Necrostatin-1, RIP1/RIP3 inhibitor, relieves transforming growth factor ß-induced wound-healing process in formation of hypertrophic scars.

BACKGROUND: Hypertrophic scars (HS) are common pathologic processes emerged during wound-healing process. The receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIP) might participate in keloid formation. AIMS: This study aimed to investigate Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1), a RIP1/RIP3 inhibitor, in the formation of hypertrophic scar. METHODS: Human hypertrophic scar fibroblasts (HSF) were extracted from patients with hypertrophic scar. Transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1) was performed to induce wound-healing process including cell proliferation (CCK-8, Flow cytometry, and Western blot), migration (Transwell assay, Western blot), collagen production (Western blot), and extracellular matrix dysfunction (Western blotting and immunofluorescence). RESULTS: Our results reported that Nec-1 inhibited TGF-ß1-induced cell proliferation and promoted G0/G1 phase arrest in HSF. In addition, Nec-1 attenuated TGF-ß1-induced cell migration and inhibited the expression of MMP2 and MMP9 in TGF-ß1-induced HSF. Besides, Nec-1 also reduced TGF-ß1-induced collagen production and α-smooth muscle actin expression in HSF. CONCLUSIONS: The present data in this study showed the potential role of Nec-1 as a novel treatment for HS.

Discovery of Lanraplenib (GS-9876): A Once-Daily Spleen Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor for Autoimmune Diseases.

Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is a critical regulator of signaling in a variety of immune cell types such as B-cells, monocytes, and macrophages. Accordingly, there have been numerous efforts to identify compounds that selectively inhibit SYK as a means to treat autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. We previously disclosed GS-9973 (entospletinib) as a selective SYK inhibitor that is under clinical evaluation in hematological malignancies. However, a BID dosing regimen and drug interaction with proton pump inhibitors (PPI) prevented development of entospletinib in inflammatory diseases. Herein, we report the discovery of a second-generation SYK inhibitor, GS-9876 (lanraplenib), which has human pharmacokinetic properties suitable for once-daily administration and is devoid of any interactions with PPI. Lanraplenib is currently under clinical evaluation in multiple autoimmune indications.

Discovery of Potent and Selective Tricyclic Inhibitors of Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase with Improved Druglike Properties.

In our continued effort to discover and develop best-in-class Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) inhibitors for the treatment of B-cell lymphomas, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus, we devised a series of novel tricyclic compounds that improved upon the druglike properties of our previous chemical matter. Compounds exemplified by G-744 are highly potent, selective for Btk, metabolically stable, well tolerated, and efficacious in an animal model of arthritis.

Discovery of highly potent and selective Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors: Pyridazinone analogs with improved metabolic stability.

BTK inhibitor GDC-0834 (1) was found to be rapidly metabolized in human studies, resulting in a suspension of clinical trials. The primary route of metabolism was through cleavage of the acyclic amide bond connecting the terminal tetrahydrobenzothiophene with the central linker aryl ring. SAR studies were focused on reducing metabolic cleavage of this amide, and resulted in the identification of several central aryl linker substituents that conferred improved stability. The most promising substituted aryl linkers were then incorporated into an optimized pyridazinone scaffold, resulting in the identification of lead analog 23, possessing improved potency, metabolic stability and preclinical properties.

Potent and selective Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors: discovery of GDC-0834.

SAR studies focused on improving the pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of the previously reported potent and selective Btk inhibitor CGI-1746 (1) resulted in the clinical candidate GDC-0834 (2), which retained the potency and selectivity of CGI-1746, but with much improved PK in preclinical animal models. Structure based design efforts drove this work as modifications to 1 were investigated at both the solvent exposed region as well as 'H3 binding pocket'. However, in vitro metabolic evaluation of 2 revealed a non CYP-mediated metabolic process that was more prevalent in human than preclinical species (mouse, rat, dog, cyno), leading to a high-level of uncertainly in predicting human pharmacokinetics. Due to its promising potency, selectivity, and preclinical efficacy, a single dose IND was filed and 2 was taken in to a single dose phase I trial in healthy volunteers to quickly evaluate the human pharmacokinetics. In human, 2 was found to be highly labile at the exo-cyclic amide bond that links the tetrahydrobenzothiophene moiety to the central aniline ring, resulting in insufficient parent drug exposure. This information informed the back-up program and discovery of improved inhibitors.

Discovery of GS-9973, a selective and orally efficacious inhibitor of spleen tyrosine kinase.

Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is an attractive drug target in autoimmune, inflammatory, and oncology disease indications. The most advanced Syk inhibitor, R406, 1 (or its prodrug form fostamatinib, 2), has shown efficacy in multiple therapeutic indications, but its clinical progress has been hampered by dose-limiting adverse effects that have been attributed, at least in part, to the off-target activities of 1. It is expected that a more selective Syk inhibitor would provide a greater therapeutic window. Herein we report the discovery and optimization of a novel series of imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine Syk inhibitors. This work culminated in the identification of GS-9973, 68, a highly selective and orally efficacious Syk inhibitor which is currently undergoing clinical evaluation for autoimmune and oncology indications.

Anionic Indole N-carbamoyl N --> C translocation. A directed remote metalation route to 2-Aryl- and 2-heteroarylindoles. synthesis of benz[a]carbazoles and Indeno[1,2-b]indoles.

A new LDA-induced anionic N-C carbamoyl migration of 2-arylindoles (7) is reported. Treatment of N-carbamoylindoles 10 and 13, readily available by direct and ipso-borodesilylative Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling routes from 8 and 12, respectively, provides a general route to functionalized 2-arylindoles 11 and 14, respectively (Tables 1 and 2). The reaction has been applied to the synthesis of benzo[ a]carbazoles 16 and indeno[1,2- b]indoles 18, and its intramolecularity has been established by a crossover experiment (Scheme 4).

Directed ortho metalation-based methodology. Halo-, nitroso-, and boro-induced ipso-desilylation. Link to an in situ Suzuki reaction.

[reaction: see text] Treatment of DoM-derived silylated aromatics 2-4 under standard electrophilic halogenation conditions cleanly affords ipso-desilyation products 5-7, while nitration of methoxy-substituted analogues 8, 9 leads to non-ipso isomers 10, 12 and 11, 13, controlled by a silicon steric effect. Sequential ipso-borodesilylation of 2a, 3a, and 20 followed by treatment with aryl halides under Pd-catalyzed conditions constitutes an in situ Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling protocol to biaryls and heterobiaryls 23.