[Recent advances in the genetic etiology of central precocious puberty]. / é—ä¼ ç¼ºé™·è‡´ä¸­æž¢æ€§æ€§æ—©ç†Ÿç— å› å­¦çš„ç ”ç©¶æ–°è¿›å±•.

Central precocious puberty (CPP) is a developmental disorder caused by early activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The incidence of CPP is rapidly increasing, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Previous studies have shown that gain-of-function mutations in the KISS1R and KISS1 genes and loss-of-function mutations in the MKRN3, LIN28, and DLK1 genes may lead to early initiation of pubertal development. Recent research has also revealed the significant role of epigenetic factors such as DNA methylation and microRNAs in the regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons, as well as the modulating effect of gene networks involving multiple variant genes on pubertal initiation. This review summarizes the genetic etiology and pathogenic mechanisms underlying CPP.

Prevalence and Correlators of Diabetes Distress in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Purpose: To address the prevalence of diabetes distress (DD) and its correlators in adults with type 2 diabetes. Patients and Methods: During 2021 and 2022, we conducted a cross-sectional study in three Class A tertiary comprehensive hospitals in China, and received 947 participants who completed a printed survey covering DD, demographic, diabetic, physiological, and psychosocial factors. We used Jonckheere-Terpstra, chi-square, and Fisher's exact tests to assess intergroup differences between different levels of DD. We used ordinal logistic regression analysis to analyze correlators of DD further. Results: The prevalence of DD was 34.64%. In univariate analysis, those with lower satisfaction with financial status, longer durations of diabetes, more complications, higher glycemia, more severe insomnia, treatment by medications only, poorer lifestyle interventions, fewer self-care activities, more types and frequencies of insulin injections, and spending more money and time on treatment were susceptible to DD. Type D personality, negative illness perceptions, negative coping styles, and psychological effects of major life events were related to higher DD. Hope, self-efficacy, positive coping styles, and social support can reduce DD. In ordinal logistic regression analysis, hypoglycemic episode (ß=-1.118, p=0.019, "have hypoglycemic" as reference) and Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (ß=0.090, p<0.001) were significant positive correlators for DD, while diet intervention (ß=0.803, p=0.022, "have diet intervention" as reference), money spent on diabetes treatment (ß<-0.001, p=0.035), and SES (ß=-0.257, p<0.001) were significant negative correlators. Conclusion: More than one-third of Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes experience moderate or high levels of DD. DD was associated with financial, diabetic, physiological, and psychosocial status.

Metabolic functional redundancy of the CYP9A subfamily members leads to P450-mediated lambda-cyhalothrin resistance in Cydia pomonella.

BACKGROUND: The evolution of insect resistance to pesticides poses a continuing threat to sustainable pest management. While much is known about the molecular mechanisms that confer resistance in model insects and few agricultural pests, far less is known about fruit pests. Field-evolved resistance to synthetic insecticides such as lambda-cyhalothrin has been widely documented in Cydia pomonella, a major invasive pest of pome fruit worldwide, and the increased production of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) has been linked to resistance in field-evolved resistant populations. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of P450-mediated insecticide resistance remain largely unknown. RESULTS: Here we found that functional redundancy and preference of metabolism by P450s genes in the CYP9A subfamily confer resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin in Cydia pomonella. A total of four CYP9A genes, including CYP9A61, CYP9A120, CYP9A121, and CYP9A122, were identified from Cydia pomonella. Among these, CYP9A120, CYP9A121, and CYP9A122 were predominantly expressed in the midgut of larvae. The expression levels of these P450 genes were significantly induced by a lethal dose that would kill 10% (LD10 ) of lambda-cyhalothrin and were overexpressed in a field-evolved lambda-cyhalothrin resistant population. Knockdown of CYP9A120 and CYP9A121 by RNA-mediated interference (RNAi) increased the susceptibility of larvae to lambda-cyhalothrin. In vitro assays demonstrated that recombinant P450s expressed in Sf9 cells can metabolize lambda-cyhalothrin, but with functional redundancy and divergence through regioselectivity of metabolism. CYP9A121 preferred to convert lambda-cyhalothrin to 2'-hydroxy-lambda-cyhalothrin, whereas CYP9A122 only generated 4'-hydroxy metabolite of lambda-cyhalothrin. Although possesses a relatively low metabolic capability, CYP9A120 balanced catalytic competence to generate both 2'- and 4'-metabolites. CONCLUSION: Collectively, these results reveal that metabolic functional redundancy of three members of the CYP9A subfamily leads to P450-mediated lambda-cyhalothrin resistance in Cydia pomonella, thus representing a potential adaptive evolutionary strategy during its worldwide expansion. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

The Chinese version of the revised Diabetes Distress Scale for adults with type 2 diabetes: Translation and validation study.

Objectives: This study aimed to translate the revised 17-item Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS17, 2017) into mandarin (simplified) Chinese and validate the Chinese version of DDS17 (C-DDS17, 2021) among adult patients with type 2 diabetes in China. Methods: A scale translation and cross-sectional validation study was conducted. The DDS17 was translated into mandarin (simplified) Chinese through a five-step process: authorization, forward translation, synthesis, back translation, and amendment. During this session, 59 patients assessed the understandability and readability of the translated scale. From June 7 to September 4, 2021, a cross-sectional study that adhered to the COSMIN checklist was conducted with 400 individuals with type 2 diabetes from three Class A tertiary comprehensive hospitals in Beijing, China. The content, construct, convergent, discriminant validity, and reliability (Cronbach's α coefficient and item-total correlation coefficients) of the C-DDS17 were evaluated. This study was a part of a project registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (no. ChiCTR2100047071). Results: Among the participants, 33.3% (133/400) of them experienced moderate to high diabetes distress. The content validity indices of the C-DDS17 equaled 1.00. The scale yielded a four-factor structure. The average variances extracted were 0.42-0.57, which was lower than squared correlations. Cronbach's α coefficient was 0.88 for the overall scale and ranged from 0.76 to 0.81 for sub-scales. Corrected item-total correlation coefficients ranged from 0.42 to 0.61. The eighth item ("Feeling that I am often failing with my diabetes routine") was better fit to physician distress than regimen distress but had little influence on the validation results. Conclusions: The C-DDS17 is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing diabetes distress in patients with type 2 diabetes. It is a promising instrument for early identification and management of diabetes distress in clinical practice and trials.

Astaxanthin Attenuates Environmental Tobacco Smoke-Induced Cognitive Deficits: A Critical Role of p38 MAPK.

Increasing evidence indicates that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) impairs cognitive function and induces oxidative stress in the brain. Recently, astaxanthin (ATX), a marine bioactive compound, has been reported to ameliorate cognitive deficits. However, the underlying pathogenesis remains unclear. In this study, ATX administration (40 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg, oral gavage) and cigarette smoking were carried out once a day for 10 weeks to investigate whether the p38 MAPK is involved in cognitive function in response to ATX treatment in the cortex and hippocampus of ETS mice. Results indicated that ATX administration improved spatial learning and memory of ETS mice (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). Furthermore, exposure to ATX prevented the increases in the protein levels of the p38mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK; p < 0.05 or p < 0.01) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB p65; p < 0.05 or p < 0.01), reversed the decreases in the mRNA and protein levels of synapsin I (SYN) and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) (all p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). Moreover, ATX significantly down-regulated the increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) (all p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). Meanwhile, the increased level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the decreased activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and catalase (CAT) were suppressed after exposure to ATX (all p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). Also, the results of the molecular docking study of ATX into the p38 MAPK binding site revealed that its mechanism was possibly similar to that of PH797804, a p38 MAPK inhibitor. Therefore, our results indicated that the ATX might be a critical agent in protecting the brain against neuroinflammation, synaptic plasticity impairment, and oxidative stress in the cortex and hippocampus of ETS mice.

Luteolin Ameliorates Cognitive Impairments by Suppressing the Expression of Inflammatory Cytokines and Enhancing Synapse-Associated Proteins GAP-43 and SYN Levels in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats.

Luteolin, a flavonoid isolated from Cirsium japonicum, has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities. Our previous studies brought a prospect that luteolin benefited diabetic rats with cognitive impairments. In this study, we examined whether luteolin could suppress the inflammatory cytokines, thus increasing synapse-associated proteins in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in rat models. The model rats underwent luteolin treatment for 8 consecutive weeks, followed by assessment of cognitive performances with MWM test. Nissl staining was employed to assess the neuropathological changes in the hippocampus and the effects of luteolin on diabetic rats. With animals sacrificed, expressions of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and synapse-associated proteins including growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43) and synaptophysin (SYN) were determined. The results affirmed improvement of behavioral performances in the MWM test, downexpression of glycation end products (AGEs) in the plasma and the receptor for advanced glycation end products in the hippocampus, inhibition of IL-1ß and TNF-α in both the hippocampus and plasma in diabetic rats. Furthermore, luteolin treatment upregulated the expressions of GAP-43 and SYN in the hippocampus. Thus, luteolin could ameliorate the cognitive dysfunctions in STZ-induced diabetic rat model.

Disaster Nursing Development in China and Other Countries: A Bibliometric Study.

PURPOSE: China is a country with frequent disasters, and nurses play indispensable roles in the disaster process. The Chinese disaster nursing specialty developed with several deficiencies. This study aimed to identify the limitations in the development of disaster nursing in China and to provide a reference for the future by comparing relevant studies between China and other countries. DESIGN: A systematic literature review was conducted in English and Chinese databases to identify disaster nursing articles published from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2016. METHODS: This study followed the systematic literature collection tactic and bibliometric method. Basic information such as country, number of publications, and discussed disaster types were described through frequency distributions. Article themes were extracted and divided into the four phases of the International Council of Nurses Framework of Disaster Nursing Competencies. FINDINGS: 1,384 articles were included in the analysis, containing 781 written in Chinese and 603 written in English (with 56 of them written by Chinese researchers). The number of Chinese disaster nursing articles and other publications increased sharply between 2007 and 2009 but dropped significantly afterwards, while the total number of articles in other countries fluctuated, with a general upward trend. Compared to other countries, there were fewer research methods used and less focus on disaster prevention and preparedness in China, an imbalanced focus on disaster types, and a lack of focus on prevention, preparedness, and recovery phases. CONCLUSIONS: In China, there is a lack of stable development of disaster nursing research, a lack of study types, and less focus on disaster prevention, preparedness, and recovery. Varied study methods and an increased focus on disaster prevention and preparedness are required in the future. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study analyzed the deficiencies in Chinese disaster nursing, which led to recommendations and proposed directions for future studies and a clinical focus in this field, in compliance with the United Nations guidelines for disaster management.

[Influence of seedling grade on plant growth, yield and quality of Anoectochilus roxburghii].

The morphological index of the seedlings including the plants height, the ground diameter, the leaf amounts, the fresh weight of the whole plant and the ratio of height to diameter was measured and the principal components were analyzed so as to determine the grading index, and stepwise cluster analysis was applied for clustering analysis. Pot experiments were used to measure the indicators of plant growth and development, the yield and the quality. The results showed that the height and ground diameter were determined as the quality indicators of the seedlings grading and the standard quality grading of seedlings of Anoectochilus roxburghii was initially set up, different seeding plants influenced the plants growth and the yield. The ground diameter of the class I was larger than that of the class II and III, so as the yield. The seedling grading had no obvious effect on the internal quality of medicinal materials. The results of the study provide the basis for standard cultivation of A. roxburghii.

[Residue decline dynamics and safety utilization of carbendazim in cultivation of Anoectochilus roxburghii].

The paper aimed to study the residue decline dynamic and standards for safety utilization of carbendazim in roots, stems, leaves of Anoectochilus roxburghii and in growth media. Samples extracted with methanol were purified by liquid-liquid extraction and analysed by HPLC. The results showed that average rate of recovery was 82.9% - 95.7% and RSD were 2.0% - 6.3% with add of carbendazim in respectively diverse concentration, which meets inspection requirement of pesticide residue. Two kinds of dosages of carbendazim were treated, varying from recommended dosage (1.0 kg x hm(-2)) to 1.5 times recommended dosage (1.5 kg x hm(-2)). Results of two years test showed that the half-life period of carbendazim were 7.01 - 8.51 d in the growth media of A. roxburghii, 3.58 - 4.27 d in stems and 3.50 - 3.91 d in leaves, 4.93 - 5.71 d in roots. Providing max recommended residue of carbendazim in the cultivation of A. roxburghii is 0.5 mg x kg(-1), sprayed 4 times a year with the dosage of 1.0 kg x hm(-2), 28 days is proposed for the safety interval of the last pesticide application's and harvest's date.