Melatonin mitigates PNMC-induced disruption of spindle assembly and mitochondrial function in mouse Oocytes.

3-methyl-4-nitrophenol (PNMC), a degradation product of organophosphorus insecticides and a byproduct of fuel combustion, exerting endocrine-disrupting effects. However, its impact on the meiotic process of oocytes remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the effects of PNMC on meiotic maturation of mouse oocytes in vitro and related mechanisms. Morphologically, PNMC-exposure affected germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and polar body extrusion (PBE) in mouse oocytes. Proteomic analysis suggested that PNMC-exposure altered oocyte protein expression that are associated with cytoskeleton, mitochondrial function and oxidative stress. Further studies demonstrated that PNMC-exposure disrupted spindle assembly and chromosome alignment, caused sustained activation of spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), and arrested meiosis in oocytes. Specifically, PNMC-exposure interfered with the function of microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) by significantly reducing phosphorylated mitogen activated protein kinase (p-MAPK) expression and disrupting the localization of Pericentrin and p-Aurora A, leading to spindle assembly failure. Besides, PNMC-exposure also increased α-tubulin acetylation, decreased microtubule stability. Moreover, PNMC-exposure impaired mitochondrial function, evidenced by abnormal mitochondrial distribution, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP levels, release of Cytochrome C into the cytoplasm, and elevated ROS levels. As a result, exposure to PNMC caused DNA damage and early apoptosis in oocytes. Fortunately, melatonin was able to promote oocyte maturation by removing the excessive ROS and enhancing mitochondrial function. These results highlight the adverse effects of PNMC on meiotic maturation, and underscore the protective role of melatonin against PNMC-induced damage.

Ultrasound assessment of diaphragmatic dysfunction in non-critically ill patients: relevant indicators and update.

Diaphragm dysfunction (DD) can be classified as mild, resulting in diaphragmatic weakness, or severe, resulting in diaphragmatic paralysis. Various factors such as prolonged mechanical ventilation, surgical trauma, and inflammation can cause diaphragmatic injury, leading to negative outcomes for patients, including extended bed rest and increased risk of pulmonary complications. Therefore, it is crucial to protect and monitor diaphragmatic function. Impaired diaphragmatic function directly impacts ventilation, as the diaphragm is the primary muscle involved in inhalation. Even unilateral DD can cause ventilation abnormalities, which in turn lead to impaired gas exchange, this makes weaning from mechanical ventilation challenging and contributes to a higher incidence of ventilator-induced diaphragm dysfunction and prolonged ICU stays. However, there is insufficient research on DD in non-ICU patients, and DD can occur in all phases of the perioperative period. Furthermore, the current literature lacks standardized ultrasound indicators and diagnostic criteria for assessing diaphragmatic dysfunction. As a result, the full potential of diaphragmatic ultrasound parameters in quickly and accurately assessing diaphragmatic function and guiding diagnostic and therapeutic decisions has not been realized.

Therapeutic effect of E-Lip-siRNA-sFlt1 on pre-eclampsia: targeted gene silencing and improved pregnancy outcomes.

Aim: To evaluate a liposome complex conjugated with anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibodies for the treatment of pre-eclampsia (PE). Methods: In in vitro experiments, the transfection rate, silencing effect and cytotoxicity were determined. In the in vivo PE model, the siRNA distribution, mean arterial pressure, 24-h urine protein concentration, serum sFlt1 concentration, number of viable fetuses and placental weight were measured. Results: The nanomedicine effectively reduced the expression of sFIt1 and had a strong ability to target placental tissues. It could significantly reduce the symptoms of pre-eclampsia and improve pregnancy outcomes in PE model rats. Conclusion: The constructed nanomedicine can improve pregnancy outcomes in a rat model of pre-eclampsia and provides a new strategy for the treatment of pre-eclampsia.

[Box: see text].

Effectiveness of Spironolactone in Reducing Osteoporosis and Future Fracture Risk in Middle-Aged and Elderly Hypertensive Patients.

Objective: While the role of aldosterone in bone metabolism is well established, the specific effects of the widely used aldosterone antagonist, spironolactone, on bone health are not fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the effects of spironolactone on osteoporosis and future fracture risk in middle-aged and elderly hypertensive patients, revealing its potential benefits for bone health. Methods: Propensity score matching was employed in this study to create matched groups of spironolactone users and non-users at a 1:4 ratio. We investigated the association between spironolactone use and the risk of osteoporosis using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Furthermore, we conducted multivariate linear regression analysis to explore the relationship between cumulative dosage and the FRAX score. Subgroup analysis was also performed to assess the effects under different stratification conditions. Results: In both pre-match and post-match analyses, multivariable logistic regression revealed a significant reduction in the risk of osteoporosis in the spironolactone usage group (pre-match: odds ratios [OR] 0.406, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.280-0.588; post-match: OR 0.385, 95% CI, 0.259-0.571). Furthermore, post-match multivariable linear regression demonstrated a clear negative correlation between cumulative spironolactone dosage and the FRAX score. Subgroup analyses consistently supported these findings. Conclusion: This study offers evidence supporting the significant positive impact of the antihypertensive drug spironolactone on bone health, resulting in a substantial reduction in the risk of osteoporosis and future fractures in hypertensive patients. Future research should consider conducting large-scale, multicenter, randomized controlled trials to further investigate the long-term effects of spironolactone on bone health in hypertensive patients.

Factors Influencing Autonomy in Middle-Aged and Elderly Women with Urinary Incontinence.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: Urinary incontinence (UI) is relatively common among middle-aged and elderly women and can have significant impacts on patients' physiological, psychological, and quality-of-life aspects. A higher level of autonomy can encourage better health behaviors in patients, so as to promote rehabilitation of the disease and improve their quality of life. The study is aimed at exploring the level of autonomy and influencing factors among middle-aged and elderly women with UI. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary hospital in Shenzhen, China. Middle-aged and elderly women were asked to complete the Index of Autonomous Functioning scale (IAF), the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Urinary Incontinence Short Form (ICIQ-UI SF), and the Urinary Incontinence Quality of Life (I-QOL) scale. Data were collected in January 2024 to March 2024. Descriptive statistics, univariate analysis, bivariate correlation and multivariate linear regression were used to analyze data. RESULTS: A total of 646 women completed the questionnaire. The means and standard deviations (SD) of the IAF section were 45.40 ± 8.92, those of the ICIQ-UI SF section were 11.54 ± 3.67, and those of the I-QOL section were 43.95 ± 9.83. Multivariate linear regression models for the IAF revealed that questionnaire scores were independently associated with family's monthly income, education level, regular exercise, UI severity, and I-QOL score (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The factors influencing the level of autonomy among middle-aged and elderly women with UI include family's monthly income, education level, regular exercise, UI severity, and I-QOL score. Higher levels of autonomy were observed among women with high family income, high education level, regular exercise habits, mild to moderate UI, and high quality of life.

miR-181d targets BCL2 to regulate HCT-8 cell apoptosis and parasite burden in response to Cryptosporidium parvum infection via the intrinsic apoptosis pathway.

Cryptosporidium parvum is an important zoonotic pathogen that is studied worldwide. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) act as post-transcriptional regulators and may play a key role in modulating host epithelial responses following Cryptosporidium infection. Our previous study has shown that C. parvum downregulates the expression of miR-181d through the p50-dependent TLRs/NF-κB pathway. However, the mechanism by which miR-181d regulates host cells in response to C. parvum infection remains unclear. The present study found that miR-181d downregulation inhibited cell apoptosis and increased parasite burden in HCT-8 cells after C. parvum infection. Bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter assays have shown that BCL2 was a target gene for miR-181d. Moreover, BCL2 overexpression and miR-181d downregulation had similar results. To further investigate the mechanism by which miR-181d regulated HCT-8 cell apoptosis during C. parvum infection, the expression of molecules involved in the intrinsic apoptosis pathway was detected. Bax, caspase-9, and caspase-3 expression was decreased at 4, 8, 12, and 24 hpi and upregulated at 36 and 48 hpi. Interfering with the expression of miR-181d or BCL2 significantly affected the expression of molecules in the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. These data indicated that miR-181d targeted BCL2 to regulate HCT-8 cell apoptosis and parasite burden in response to C. parvum infection via the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. These results allowed us to further understand the regulatory mechanisms of host miRNAs during Cryptosporidium infection, and provided a theoretical foundation for the design and development of anti-cryptosporidiosis drugs.

The toxic effects induced by benzethonium chloride on Daphnia carinata over two generations: Resistance and higher sublethal toxicity.

With the widespread utilization of the sanitizing product benzethonium chloride (BEC) throughout the coronavirus pandemic, concerns have emerged regarding its potential hazards. Nevertheless, the long-term and multigenerational toxic effects of BEC on aquatic organisms remains unexplored. This study investigates acute and chronic toxicity, oxidative stress, mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP concentrations, and gene expression using Daphnia carinata as the model organism. Meanwhile, hierarchical clustering analysis was utilized to investigate phenotypic effects among different treatment groups. The integrated biomarker response index version 2 (IBRv2) was employed to estimate the deviation in toxic effects over two generations. These results indicated that D. carinata in the second generation exhibited higher survival rate and lower levels of oxidative stress than the first generation. However, the higher sublethal effects were found in the second generation as follows, the weakened growth performance, mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization, reduced ATP concentrations, and down-regulated gene expression. The mitochondrial toxicity induced by BEC may account for the distinct toxic effects exhibited in two generations. The findings here can assist with the evaluation of potential risk for BEC on aquatic organisms, and provide new insight into the cross-generational toxicity mechanisms of pollutants in aquatic ecosystems.

[Geographical division of terrestrial mammals in China based on species composition characteristics]. / åŸºäºŽç‰©ç§æž„æˆç‰¹å¾çš„ä¸­å›½é™†æ –å“ºä¹³åŠ¨ç‰©åœ°ç†åˆ†åŒº.

China has complex natural conditions and is rich in biodiversity. Based on the geographical distribution and species composition of terrestrial mammals, we explored the characteristics and geographic partitioning of mammal populations in different regions of China. We used a clustering algorithm, combined with the spatial distribution data and taxonomic characteristics of mammals, to geographically partition the terrestrial mammals in China. We found 10 zoogeographic regions of terrestrial mammals in China: Northeast region, North China region, Eastern grassland region, Western region, Northwest region, Qiangtang plateau region, Eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region, Himalayan region, South China region, and Taiwan-Hainan region. We found a new geographical zoning pattern for terrestrial mammals in China, examined the variability and characteristics of species composition among different regions, and quantified the association between species distribution and environmental factors. We proposed a method of incorporating taxonomic information into cluster analysis, which provided a new idea for zoogeographic region studies, a new perspective for understanding species diversity, and a scientific basis for animal conservation and habitat planning.

Non-fibril amyloid aggregation at the air/water interface: self-adaptive pathway resulting in a 2D Janus nanofilm.

The amyloid states of proteins are implicated in several neurodegenerative diseases and bioadhesion processes. However, the classical amyloid fibrillization mechanism fails to adequately explain the formation of polymorphic aggregates and their adhesion to various surfaces. Herein, we report a non-fibril amyloid aggregation pathway, with disulfide-bond-reduced lysozyme (R-Lyz) as a model protein under quasi-physiological conditions. Very different from classical fibrillization, this pathway begins with the air-water interface (AWI) accelerated oligomerization of unfolded full-length protein, resulting in unique plate-like oligomers with self-adaptive ability, which can adjust their conformations to match various interfaces such as the asymmetric AWI and amyloid-protein film surface. The pathway enables a stepwise packing of the plate-like oligomers into a 2D Janus nanofilm, exhibiting a divergent distribution of hydrophilic/hydrophobic residues on opposite sides of the nanofilm. The resulting Janus nanofilm possesses a top-level Young's modulus (8.3 ± 0.6 GPa) among amyloid-based materials and exhibits adhesive strength two times higher (145 ± 81 kPa) than that of barnacle cement. Furthermore, we found that such an interface-directed pathway exists in several amyloidogenic proteins with a similar self-adaptive 2D-aggregation process, including bovine serum albumin, insulin, fibrinogen, hemoglobin, lactoferrin, and ovalbumin. Thus, our findings on the non-fibril self-adaptive mechanism for amyloid aggregation may shed light on polymorphic amyloid assembly and their adhesions through an alternative pathway.

Sirtuin 5-driven meiotic spindle assembly and actin-based migration in mouse oocyte meiosis.

Sirtuin 5 (Sirt5), a member of the Sirtuin family, is involved in various intracellular biological processes. However, the function of Sirt5 in oocyte maturation has not been clearly elucidated. In this study, we observed that Sirt5 was persistently expressed during the meiotic division of mouse oocytes, with a notable decline in expression in aging oocytes. Sirt5 inhibition led to the failure of the first polar body extrusion and induced cell cycle arrest, indicative of unsuccessful oocyte maturation. Furthermore, Sirt5 inhibition was associated with the extrusion of abnormally large polar bodies, suggesting disrupted asymmetric oocyte division. Mechanistically, the inhibition of Sirt5 resulted in aberrant spindle assembly and disordered chromosome alignment in oocytes. Moreover, Sirt5 inhibition caused the spindle to be centrally located in the oocyte without migrating to the cortical region, consequently preventing the formation of the actin cap. Further investigation revealed that Sirt5 inhibition notably diminished the expression of phosphorylated cofilin and profilin1, while increasing cytoplasmic F-actin levels. These findings suggest that Sirt5 inhibition during oocyte maturation adversely affects spindle assembly and chromosome alignment and disrupts actin dynamics impairing spindle migration and contributing to the failure of symmetric oocyte division and maturation.

Altered counts and mitochondrial mass of peripheral blood leucocytes in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) damages liver cells through abnormal immune responses. Mitochondrial metabolism is necessary for effector functions of white blood cells (WBCs). The aim was to investigate the altered counts and mitochondrial mass (MM) of WBCs by two novel indicators of mitochondrial mass, MM and percentage of low mitochondrial membrane potential, MMPlow%, due to chronic HBV infection. The counts of lymphocytes, neutrophils and monocytes in the HBV infection group were in decline, especially for lymphocyte (p = 0.034) and monocyte counts (p = 0.003). The degraded MM (p = 0.003) and MMPlow% (p = 0.002) of lymphocytes and MM (p = 0.005) of monocytes suggested mitochondrial dysfunction of WBCs. HBV DNA within WBCs showed an extensive effect on mitochondria metabolic potential of lymphocytes, neutrophils and monocytes indicated by MM; hepatitis B e antigen was associated with instant mitochondrial energy supply indicated by MMPlow% of neutrophils; hepatitis B surface antigen, antiviral therapy by nucleos(t)ide analogues and prolonged infection were also vital factors contributing to WBC alterations. Moreover, degraded neutrophils and monocytes could be used to monitor immune responses reflecting chronic liver fibrosis and inflammatory damage. In conclusion, MM combined with cell counts of WBCs could profoundly reflect WBC alterations for monitoring chronic HBV infection. Moreover, HBV DNA within WBCs may be a vital factor in injuring mitochondria metabolic potential.

Altered dynamic functional connectivity of motor cerebellum with sensorimotor network and default mode network in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy.

Objective: To investigate whether changes occur in the dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) of motor cerebellum with cerebral cortex in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME). Methods: We adopted resting-state electroencephalography-functional magnetic resonance imaging (EEG-fMRI) and a sliding-window approach to explore the dFC of motor cerebellum with cortex in 36 JME patients compared with 30 and age-matched health controls (HCs). The motor cerebellum was divided into five lobules (I-V, VI, VIIb, VIIIa, and VIIIb). Additionally, correlation analyses were conducted between the variability of dFC and clinical variables in the Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy (JME) group, such as disease duration, age at disease onset, and frequency score of myoclonic seizures. Results: Compared to HCs, the JME group presented increased dFC between the motor cerebellum with SMN and DMN. Specifically, connectivity between lobule VIIb and left precentral gyrus and right inferior parietal lobule (IPL); between lobule VIIIa and right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and left IPL; and between lobule VIIIb and left middle frontal gyrus (MFG), bilateral superior parietal gyrus (SPG), and left precuneus. In addition, within the JME group, the strength of dFC between lobule VIIIb and left precuneus was negatively (r = -0.424, p = 0.025, Bonferroni correction) related with the frequency score of myoclonic seizures. Conclusion: In patients with JME, there is a functional dysregulation between the motor cerebellum with DMN and SMN, and the variability of dynamic functional connectivity may be closely associated with the occurrence of motor symptoms in JME.

Single-nucleus sequencing reveals enriched expression of genetic risk factors in extratelencephalic neurons sensitive to degeneration in ALS.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a progressive loss of motor function linked to degenerating extratelencephalic neurons/Betz cells (ETNs). The reasons why these neurons are selectively affected remain unclear. Here, to understand the unique molecular properties that may sensitize ETNs to ALS, we performed RNA sequencing of 79,169 single nuclei from cortices of patients and controls. In both patients and unaffected individuals, we found significantly higher expression of ALS risk genes in THY1+ ETNs, regardless of diagnosis. In patients, this was accompanied by the induction of genes involved in protein homeostasis and stress responses that were significantly induced in a wide collection of ETNs. Examination of oligodendroglial and microglial nuclei revealed patient-specific downregulation of myelinating genes in oligodendrocytes and upregulation of an endolysosomal reactive state in microglia. Our findings suggest that selective vulnerability of extratelencephalic neurons is partly connected to their intrinsic molecular properties sensitizing them to genetics and mechanisms of degeneration.

Presurgical structural imaging and clinical outcome in combined bed nucleus of the stria terminalis-nucleus accumbens deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression.

Background: Structural imaging holds great potential for precise targeting and stimulation for deep brain stimulation (DBS). The anatomical information it provides may serve as potential biomarkers for predicting the efficacy of DBS in treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Aims: The primary aim is to identify preoperative imaging biomarkers that correlate with the efficacy of DBS in patients with TRD. Methods: Preoperative imaging parameters were estimated and correlated with the 6-month clinical outcome of patients with TRD receiving combined bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST)-nucleus accumbens (NAc) DBS. White matter (WM) properties were extracted and compared between the response/non-response and remission/non-remission groups. Structural connectome was constructed and analysed using graph theory. Distances of the volume of activated tissue (VAT) to the main modulating tracts were also estimated to evaluate the correlations. Results: Differences in fibre bundle properties of tracts, including superior thalamic radiation and reticulospinal tract, were observed between the remission and non-remission groups. Distance of the centre of the VAT to tracts connecting the ventral tegmental area and the anterior limb of internal capsule on the left side varied between the remission and non-remission groups (p=0.010, t=3.07). The normalised clustering coefficient (γ) and the small-world property (σ) in graph analysis correlated with the symptom improvement after the correction of age. Conclusions: Presurgical structural alterations in WM tracts connecting the frontal area with subcortical regions, as well as the distance of the VAT to the modulating tracts, may influence the clinical outcome of BNST-NAc DBS. These findings provide potential imaging biomarkers for the DBS treatment for patients with TRD.

Changes in blood catecholamines during induction of general anesthesia in patients with post-induction hypotension undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A single-center prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Post-induction hypotension (PIH) often occurs during general anesthesia induction. This study aimed to investigate blood catecholamine levels during induction of general anesthesia in patients with PIH undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. METHODS: This prospective study included 557 adult patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia. PIH was defined as a greater than 20% decrease in systolic blood pressure from the pre-induction value, a systolic arterial pressure of less than 90 mmHg, or both. Plasma concentrations of epinephrine and norepinephrine during the induction of general anesthesia were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Multivariate logistic regression analysis evaluated the association between the clinical factors and PIH. RESULTS: Of the 557 patients, 390 had PIH, and the remaining 167 were allocated to the non-PIH group. Changes in blood adrenaline, noradrenaline levels, or both were more pronounced in the PIH than in the non-PIH group (p<0.05). Age, body mass index, a history of hypertension, preoperative systolic blood pressure, and propofol or sufentanil dose were independent predictors of PIH. CONCLUSION: The changes of blood catecholamines in patients with more stable hemodynamics during the induction of general anesthesia are smaller than that in patients with post-induction hypotension. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ChiCTR2200055549, 12/01/2022.

A genomic instability-associated lncRNA signature for predicting prognosis and biomarkers in lung adenocarcinoma.

Genomic instability (GI) was associated with tumorigenesis. However, GI-related lncRNA signature (GILncSig) in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is still unknown. In this study, the lncRNA expression data, somatic mutation information and clinical survival information of LUAD were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and performed differential analysis. Functional and prognosis analysis revealed that multiple GI-related pathways were enriched. By using univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis, 5 GI-associated lncRNAs (AC012085.2, FAM83A-AS1, MIR223HG, MIR193BHG, LINC01116) were identified and used to construct a GILncSig model. Mutation burden analysis indicated that the high-risk GI group had much higher somatic mutation count and the risk score constructed by the 5 GI-associated lncRNAs was an independent predictor for overall survival (OS) (P < 0.05). Overall, our study provides valuable insights into the involvement of GI-associated lncRNAs in LUAD and highlights their potential as therapeutic targets.

Kidney Aging and Chronic Kidney Disease.

The process of aging inevitably leads to an increase in age-related comorbidities, including chronic kidney disease (CKD). In many aspects, CKD can be considered a state of accelerated and premature aging. Aging kidney and CKD have numerous common characteristic features, ranging from pathological presentation and clinical manifestation to underlying mechanisms. The shared mechanisms underlying the process of kidney aging and the development of CKD include the increase in cellular senescence, the decrease in autophagy, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the alterations of epigenetic regulation, suggesting the existence of potential therapeutic targets that are applicable to both conditions. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the common characteristics between aging kidney and CKD, encompassing morphological changes, functional alterations, and recent advancements in understanding the underlying mechanisms. Moreover, we discuss potential therapeutic strategies for targeting senescent cells in both the aging process and CKD.

Intestinal linoleic acid contributes to the protective effects of Akkermansia muciniphila against Listeria monocytogenes infection in mice.

Akkermansia muciniphila pretreatment mitigated Listeria monocytogenes infection in mice. A. muciniphila improved gut microbiota disturbed by L. monocytogenes infection and significantly increased the level of intestinal linoleic acid in mice. Linoleic acid strengthened the intestinal epithelial barrier and reduced pathogen translocation partly by regulating NF-κB/MLCK pathway in a GPR40-dependent manner.

Engineered Cyanobacteria-Based Living Materials for Bioremediation of Heavy Metals Both In Vitro and In Vivo.

The pollution caused by heavy metals (HMs) represents a global concern due to their serious environmental threat. Photosynthetic cyanobacteria have a natural niche and the ability to remediate HMs such as cadmium. However, their practical application is hindered by a low tolerance to HMs and issues related to recycling. In response to these challenges, this study focuses on the development and evaluation of engineered cyanobacteria-based living materials for HMs bioremediation. Genes encoding phytochelatins (PCSs) and metallothioneins (MTs) were introduced into the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, creating PM/6803. The strain exhibited improved tolerance to multiple HMs and effectively removed a combination of Cd2+, Zn2+, and Cu2+. Using Cd2+ as a representative, PM/6803 achieved a bioremediation rate of approximately 21 µg of Cd2+/OD750 under the given test conditions. To facilitate its controllable application, PM/6803 was encapsulated using sodium alginate-based hydrogels (PM/6803@SA) to create "living materials" with different shapes. This system was feasible, biocompatible, and effective for removing Cd2+ under simulated conditions of zebrafish and mice models. Briefly, in vitro application of PM/6803@SA efficiently rescued zebrafish from polluted water containing Cd2+, while in vivo use of PM/6803@SA significantly decreased the Cd2+ content in mice bodies and restored their active behavior. The study offers feasible strategies for HMs bioremediation using the interesting biomaterials of engineered cyanobacteria both in vitro and in vivo.