Structural hierarchy of biomimetic materials for tissue engineered vascular and orthopedic grafts.

Gelatine gels and gelatine/elastin gels have been prepared to be used in tissue engineered vascular grafts. Optical microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed that the gelatine formed nanofibrils as in soft collagen tissues. The gelatine/elastin gels were nanocomposites with flat elastin nanodomains embedded in the gelatine matrix mimicking the structure of the tunica media in arteries. Gelatine/"hydroxyapatite" (HA) nanocomposites were prepared with the in situ production of "HA" in solution. AFM revealed "HA" solid nanoparticles of about 20 nm size embedded in the gelatine matrix, which formed a hierarchical structure similar to that of the collagen matrix in bone. The application of amagnetic field of 9.4 T resulted in the elongation and orientation of gelatine particles and orientation of gelatine microfibrils in a direction perpendicular to that of the magnetic field. (c) 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2008.

AFM study of the elastin-like biopolymer poly(ValGlyGlyValGly).

In this paper, we report an AFM study on the supramolecular structures adopted by the synthetic polypentapeptide poly(ValGlyGlyValGly), whose monomeric sequence is an abundant, simple building block of elastin. The polypeptide was analyzed by deposition from both methanolic and aqueous suspensions, showing different behaviors. In methanol, the polypeptide is able to evolve, in a time-dependent way, from layers to ribbons to beaded filaments. When the equilibrium is reached, the formation of well-defined dendritic structures is also observed. This restructuring of the polypentapeptide seems to be reminiscent of a sort of Rayleigh instability. When deposited from aqueous suspensions, the polypeptide self-assembles either in fibrillar networks or in amyloid-like patterns, both of them being found in elastin or elastin-related polypeptides. As a general finding, poly(ValGlyGlyValGly) seems to constitute an excellent mimetic of the supramolecular properties of native elastin.

The role of surface physicochemical properties in determining the distribution of the autochthonous microflora in mineral water bottles.

Investigation of the distribution of the viable autochthonous microflora in three brands of 1-2-month-old bottled mineral water showed that 1.8 x 10(4) (S.E.M. 8.9 x 10(3), n = 5) to 1.2 x 10(5) (S.E.M. 1.3 x 10(4), n = 5) cfu ml-1 were planktonic cells while 11 (S.E.M. 4, n = 5)-632 (S.E.M. 176, n = 5) cfu cm-2 were found in the biofilm. The biofilm represented between 0.03 and 1.79% of the total viable microbial population in the 1.5 litre bottles studied. Scanning electron microscopy studies showed that the cells adhering to the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles were predominantly rod-shaped, sparsely distributed over the surface. In contrast, the cells adhering to the high density polyethylene (HDPE) caps were found to be mainly clumps of coccoid cells, suggesting that the bottle may provide different microhabitats for different microfloras. Large-scale roughness, such as that observed as lettering inside the cap (average height (z) = 93 microns) was associated with a 46-fold increase in cell numbers. Increased small-scale roughness, as measured by atomic force microscopy on PET and HDPE surfaces (average roughness (Ra) = 5-551 (nm), showed no correlation with adhesion. Investigations of surface hydrophobicity by the sessile drop technique showed that contact angles (theta) were greater on the HDPE caps (theta = 89-96 degrees) than on the PET surfaces (theta = 69-80 degrees). However, no correlation was found between contact angle and attached cell numbers. Measurements of surface electrostatic charge by streaming potential showed that the PET carried an overall negative charge, measuring -15.9 to -16.6 mV in mineral water. No significant change in charge occurred when the monomer composition of the PET was altered. It was concluded that surface roughness, in particular the scale of surface topographical features, is the most important physicochemical surface characteristic determining the distribution of the autochthonous microflora in mineral water bottles.