Potentialities of MicroRNA Diagnosis in Patients with Bladder Cancer.

Despite promising vista of the use of microRNA in molecular diagnosis of bladder cancer, there are few data on their expression profiles, which impedes assessment of diagnostic value of these marker molecules. In this study, suppression subtractive hybridization, on-chip hybridization, and high-throughput deep sequencing focused on profiling microRNA and assessing the diagnostic value of revealed marker molecules.

[Preparation stimulating hair growth possibly acts by inhibiting hair follicle ageing experiments on mice and transcriptome analysis].

Preparation stimulating hair growth (PSHG) was studied on mice of various strains (Balb/c, CBA, C57BI/6, and outbred). It was shown that a long-term (44 months) application of PSHG does not reliably affect the appearance of young healthy mice but does induce increase in the hair follicle size. No adverse consequences of the PSHG application were observed. Naturally occurring propagating regenerative hair waves peculiar to mice were preserved. In older mice (more than 2 years) with signs of alopecia, application of PSHG caused an overgrowing of bald patches within two months. Transcriptome analysis of the PSHG effect performed in fibroblast cell culture showed that PSHG stimulates processes of tissue development and remodeling. These observations together with previous findings showing that PSHG stimulates autophagy and induces death of cells subjected to oxidative stress may suggest that the mechanism of the PSHG effect involves stimulation of regeneration of skin and its derivatives owing to more efficient elimination of senescent and damaged follicle cells.

[Prion disease and brain amyloidosis]. / Prionovye bolezni i amiloidoz golovnogo mozga.

Human prion disorders include Kuru, Creutzfeld-Jakob disease (CJD), Gerstman-Straussler-Scheinkler syndrome (GSS), fatal familial insomnia (FFI) and prion protein cerebral amyloid angiopathy (PrPCAA). Prion diseases manifest as infections, genetic and sporadic disorders. In these diseases an abnormal form of the host's protein, prion protein protease-resistant (PrPres), is essential for pathogenic process. Host protein, prion protein protease-sensitive (PrPsen) in humans is encoded by a single copy gene (PRNP) located in the short arm of chromosome 20. To date, 19 different mutations in PRNP have been found that cause inherited prion disease. In these diseases PrPsen undergoes conformational changes involving a shift from alpha-helix to beta-sheet structures. This conversion is important for PrP-amyloidogenesis which occurs to the highest degree in GSS, while it is less frequently seen in other prion diseases. Pathomorphologically, amyloidogenesis in the brain is characterized by formation of PrPres conglomerates, diffuse homogeneous deposits and pleomorphic fibrillar amyloid plaques. The neurotoxic activity of PrPres and its fragments supports the causal relationship between PrPres deposits and neuropathological events in prion diseases. Congo-red and certain sulfated glycans potently inhibit PrPres formation. This raises the potential of therapeutic strategies for the treatment of these diseases.

[Pathological anatomy of alimentary fluorine deficiency in goats]. / Patologicheskaia anatomiia alimentarnogo ftordefitsita u koz.

Chronic alimentary fluorine deficiency was provoked in goats by a semisynthetic diet with fruorine deficiency (less than 0.3 mg/kg dry feed). Teeth caries, emaciation in spite of higher consumption of food as compared to controls, focal inflammatory degenerative changes in the alimentary tract mucous membranes (catarrhal-purulent esophagitis, chronic duodenitis), chronic degenerative changes in the parenchymatous organs were observed. Endocrinopathies, accidental thymus involution, hypothyroid state, destructive changes in the pancreatic insullar cells were also common.

[Structural-functional changes in the thyroid gland after chronic exposure to the dioxin-containing herbicide 2,4-D]. / Strukturno-funktsional'nye izmeneniia v shchitovidnoi zheleze pri khronicheskom vozdeistvii dioksinsoderzhashchego gerbitsida 2,4-D.

White rats were given by lavage 40% solution of the herbicide 2,4-D (as an amine salt) in doses 1.0 and 0.5 mg/kg during 3 months. Destructive changes in follicles, lymphohistiocytic infiltrates, areas with morphological signs of activation (predominance of small follicles), high alkaline phosphatase and glycoproteins activity in thyrocytes were revealed.

[Morphofunctional characteristics of the testis of albino rats exposed to dioxin-containing herbicide 2,4-D]. / Morfofunktsional'naia kharakteristika semennikov belykh krys pri vozdeistvii dioksinsoderzhashchego gerbitsida 2,4-D.

Endocrine system of the gonads of white rats after subacute poisoning with 2,4-D was studied. Signs of increased steroidogenesis in Leydig cells, a decrease of plasma testosterone concentration and decrease of the gonad sensitivity to chorionic gonadotropin were observed.

[General pathology of trace element deficiency]. / Obshchaia patologiia gipomikroélementozov.

According to the authors' concept, different forms of trace element deficiency show some general rules of development. All of them are followed by a decrease of immune resistance. Trace element deficiency is never isolated, it is always characterized by trace element unbalance and is followed by a considerable disturbance of metabolism (mineral, lipid, carbohydrate and protein) with relevant manifestations. Reduced immune resistance and pluriglandular endocrinopathy create the conditions for various malignancies.

[Trace elements and natural killer activity]. / Mikroélementy i estestvennaia killernaia aktivnost'.

Each cell of human body contains from 10(5) to 10(6) ions of different trace elements which may perform the important functions of regulation of cell metabolic system activity, genomic apparatus. However, the problem of trace elements influence on immune response, cytokine system, expression of components of the major histocompatibility complex and natural killer (NK) activity is not well studied. Some trace elements (Li, Zn, Mg, Se, Ge, Fe, etc.) show their effect on the level of intracellular messenger systems, inducing the production and potentiating the action of the great number of cell cytokines stimulating NK. Immune cytokines provide efficiency of NK-lysis and promote the decrease of tumor cell resistance to it. Interactions of trace elements and antitumor immunity is a perspective field of investigation.

[Pathology of congenital bromine deficit (experimental observation)]. / Patologicheskaia anatomiia vrozhdennogo bromdefitsita (éksperimental'noe nabliudenie).

Pathology of congenital bromine deficiency is described in a she-goat whose mother was kept for two years on a bromine deficient diet. Anomalies of the bones and joints of the anterior limbs, disturbances of carbohydrate, lipid and mineral metabolism in the form of liver, kidney and lymph nodes glycogenosis, liver fat degeneration, haemosiderosis of the liver, spleen and lungs were found. Moderate thymomegaly with hyperplasia of the cortex and an increase in the number of Hassal bodies, microcystic ovary transformation, adrenal adenomatosis, cheilitis, flossitis, focal proliferative extracapillary glomerulonephritis were also observed.

[Morphologic characteristics of the thymus in pregnant and newborn mice exposed to sodium arsenite]. / Morfologicheskaia kharakteristika timusa beremennykh i novorozhdennykh myshei pri ékspozitsii arsenitom natriia.

In experiments with intragastric administration of sodium arsenite to pregnant CBA mice at the dose of 10 and 20 mg/kg during 15 days of gestation (groups 1 and 3), during 15 days before pregnancy and 15 days of gestation (10 mg/kg, group 2) morphological and functional state of the thymus in mothers and newborns was studied. Besides that the content of some trace elements (As, Se, Fe, Mn, Mo, Zn, Cu) in the liver and skin of pregnant mice and total body of newborns was estimated. It was established, that the most pronounced structural changes were seen in the thymus of pregnant mice and newborns of group 2 and 3, which received total dose of sodium arsenite 300 mg/kg ("critical" dose). The changes in the thymus were characterized by accidental involution with a decrease of absolute and relative organ weight, cellularity, especially that of cortical substance, an increase of the apoptotically changed lymphocytes, a decrease of the volume density of cortical layer and increase of the medullar layer and also increase of the thymic bodies number, especially the number of cyst-like structures and epithelial channels. The secondary imbalance of the essential trace elements, first of all that of Fe and Se was observed. This, undoubtedly, plays a significant pathogenetic role in the disturbances of immunological and reproductive systems of the body.

[Masshoff's disease]. / Bolezn' Masskhoffa.

Masshoff's disease (pseudotuberculous mesadenitis) was diagnosed in a 20-year-old male on the basis of histological investigation of surgically removed appendix and ileocaecal lymph nodes. The appendix was intact. Hyperplasia of lymphoid tissue with formation of small abscesses and karyorrhexis of neutrophils, but without giant polynuclear cells was histologically revealed in lymph nodes. Foci of fibrinoid necrosis were found in lymph node capsules. Serological test for pseudotuberculosis was strongly positive ( +).

[Comparative characteristics of deficiency and excess of the same trace element (as exemplified by nickel)]. / Sravnitel'naia kharakteristika odnoimennykh gipo- i gipermikroélementozov (na primere nikelezov).

General rules of biological effects of essential trace elements in human and animal body are discussed as illustrated by nickel model. Their action depends on the dose and duration of exposition. 5 levels of their action depending on the elements concentration in the body are distinguished. Pathology of low and high content of the same element in spite of the contrast of these conditions has certain similarity in the coincidence of the target organs and some pathological manifestations.

[New data on the epidemiology and morphology of Viliuisk encephalomyelitis]. / Novye dannye k épidemiologii i morfologii Viliuiskogo éntsefalomielita.

Viliuisk encephalomyelitis (VEM) appears to be endemic disease, affecting native population in Yakutia (Yakut, Even, Evenk). The infectious nature of VEM is very likely, but not yet established with certainty. The mortality rate caused by VEM from 1950 to 1990 was 17.4 per 10000 of native population. The maximum morbidity can be seen in Viliui and Central zones of Yakutia. Women were affected one and a half times more than men. VEM is characterized by multiple micronecrotic foci with marked inflammatory reactions and gliosis in the brain tissue. The vascular component in VEM is manifested by vasculitis, plasmarhagies, obliteration of the capillary lumen with development of capillarofibrosis, progressive reduction of the microcirculatory bed, the deformation of walls in major vessels with atrophy of their muscular layer, in some cases--by hyaline thrombi. The data presented give no grounds to consider the vascular component as secondary, relating only to the brain atrophy.

[New information on the histopathology of Vilyui encephalomyelitis: possible role of copper deficiency]. / Novye materialy po gistopatologii Viliuiskogo éntsefalomielita: vozmozhnaia rol defitsita medi.

The nature of a pathological process in the central nervous system in Vilyui encephalomyelitis defines it as a specific entity of demyelinative encephalomyelitis with a drastic prevalence of an alternative component. The bulk of the nerve parenchyma dies from circulatory incompetence due to blood vascular diseases, which are typical of the disease, as a peculiar angiopathy and progressive reduction in the microcirculatory bed. Homeostatic disorders in the myelinic membranes of central nervous fibers were found to be of value. The maintenance of homeostasis is implicated by adequate oligodendroglial function and copper metabolism. The inhabitants of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) are demonstrated to have oligodendroglial hypoplasia and exogenous and endogenous copper deficiency. This is suggested by low copper amounts in the natural environmental objects and in the hair of patients with chronic Vilyui encephalomyelitis.

[Morphology of granulomatous inflammation in pseudotuberculosis]. / Morfologiia granulematoznogo vospaleniia pri pseudotuberkuleze.

The study of pathology in pseudotuberculosis has showed that clinical and morphological nature of the disease is related to granulomatous inflammation in organs and tissues. The authors have established that a relapsing course of this infection may be due to pronounced specific sensitization of the body when granulomas appear in large numbers. Morphogenesis of acute granulomatous inflammation in pseudotuberculosis reflects a consecutive involvement of cellular reactions of the immediate and delayed hypersensitivity. In the authors' opinion pseudotuberculosis granulomas may be assigned to immune hypersensitive granulomas of mixed type according to the classification suggested by A. I. Strukov and O. Ya. Kaufman. The data obtained allow a hypothesis that granulomas tending to cause a purulent liquefaction and necrosis, like pseudo-tuberculous granulomas, could be considered as a morphological sign of granulocytic-macrophagal immune deficiency.

[Pathology of experimental hypocobaltosis in goats]. / Patologicheskaia anatomiia éksperimental'nogo gipokobal'toza u koz.

Histological changes in chronic experimental hypocobaltosis manifest as atrophic-degenerative alterations and restructuring of endocrine organs as well as a decrease in systemic resistance (accidental transformation of the thymus, duodenitis and sigmoiditis in some animals). Pronounced fat hepatosis and signs of iron metabolism damage (cheilitis, spleen siderosis) are found as well.

[Morphofunctional characteristics of cadmium-induced arterial hypertension]. / Morfofunktsional'naia kharakteristika kadmievoi arterial'noi gipertenzii.

Chronic (12 weeks) peroral administration of cadmium chloride to albino rats in a dose of 2.5 mg/100 g body weight results in arterial hypertension characterized by the increase in systolic blood pressure up to 148 +/- 1.8 mm Hg (vs. 115.4 +/- 1.5 mm Hg in the control animals); the increase in vascular resistance, left ventricular cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, as well as by hypertrophy of arterial walls, the decrease in the ventricular index, the activation of synthesizing function of atrial endocrine cardiomyocytes; enhanced secretion of ANP; a more than two-fold increase in plasma myoglobin concentration, as well as by the development of cadmium-induced nephropathy. In the rehabilitation period (9 weeks) a relatively quick fall in the blood pressure is observed, as well as morphological features of myocardial and renal function recovery, suggesting the nonpersistent nature of cadmium-induced hypertension.

[Secondary immunodeficiency in Pseudotuberculosis in man and in experiment]. / Vtorichnyi immunodefitsit pri psevdotuberkuleze u cheloveka i v éksperimente.

Surgical material from 55 children, from 2 to 15 years of age with an abdominal form of pseudotuberculosis (appendix, lymph nodes, ileum) and the immunogenesis organs (lymphoid tissue of the small intestine, lymph nodes, appendix, spleen and thymus) of 277 rabbits infected with virulent strains of the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis I serovar at the dose of 10(8) bacterial bodies were investigated. The results testify to the disturbance of all parts of the immuno-phagocytic system in pseudotuberculosis with the development in some cases of secondary immunodeficiency due to the specific damage of the lymphoid tissue and the functional deficiency of phagocytes. This probably results from the cytotoxicity of the pathogenic factor inhibiting the host defense mechanisms. The tendency to pseudotuberculosis exacerbation and recurrence is associated with the development of the immunodeficiency.

[Trace elements of iatrogenic origin]. / Mikroélementozy iatrogennogo proiskhozhdeniia.

Iatrogenic microelementoses are diseases and pathological processes caused by the deficiency or excess of trace elements in the body due to medical treatment performed for preventive, diagnostic and therapeutical purposes. It is suggested to differentiate iatrogenic hypomicroelementoses developing due to the deficiency of essential trace elements from those resulting from the excessive intake and accumulation in the organs and tissue of both essential and toxic trace elements. Examples of both groups of iatrogenic microelementoses are presented.