RESUMO
Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) represents one of the key regulators of the homeostasis of lipid particles, including high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles. Epidemiological evidence correlates increased HDL and decreased LDL to coronary heart disease (CHD) risk reduction. This relationship is consistent with a clinical outcomes trial of a CETP inhibitor (anacetrapib) combined with standard of care (statin), which led to a 9% additional risk reduction compared to standard of care alone. We discuss here the discovery of MK-8262, a CETP inhibitor with the potential for being the best-in-class molecule. Novel in vitro and in vivo paradigms were integrated to drug discovery to guide optimization informed by a critical understanding of key clinical adverse effect profiles. We present preclinical and clinical evidence of MK-8262 safety and efficacy by means of HDL increase and LDL reduction as biomarkers for reduced CHD risk.
Assuntos
Anticolesterolemiantes/uso terapêutico , Proteínas de Transferência de Ésteres de Colesterol/antagonistas & inibidores , Doença das Coronárias/tratamento farmacológico , Oxazolidinonas/uso terapêutico , Animais , Anticolesterolemiantes/síntese química , Anticolesterolemiantes/farmacocinética , Anticolesterolemiantes/toxicidade , Cães , Humanos , Macaca mulatta , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Estrutura Molecular , Oxazolidinonas/síntese química , Oxazolidinonas/farmacocinética , Oxazolidinonas/toxicidade , Ratos Wistar , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Proprotein convertase substilisin-like/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a serine protease involved in a protein-protein interaction with the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor that has both human genetic and clinical validation. Blocking this protein-protein interaction prevents LDL receptor degradation and thereby decreases LDL cholesterol levels. Our pursuit of small-molecule direct binders for this difficult to drug PPI target utilized affinity selection/mass spectrometry, which identified one confirmed hit compound. An X-ray crystal structure revealed that this compound was binding in an unprecedented allosteric pocket located between the catalytic and C-terminal domain. Optimization of this initial hit, using two distinct strategies, led to compounds with high binding affinity to PCSK9. Direct target engagement was demonstrated in the cell lysate with a cellular thermal shift assay. Finally, ligand-induced protein degradation was shown with a proteasome recruiting tag attached to the high-affinity allosteric ligand for PCSK9.
Assuntos
Descoberta de Drogas , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Pró-Proteína Convertase 9/metabolismo , Proteólise/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores de Serina Proteinase/farmacologia , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/farmacologia , Humanos , Ligantes , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura Molecular , Inibidores de Serina Proteinase/química , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/químicaRESUMO
Using the collective body of known (CETP) inhibitors as inspiration for design, a structurally novel series of tetrahydroquinoxaline CETP inhibitors were discovered. An exemplar from this series, compound 5, displayed potent in vitro CETP inhibition and was efficacious in a transgenic cynomologus-CETP mouse HDL PD (pharmacodynamic) assay. However, an undesirable metabolic profile and chemical instability hampered further development of the series. A three-dimensional structure of tetrahydroquinoxaline inhibitor 6 was proposed from (1)H NMR structural studies, and this model was then used in silico for the design of a new class of compounds based upon an indoline scaffold. This work resulted in the discovery of compound 7, which displayed potent in vitro CETP inhibition, a favorable PK-PD profile relative to tetrahydroquinoxaline 5, and dose-dependent efficacy in the transgenic cynomologus-CETP mouse HDL PD assay.
RESUMO
Screening of the Merck sample collection identified compound 1 as a weakly potent GPR119 agonist (hEC(50)=3600 nM). Dual termini optimization of 1 led to compound 36 having improved potency, selectivity, and formulation profile, however, modest physical properties (PP) hindered its utility. Design of a new core containing a cyclopropyl restriction yielded further PP improvements and when combined with the termini SAR optimizations yielded a potent and highly selective agonist suitable for further preclinical development (58).
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Desenho de Fármacos , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/agonistas , Animais , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Éteres Cíclicos/síntese química , Éteres Cíclicos/química , Humanos , Camundongos , Estrutura Molecular , Estereoisomerismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
A series of oxazole-substituted indanylacetic acids were prepared which show a spectrum of activity as ligands for PPAR nuclear receptor subtypes.
Assuntos
Acetatos/farmacologia , Oxazóis/química , PPAR alfa/agonistas , PPAR gama/agonistas , Acetatos/administração & dosagem , Acetatos/síntese química , Administração Oral , Animais , Glicemia/efeitos dos fármacos , HDL-Colesterol/sangue , HDL-Colesterol/efeitos dos fármacos , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Ligantes , Camundongos , Camundongos Mutantes , Camundongos Obesos , Estrutura Molecular , PPAR alfa/metabolismo , PPAR gama/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Triglicerídeos/sangue , Triglicerídeos/metabolismoRESUMO
Novel, potent inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV, EC 3.4.14.5, CD26), containing the fluoroolefin peptide isostere psi [CFz.dbnd6;C], have been prepared via the intermediacy of the Peterson fluoroolefination reaction. The nitrile containing inhibitors were found to inhibit dipeptidyl peptidase IV competitively with K(i) values for the l-3 and u-3 inhibitors of 7.69 and 6.03 microM, respectively. In contrast to earlier reported fluoroolefin containing inhibitors, the nitriles underwent no detectable degradation at pH 7.6 under buffered conditions.