Fs exposure was associated with decreased lung function levels by a mechanism partly involving oxidatively generated damage to DNA.

Associations between polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzo-furans exposure and oxidatively generated damage to DNA and lipid.

Polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzo-furans (PCDD/Fs) have been reported to induce reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress, but the dose-response relationships have not been explored in molecular epidemiological studies. In this study, a total of 602 participants were recruited, comprising of 215 foundry workers, 171 incineration workers and 216 residents living more than 5 km away from the plants as the reference group. Individual PCDD/Fs exposures were estimated according to PCDD/Fs levels of working and living ambient air and daily foods. Urinary 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) and 8-iso-prostaglandin-F2α (8-isoPGF2α) were determined to reflect oxidatively generated damage to DNA and lipid. Generalized linear models were used to access the associations between PCDD/Fs exposure and oxidative stress biomarkers. We found that PCDD/Fs exposure and urinary oxidative stress biomarkers of workers were all higher than those of the reference group. Significantly positive exposure-response relationships between individual PCDD/Fs exposures and urinary 8-oxodG and 8-iso-PGF2α were found. Each 1-unit increase in ln-transformed levels of PCDD/Fs exposure generated a 0.78 nmol/mmol creatinine increase in ln-transformed 8-oxodG and a 0.50 ng/mmol creatinine increase in ln-transformed 8-isoPGF2α in foundry workers, a 0.49 nmol/mmol creatinine increase in ln-transformed 8-oxodG and a 0.26 ng/mmol creatinine increase in ln-transformed 8-isoPGF2α in incineration workers, compared with the reference group. And such associations were not modified by tobacco use. Our findings could help to understand the dose-response relationships between PCDD/Fs and oxidatively generated damage to DNA and lipid, and provide an epidemiologic basis for conducting research on the carcinogenesis and other toxicity mechanisms of PCDD/Fs.

[Discussion of Emissions and Health Risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the Retreading Process of Waste Tires].

The emissions characteristics of 16 kinds of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ambient air during the waste tire retreading process (open-air storage, mixing, vulcanization, and grinding processes) and in workers' dormitory were analyzed. In addition, the occupational health risk of the workers was evaluated. Results showed that PAHs were detected in all retreading processes and in the workers' dormitory. The highest concentration site was the mixing process, followed by open-air storage and vulcanization process. The lowest concentration point was in the grinding process. The average concentration of PAHs in the workers' dormitory was 11.1 ng·m-3. The PAHs at all sampling points were largely phenanthrene (Phe), fluoranthene (Flu), anthracene (Ant), and pyrene (Pry), which also had a stronger linear correlation with the total PAH concentration. An analysis of the benzene rings showed that three ring and four ring were the majority, while two ring, five ring, and six ring components accounted for less than 10%. Results of the possible influencing factors of the PAHs revealed that the open-air storage and dormitory might be affected by a combustion source, but the mixing, vulcanization, and grinding processes might be affected by rubber oil. The principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis showed that the spatial location of all sites would significantly influence the distribution of PAHs during the tire retreading process. The health risk assessment showed that occupational workers had a lower risk of lifelong cancer, and there was little influence on life expectancy.

Status and perspectives of municipal solid waste incineration in China: A comparison with developed regions.

With the rapid expansion of municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration, the applicability, technical status, and future improvement of MSW incineration attract much attention in China. This paper aims to be a sensible response, with the aid of a comparison between China and some representative developed regions including the EU, the U.S., Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan area. A large number of up-to-date data and information are collected to quantitatively and impartially support the comparison, which covers a wider range of key points including spatial distribution, temporal evolution, technologies, emissions, and perspectives. Analysis results show that MSW incineration is not an outdated choice; however, policy making should prevent the potentially insufficient utilization of MSW incinerators. The structure of MSW incineration technologies is changing in China. The ratio of plants using fluidized bed is decreasing due to various realistic reasons. Decision-makers would select suitable combustion technologies by comprehensive assessments, rather than just by costs. Air pollution control systems are improved with the implementation of China's new emission standard. However, MSW incineration in China is currently blamed for substandard emissions. The reasons include the particular elemental compositions of Chinese MSW, the lack of operating experience, deficient fund for compliance with the emission standard, and the lack of reliable supervisory measures. Some perspectives and suggestions from both technical and managerial aspects are given for the compliance with the emission standard. This paper can provide strategic enlightenments for MSW management in China and other developing countries.

Indoor airborne particle sources and outdoor haze days effect in urban office areas in Guangzhou.

To identify the sources of PM2.5 pollutants in work environments and determine whether the air quality inside an office was affected by a change in outdoor pollution status, concurrent indoor and outdoor measurements of PM2.5 were conducted at five different office spaces in the urban center of Guangzhou on low pollution days (non-episode days, NEDs), and high pollution days (haze episode days, EDs). Indoor-outdoor relationships between the PM2.5 mass and its chemical constituents, which included water-soluble ions, carbonaceous species, and metal elements, were investigated. A principle component analysis (PCA) was performed to further confirm the relationship between the indoor and outdoor PM2.5 pollution. The results reveal that (1) Printing and ETS (Environmental tobacco smoking) were found to be important office PM2.5 sources and associated with the enrichment of SO42-, OC, EC and some toxic metals indoors; (2) On EDs, serious outdoor pollution and higher air exchange rate greatly affected all studied office environments, masking the original differences of the indoor characteristics (3) Fresh air system could efficiently filter out most of the outside pollutants on both NEDs and EDs. Overall, the results of our study suggest that improper human behavior is associated with the day-to-day generation of indoor PM2.5 levels and sporadic outdoor pollution events can lead to poor indoor air quality in urban office environments. Moreover, fresh air system has been experimentally proved with data as an effective way to improve the air quality in office.

[Possible Sources of PCDD/Fs in Atmosphere of a Certain District in Guangdong].

This paper analyzed 17 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans(PCDD/Fs) by HRGC/HRMS in the flue gas of a certain municipal solid waste incinerator(MSWI) and its surrounding air and other possible sources in Guangdong. It discussed the feature of homologs and main toxic monomers in all samples. It also investigated the relationship among surrounding area, MSWI and possible sources using principle component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis. The results showed that the concentration of PCDD/Fs was higher in the flue gas than the ambient air, moreover non-effect suffered by prevailing wind direction. The possible sources might be tyre factory and open burning based on spot survey. The concentration of PCDD/Fs was lower in tyre factory than upwind station, but higher at open burning spot than outdrop monitoring station. The analysis of homologs showed that OCDD, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF were the main materials in the flue gas and air, meanwhile OCDF was also found in atmosphere. There was similar feature of 17 PCDD/Fs between surrounding monitoring station and tyre factory, and the same between flue gas and open burning. The further analysis showed that the linearly dependent coefficients of 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD and 2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF were 0.95 and 0.75, respectively. It showed the strong correlation of two monomers in all ambient air samples. The PCA and cluster analysis showed that MSWI influenced the surrounding air, tyre factory had an impact on upwind station, and open burning had a lower effect on outdrop monitoring station.

[Dioxin Pollution and Occupational Inhalation Exposure of PCDD/Fs in Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator].

To assess the pollution levels, characteristics, and the pollution sources and occupational inhalation exposure of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans(PCDD/Fs)in the workshops,ambient air samples in different types of incinerators of two municipal solid waste incinerators(MSWI) were collected and analyzed. The results showed that ① The I-TEQ concentration ranged from 0.034-2.152 pg·m-3in the two waste incineration plants, and the most sites' I-TEQ exceeded the ambient air quality standard. Besides, the I-TEQ concentration behind the incineration plant was higher than others. ② The dioxins in incineration plant were dominated by OCDD and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD. For MSWI A, the flue gas and the fly ash had major effect on PCDD/Fs, while the dioxins pollution in MSWI B was only affected by the fly ash. ③ Occupational inhalation exposure of PCDD/Fs was 0.01-1.10 pg·(kg·d)-1 in incineration plant, some occupational inhalation exposure values exceeded the evaluation standard, and the areas behind the incinerators were evaluated to have a high exposure risk.

Airborne PCDD/Fs in two e-waste recycling regions after stricter environmental regulations.

Since the 2010s, the authorities of Guangdong province and local governments have enhanced law enforcement and environmental regulations to abolish open burning, acid washing, and other uncontrolled e-waste recycling activities. In this study, ambient air and indoor dust near different kinds of e-waste recycling processes were collected in Guiyu and Qingyuan to investigate the pollution status of particles and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) after stricter environmental regulations. PM2.5 and PCDD/Fs both showed significantly reduced levels in the two regions compared with the documented data. The congener distribution and principal component analysis results also confirmed the significant differences between the current PCDD/Fs pollution characterizations and the historical ones. The estimated total intake doses via air inhalation and dust ingestion of children in the recycling region of Guiyu ranged from 10 to 32pgTEQ/(kg•day), which far exceeded the tolerable daily intake (TDI) limit (1-4pgTEQ/(kg•day). Although the measurements showed a significant reduction of the release of PCDD/Fs, the pollution status was still considered severe in Guiyu town after stricter regulations were implemented.

Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Human Hair and Serum from E-Waste Recycling Workers in Southern China: Concentrations, Chiral Signatures, Correlations, and Source Identification.

Hair is increasingly used as a biomarker for human exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs). However, the internal and external sources of hair POPs remain a controversial issue. This study analyzed polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in human hair and serum from electronic waste recycling workers. The median concentrations were 894 ng/g and 2868 ng/g lipid in hair and serum, respectively. The PCB concentrations in male and female serum were similar, while concentrations in male hair were significantly lower than in female hair. Significant correlations between the hair and serum PCB levels and congener profiles suggest that air is the predominant PCB source in hair and that hair and blood PCB levels are largely dependent on recent accumulation. The PCB95, 132, and 183 chiral signatures in serum were significantly nonracemic, with mean enantiomer fractions (EFs) of 0.440-0.693. Nevertheless, the hair EFs were essentially racemic (mean EFs = 0.495-0.503). Source apportionment using the Chemical Mass Balance model also indicated primary external PCB sources in human hair from the study area. Air, blood, and indoor dust are responsible for, on average, 64.2%, 27.2%, and 8.79% of the hair PCBs, respectively. This study evidenced that hair is a reliable matrix for monitoring human POP exposure.

Environmental application of millimetre-scale sponge iron (s-Fe(0)) particles (III): The effect of surface silver.

To enhance the dechlorination reactivity of millimetric sponge iron (s-Fe(0)), a facile one-pot method was used to decorate s-Fe(0) with Ag(+) ions under ambient conditions. The results recorded by X-ray diffraction patterns, X-ray photoelectron spectra and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that the growth of Ag(0) was dominated primarily by (111) plane with a mean length of ∼20 nm. The roles of Ag(0) loading, catalyst dosage, particle size, initial pH and contaminant concentration were assessed during the removal of pentachlorophenol (PCP). Catalyst recyclability was also studied. The results revealed that 3-5mm s-Fe(0) particles with 5 wt% Ag(0) loading exhibited the best performance with a dose of 3.0 g per 60 mL PCP solution. In addition, the dechlorination of PCP followed two-step, pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics, and Ag(0)-s-Fe(0) was advantageous compared with bimetals of nanoscale zero-valent iron, iron power and iron flakes. The dechlorination mechanism of PCP over Ag(0)-s-Fe(0) was attributed to the surface Ag(0) decoration, which catalyzed the formation of reactive hydrogen atoms for indirect reaction, and the direct electron transfer via Fe-Ag(0) galvanic cells for direct reaction. This suggests that Ag-based bimetals of s-Fe(0) have great potential in the pretreatment of organic halogen compounds in aqueous solution.

[Internal Exposure Levels of PAHs of Primary School Students in Guangzhou].

In order to investigate the internal exposure levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in primary school students of Guangzhou, the research collected urine of 78 and 86 primary school students from two primary schools in the summer of 2014, one school located in the ordinary residential area and the other in the industrial area. The contents of 10 kinds of OH-PAHs were tested by the rapid liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadruple tandem mass spectrometry. The results showed that the concentrations of total OH-PAHs in primary school students in the residential zone ranged from 0.83 µmol · mol⁻¹ to 80.63 µmol · mol⁻¹, while those in industrial area ranged from 1.06 µmol · mol⁻¹ to 72.47 µmol · mol⁻¹. The geometric average concentrations were 6.18 µmol · mol⁻¹ and 6.47 µmol · mol⁻¹, respectively, and there was no statistical significance between them (P > 0.05). Comparison of the exposure levels of different components of PAHs in the two areas found that all the OH-PAHs had no significant difference except for the levels of 1- OHP (P < 0.05). We should also pay attention to the higher exposure levels of PAHs in both areas when compared with other researches. In addition, the OH-PAHs in primary school students in the ordinary residential area had a good correlation between 0. 511 and 0.928 (P < 0.01), whereas there was no correlation between 1-OHP and 2-OHN, 1-OHN in the primary school students in the industrial area and other OH-PAHs had relatively weak correlation ranging from 0.338 to 0.855 (P < 0.01). This difference might indicate different pollution sources of PAHs in different functional areas, which was relatively single in the residential area, while the industrial area was polluted by multiple sources of industrial enterprises and logistics transportation emissions.

[Emission of PCDD/Fs from Crematories and Its Influencing Factors].

To analysis the influencing factors for the emssions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) as structure of crematory, air pollution control device (APCD) and funeral objects, etc, we collected and measured the PCDD/Fs emissions in flue gas from 13 crematories in China. Then we proposed some supervision suggestions on measures of pollution control and management. The results indicated that the emission levels of PCDD/Fs (as the toxic equivalent concentration, TEQ) was ranged in a large gap from 0.027 to 15.8 ng x m(-3), and the average was 3.2 ng x m(-3). Emissions factor of PCDD/Fs (as TEQ) from 13 crematories varied between 45.9 and 22 236 ng x body(-1), and the average was 4 738 ng x body(-1). The emissions of PCDD/Fs from flat incinerators were generally lower, whereas higher ratio up to the national discharge standard, than that of car type incinerators. Congener distribution of PCDD/Fs in flue gas from 13 crematories were different from each other. Since the emission of PCDD/Fs from some crematories remains in high level, it is necessary to control pollution from the source, improve the pollution control technology, and strengthen government supervision, by following measures: 11 cremating funeral objects separately from corpse; 22 adding one

[Effect of meteorological factors on characteristics of PCDD/F pollution in Guangzhou].

High-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS) was used to measure contents of 2, 3, 7, 8-polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and furan (PCDD/F) in ambient air in Guangzhou city, and its sources were traced and tracked preliminarily. Spatial and seasonal distributions, the correlation between PCDD/F concentrations and various kinds of meteorological factors were studied with emphasis, as well as the trajectory of air mass simulated by hybrid single-particle lagrangian integrated trajectory (HYSPLIT) model of the U. S. A Air Resources Laboratory, which will provide important basic data for understanding PCDD/F pollution levels in urban regions. The results show, PCDD/F concentrations in the industrial area are higher than others, and in spring, PCDD/F TEQs are the highest. Meteorological factors, like wind direction and speed, temperature, air pressure, relative humidity, precipitation all have influence on pollution levels of atmospheric PCDD/Fs. Temperature and wind speed has a negative correlation with the concentration, but it is not obvious. By the analysis of the backward trajectory of air mass, something are obtained that the trajectory extends mainly to northwest areas in autumn, and air masses from inland migrate slowly in winter, while they arrive at Guangzhou after passing southeast coast or sea.

[Concentrations, distribution characteristics and electron beam radiolysis degradation of PCDD/Fs in waste water from a paper mill].

Concentrations and distribution characteristics of 2,3,7,8-substituted polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs) were analyzed in waste water from a paper mill. And concentrations of 2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs in waste water before and after electron beam irradiation with different doses were compared. The feasibility, mechanism and rates of 2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs degradation were discussed. The PCDD/Fs concentrations and corresponding I-TEQ (toxic equivalent quantity) values were 239 pg x L(-1) and 41.0 pg x L(-1), respectively, in the waste water. The concentrations of total 2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs decreased after electron beam radiolysis at a dose of 30 kGy and 60 kGy with degradation rates of 5.27% and 23.6%, respectively.

[Seasonal variation of concentrations and distribution characteristics of PCDD/Fs in atmosphere of an industrial area, Guangzhou].

Atmospheric concentrations of 2,3,7,8-substituted polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were measured seasonally in an industrial area of Guangzhou City. And seasonal variation of concentrations and distribution characteristics of 2,3,7,8- PCDD/Fs was investigated. The PCDD/Fs concentrations and corresponding I-TEQ (toxic equivalent quantity) values were in the range of 2.33-75.4 pg x m(-3) (mean = 23.2 pg x m(-3)) and 0.229-10.7 pg x m(-3) (mean = 2.00 pg x m(-3)), respectively. The seasonal variation of PCDD/Fs concentrations was obvious, with the highest concentration was found in spring (37.8 pg x m(-3)) and the lowest in summer (13.5 pg x m(-3)). However, no obvious difference of concentrations was observed for autumn (22.3 pg x m(-3)) and winter (19.1 pg x m(-3)). The seasonal variation of I-TEQ values is as follows: spring (5.58 pg x m(-3)) > summer (1.06 pg x m(-3)) > autumn (0.839 pg x m(-3)) > winter (0.525 pg x m(-3)). The influences of monsoon and rainfall on the concentration of PCDD/Fs in atmosphere are discussed.

Influence of a municipal solid waste incinerator on ambient air PCDD/F levels: a comparison of running and non-running periods.

The concentration of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in the ambient air of a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) during its running and non-running periods was monitored in this study to investigate the contribution of the MSWI to PCDD/F pollution in the vicinal environment. Results show that the PCDD/F levels for the normal MSWI running period and after shut-down ranged 0.156-1.44 pg I-TEQ/m(3) (0.514 pg I-TEQ/m(3)) and 0.158-0.648 pg I-TEQ/m(3) (0.345 pg I-TEQ/m(3)), respectively. Significant differences were found between the results of the two surveys in 2011 and 2012. High PCDD/F levels were observed in two of the seven study sites in 2011, and these levels directly declined in 2012. A dramatic increase in PCDD/F concentrations was observed in two sites in 2012. Comparison of congener and homologue fingerprint characteristics in the two surveys, together with principal component analysis, revealed that the PCDD/F levels in all of the samples collected in 2012 and in three of the samples collected in 2011 are mainly influenced by heavy traffic. MSWI is the primary PCDD/F emission sources of the PCDD/Fs detected in the remaining samples collected in 2011.

[Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in air samples by gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry].

A method of gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) has been optimized for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air samples. In the analysis step, isotope dilution was introduced to the quantification of PAHs. The GC-MS/MS method was applied to the analysis of the real air samples around a big petrochemical power plant in South China. The results were compared with those obtained by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that better selectivity and sensitivity were obtained by GC-MS/MS. It was found that the external standard of deuterated-PAHs and internal standard of hexamethyl benzene were disturbed seriously with GC-MS, and the problems were both solved effectively by GC-MS/MS. Therefore more accurate quantification results of PAHs were obtained with GC-MS/MS. For the analysis of real samples, the RSDs of relative response factors ranged from 2.60% to 15.6% in standard curves; the recoveries of deuterated-PAHs ranged from 55.2% to 82.3%; the recoveries of spiked samples ranged from 98.9% to 111%; the RSDs of parallel specimens ranged from 6.50% to 18.4%; the concentrations of field blank samples ranged from not detected to 44.3 pg/m3; and the concentrations of library blank samples ranged from not detected to 36.5 pg/m3. The study indicated that the application of GC-MS/MS on the analysis of PAHs in air samples was recommended.

[Determination of aniline in water and fish by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].

A fast analytical method for the determination of aniline in water and fish meat by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has been developed. The water sample was mixed with acetonitrile by 4:1 (v/v) and the fish sample was extracted by 2.00 mL acetonitrile for each gram of sample, and then the extracts of water and fish samples were centrifuged at 5,000 r/min for 5 min. The separation was performed on a reversed-phase C18 column using mobile phases of acetonitrile-0.5% (v/v) formic acid aqueous solution (85:15, v/v). Aniline was separated within 3 min. The calibration curve was linear in the range of 0.5-500 pg/L with R2 > 0.999. The limits of detection (LODs) were 0.50 µg/L and 1.00 µg/kg and the limits of quantification (LOQs) were 1.00 µg/L and 2.00 µg/kg for aniline in water and fish meat, respectively. The average recoveries of aniline in water were 93.7% at the spiked level of 40 ng and 86.7% at the spiked level of 400 ng (n = 5). The average recoveries of aniline in fish were 96.8%, 92.6% and 81.8% at the spiked levels of 5, 50 and 500 ng respectively (n = 5). The relative standard deviations were 1.5%-9.2%. Thirteen water samples and twelve fish samples were collected from a reservoir polluted by aniline and the maximum contents found were 1,943. 6 µg/L in water and 60.8 µg/kg in fish. The method is suitable for the determination of aniline residues in water and fish with the characteristics of easy operation, high accuracy and precision.

[Concentration, profile distribution and source identification of PCDD/Fs in environmental medium around a HSWI].

The concentration and profiles of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in the environmental air, soil and plant samples around a hospital solid waste incinerator (HSWI) in Northwest of China were determined by HRGC/HRMS, and the flue gas samples of the HSWI were also involved. The results showed that the average concentration (I-TEQ) of PCDD/Fs in the exhaust gas was 184 ng x m(-3), which seriously exceeds the emission standard (0.5 ng x m(-3)). And the average concentration of PCDD/ Fs was 7.30 pg x m(-3) in the ambient air samples, 52.5 pg x g(-1) in the soil samples, and 146 pg x g(-1) in the leaves samples. All of them were at quite high levels. The concentrations of PCDD/Fs in air samples of downwind were obviously higher than those of upwind. The concentration increased and then decreased with the increase of distance from the HSWI, and the highest concentration occurred at the distance of 700 m from the HSWI. The mass concentration (I-TEQ) proportional distributions of 2, 3, 7, 8 substitution toxic dioxins in downwind air and soil samples was similar to those in the exhaust gas samples. The analysis results of PCDD/Fs concentrations, profiles distributions and principal components all showed that the major source of PCDD/Fs in this area was from the HSWI flue gas emissions.