Photoelectrochemical Lithium Extraction from Waste Batteries.

The amount of global hybrid-electric and all electric vehicle has increased dramatically in just five years and reached an all-time high of over 10 million units in 2022. A good deal of waste lithium (Li)-containing batteries from dead vehicles are invaluable unconventional resources with high usage of Li. However, the recycle of Li by green approaches is extremely inefficient and rare from waste batteries, giving rise to severe environmental pollutions and huge squandering of resources. Thus, in this mini review, we briefly summarized a green and promising route-photoelectrochemical (PEC) technology for extracting the Li from the waste lithium-containing batteries. This review first focuses on the critical factors of PEC performance, including light harvesting, charge-carrier dynamics, and surface chemical reactions. Subsequently, the conventional and PEC technologies applying in the area of Li recovery processes are analyzed and discussed in depth, and the potential challenges and future perspective for rational and healthy development of PEC Li extraction are provided positively.

Enhanced charge-carrier dynamics and efficient solar-to-urea conversion on Si-based photocathodes.

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) coupling of CO2 and nitrate can provide a useful and green source of urea, but the process is affected by the photocathodes with poor charge-carrier dynamics and low conversion efficiency. Here, a NiFe diatomic catalysts/TiO2 layer/nanostructured n+p-Si photocathode is rationally designed, achieving a good charge-separation efficiency of 78.8% and charge-injection efficiency of 56.9% in the process of PEC urea synthesis. Compared with the electrocatalytic urea synthesis by using the same catalysts, the Si-based photocathode shows a similar urea yield rate (81.1 mg·h-1·cm-2) with a higher faradic efficiency (24.2%, almost twice than the electrocatalysis) at a lower applied potential under 1 sun illumination, meaning that a lower energy-consumption method acquires more aimed productions. Integrating the PEC measurements and characterization results, the synergistic effect of hierarchical structure is the dominating factor for enhancing the charge-carrier separation, transfer, and injection by the matched band structure and favorable electron-migration channels. This work provides a direct and efficient route of solar-to-urea conversion.

Endophytic fungus Colletotrichum sp. AP12 promotes growth physiology and andrographolide biosynthesis in Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees.

Endophytic fungi can promote host plant growth, enhance antioxidant defense enzyme activity, and induce the biosynthesis and accumulation of secondarymetabolites. Therefore, using endophytic fungi to improve the quality and yield of medicinal plants or important crops is an effective means of regulation. Colletotrichum sp. AP12 has been reported to produce andrographolide compounds (ADCs). This study aimed to investigate the effects of AP12 and its elicitors on the growth, defense enzyme activity, accumulation, and transcription levels of key genes in Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees (A. paniculata). Using fermentation method to prepare AP12 into the inactivated fermentation solution (IFS), fermentation solution (FS), inactivated mycelium solution (IMS), and mycelium solution (MS), and the results showed that all four fungal elicitor components (ECs) could promote A. paniculata growth, enhance antioxidant defense enzymes, and increase ADC content and yield, especially the IMS group that had the highest leaf area, whole plant dry weight, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) enzyme activities, total lactone contents, and yields, which were 2.37-, 1.60-, 2.20-, 3.27-, 1.59-, and 2.65-fold of the control, respectively. The 14-deoxyandrographolide (NAD) in the host irrigated with MS was 3.35-fold that of the control. In addition, AP12-infected A. paniculata sterile seedlings could significantly increase ADC content and expression levels of key enzyme genes, especially on day 12, when the total lactone content of the host reached 88.881± 5.793 mg/g DW, while on day 6, CPS gene expression level reached 10.79-fold that of the control, in turn promoting the biosynthesis and accumulation of andrographolide. In conclusion, the endophytic fungus AP12 is beneficial to the growth and secondary metabolism of A. paniculata, which is helpful for the cultivation and application of the biological bacterial fertilizer in A. paniculata, providing a theoretical and research basis for the use of endophytic fungi as a microbial resource to improve the quality and yield of medicinal plants.

Electrocatalytic Urea Synthesis with 63.5 % Faradaic Efficiency and 100 % N-Selectivity via One-step C-N coupling.

Electrocatalytic urea synthesis via coupling N2 and CO2 provides an effective route to mitigate energy crisis and close carbon footprint. However, the difficulty on breaking N≡N is the main reason that caused low efficiencies for both electrocatalytic NH3 and urea synthesis, which is the bottleneck restricting their industrial applications. Herein, a new mechanism to overcome the inert of the nitrogen molecule was proposed by elongating N≡N instead of breaking N≡N to realize one-step C-N coupling in the process for urea production. We constructed a Zn-Mn diatomic catalyst with axial chloride coordination, Zn-Mn sites display high tolerance to CO poisoning and the Faradaic efficiency can even be increased to 63.5 %, which is the highest value that has ever been reported. More importantly, negligible N≡N bond breakage effectively avoids the generation of ammonia as intermediates, therefore, the N-selectivity in the co-electrocatalytic system reaches100 % for urea synthesis. The previous cognition that electrocatalysts for urea synthesis must possess ammonia synthesis activity has been broken. Isotope-labelled measurements and Operando synchrotron-radiation Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy validate that activation of N-N triple bond and nitrogen fixation activity arise from the one-step C-N coupling process of CO species with adsorbed N2 molecules.

Mixed-phase WO3 Cocatalysts on Hierarchical Si-based Photocathode for Efficient Photoelectrochemical Li Extraction.

Photoelectrochemical lithium (Li) extraction can be expected to provide a useful recycle of Li+ from waste Li-containing battery, but the process is limited by the photocathodes with poor Li+ absorption and low yield rate. Here, we have designed a hierarchical silicon (Si)-based photocathode with mixed-phase tungsten oxide (WO3 ) cocatalysts for photoelectrochemical Li extraction under 1 sun illumination, achieving a high Li yield rate of ≈223.0 µg cm-2 h-1 and an excellent faradaic efficiency of 91.9 % at 0.0817 V versus Li0/+ redox couple. The WO3 cocatalysts with the mixture of amorphous and crystalline phase accelerates the Li+ insertion and precipitation and enriches the concentration of Li+ at the photocathode surface. This robust photoelectrochemical Li extraction system provides a new insight on designing green and efficient route for cyclic utilization of Li resources in the sustainable energy field.

Compression Stress-Induced Internal Magnetic Field in Bulky TiO2 Photoanodes for Enhancing Charge-Carrier Dynamics.

Enhancing charge-carrier dynamics is imperative to achieve efficient photoelectrodes for practical photoelectrochemical devices. However, a convincing explanation and answer for the important question which has thus far been absent relates to the precise mechanism of charge-carrier generation by solar light in photoelectrodes. Herein, to exclude the interference of complex multi-components and nanostructuring, we fabricate bulky TiO2 photoanodes through physical vapor deposition. Integrating photoelectrochemical measurements and in situ characterizations, the photoinduced holes and electrons are transiently stored and promptly transported around the oxygen-bridge bonds and 5-coordinated Ti atoms to form polarons on the boundaries of TiO2 grains, respectively. Most importantly, we also find that compressive stress-induced internal magnetic field can drastically enhance the charge-carrier dynamics for the TiO2 photoanode, including directional separation and transport of charge carriers and an increase of surface polarons. As a result, bulky TiO2 photoanode with high compressive stress displays a high charge-separation efficiency and an excellent charge-injection efficiency, leading to 2 orders of magnitude higher photocurrent than that produced by a classic TiO2 photoanode. This work not only provides a fundamental understanding of the charge-carrier dynamics of the photoelectrodes but also provides a new paradigm for designing efficient photoelectrodes and controlling the dynamics of charge carriers.

Photoelectrochemical N2 -to-NH3 Fixation with High Efficiency and Rates via Optimized Si-Based System at Positive Potential versus Li0/.

As a widely used commodity chemical, ammonia is critical for producing nitrogen-containing fertilizers and serving as the promising zero-carbon energy carrier. Photoelectrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (PEC NRR) can provide a solar-powered green and sustainable route for synthesis of ammonia (NH3 ). Herein, an optimum PEC system is reported with an Si-based hierarchically-structured PdCu/TiO2 /Si photocathode and well-thought-out trifluoroethanol as the proton source for lithium-mediated PEC NRR, achieving a record high NH3 yield of 43.09 µg cm-2 h-1 and an excellent faradaic efficiency of 46.15% under 0.12 MPa O2 and 3.88 MPa N2 at 0.07 V versus lithium(0/+) redox couple (vs Li0/+ ). PEC measurements coupled with operando characterization reveal that the PdCu/TiO2 /Si photocathode under N2 pressures facilitate the reduction of N2 to form lithium nitride (Li3 N), which reacts with active protons to produce NH3 while releasing the Li+ to reinitiate the cycle of the PEC NRR. The Li-mediated PEC NRR process is further enhanced by introducing small amount of O2 or CO2 under pressure by accelerating the decomposition of Li3 N. For the first time, this work provides mechanistic understanding of the lithium-mediated PEC NRR process and opens new avenues for efficient solar-powered green conversion of N2 -to-NH3 .

Identifying and tailoring C-N coupling site for efficient urea synthesis over diatomic Fe-Ni catalyst.

Electrocatalytic urea synthesis emerged as the promising alternative of Haber-Bosch process and industrial urea synthetic protocol. Here, we report that a diatomic catalyst with bonded Fe-Ni pairs can significantly improve the efficiency of electrochemical urea synthesis. Compared with isolated diatomic and single-atom catalysts, the bonded Fe-Ni pairs act as the efficient sites for coordinated adsorption and activation of multiple reactants, enhancing the crucial C-N coupling thermodynamically and kinetically. The performance for urea synthesis up to an order of magnitude higher than those of single-atom and isolated diatomic electrocatalysts, a high urea yield rate of 20.2 mmol h-1 g-1 with corresponding Faradaic efficiency of 17.8% has been successfully achieved. A total Faradaic efficiency of about 100% for the formation of value-added urea, CO, and NH3 was realized. This work presents an insight into synergistic catalysis towards sustainable urea synthesis via identifying and tailoring the atomic site configurations.

Activated Ni-OH Bonds in a Catalyst Facilitates the Nucleophile Oxidation Reaction.

The nucleophile oxidation reaction (NOR) is of enormous significance for organic electrosynthesis and coupling for hydrogen generation. However, the nonuniform NOR mechanism limits its development. For the NOR, involving electrocatalysis and organic chemistry, both the electrochemical step and non-electrochemical process should be taken into account. The NOR of nickel-based hydroxides includes the electrogenerated dehydrogenation of the Ni2+ -OH bond and a spontaneous non-electrochemical process; the former determines the electrochemical activity, and the nucleophile oxidation pathway depends on the latter. Herein, the space-confinement-induced synthesis of Ni3 Fe layered double hydroxide intercalated with single-atom-layer Pt nanosheets (Ni3 Fe LDH-Pt NS) is reported. The synergy of interlayer Pt nanosheets and multiple defects activates Ni-OH bonds, thus exhibiting an excellent NOR performance. The spontaneous non-electrochemical steps of the NOR are revealed, such as proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET; Ni3+ -O + X-H = Ni2+ -OH + X• ), hydration, and rearrangement. Hence, the reaction pathway of the NOR is deciphered, which not only helps to perfect the NOR mechanism, but also provides inspiration for organic electrosynthesis.

A New Source of Diterpene Lactones From Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees-Two Endophytic Fungi of Colletotrichum sp. With Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities.

Endophytic fungi of medicinal plants are abundant, and their metabolites often have antioxidant, antibacterial, and antitumor effects and can produce secondary metabolites identical or similar to those of their hosts, which can mitigate the problem of insufficient supply of medicinal plants. In this study, we screened endophytic fungi for strains that produce the same diterpene lactones as Andrographis paniculata based on their biological activity. Firstly, the dominant group of endophytic fungi of Andrographis paniculata was screened and pathogenicity was studied using Koch's rule. Secondly, DPPH, ABTS, OH, PTIO radical scavenging, and FRAP assays were used to detect the antioxidant activity of the extracellular extracts of the strains, and total phenol and total flavonoid contents of the strains with high antioxidant capacity were determined. S. aureus, B. subtilis, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa were used to determine the antibacterial activity of the mycelial extracts of the strains. Finally, the secondary metabolites of the mycelial extracts of the strains were examined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that 32 strains of Andrographis paniculata were relatively isolated > 70% and non-pathogenic. Extracellular extracts of strains AP-1 and AP-4 showed vigorous antioxidant activity, and AP-4, AP-12, AP-47, and AP-48 showed antibacterial activity against four strains of bacteria. The HPLC results indicated that the mycelial extracts of AP-4 and AP-12 contained diterpene lactones. The two endophytic fungi were recognized as Colletotrichum sp. The study successfully obtained diterpene lactones from the endophytic fungus of Andrographis paniculata and confirmed the feasibility of using endophytic fungal strains to produce active substances consistent with the host. It was also useful for exploring endophytic fungi and medicinal plants. The relationship provides theoretical guidance.

Advanced Zn-I2 Battery with Excellent Cycling Stability and Good Rate Performance by a Multifunctional Iodine Host.

The rechargeable zinc-iodine (Zn-I2) battery is a promising energy-storage system due to its low cost and good security, but the practical use of the battery is largely constrained by the shuttle effect and high dissolvability of iodides. Here a multifunctional iodine host, constructed with nitrogen-doped porous carbon nanocages (NCCs) by the polymerization carbonization activation method, is exploited to improve the electrochemical performance and lifespan of the Zn-I2 battery, achieving a high specific capacity of 259 mAh g-1, a good rate performance (maintaining 50.6% expanding 50 times), and a high cycle stability (retention of 100% after 1000 cycles). On the basis of the experimental results and theoretical calculations, NCCs via the introduction of N doping and nanosized porous structure can simultaneously provide rich and robust anchoring and catalytic sites to carry out the electrostatic adsorption of iodides and facilitate the reversible conversion between iodine and iodides. This work shows a novel and efficient strategy to develop high-performance and long-life Zn-I2 batteries.

Identifying the Intrinsic Relationship between the Restructured Oxide Layer and Oxygen Evolution Reaction Performance on the Cobalt Pnictide Catalyst.

Cobalt pnictides show good catalytic activity and stability on oxygen evolution reaction (OER) behaviors in a strong alkaline solution. Identifying the intrinsic composition/structure-property relationship of the oxide layer on the cobalt pnictides is critical to design better and cheaper electrocatalysts for the commercial viability of OER technologies. In this work, the restructured oxide layer on the cobalt pnictides and its effect on the activity and mechanism for OER is systematically analyzed. In-situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and near edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectra indicate that a higher OER performance of cobalt pnictides than Co3 O4 is attributed to the more structural disorder and oxygen defect sites in the cobalt oxide layer evolved from cobalt pnictides. Using angle resolved x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AR-XPS) further demonstrates that the oxygen defect sites mainly concentrate on the subsurface of cobalt oxide layer. The current study demonstrated promising opportunities for further enhancing the OER performance of cobalt-based electrocatalysts by controlling the subsurface defects of the restructured active layer.

Tuning the Electron Localization of Gold Enables the Control of Nitrogen-to-Ammonia Fixation.

The (photo)electrochemical N2 reduction reaction (NRR) provides a favorable avenue for the production of NH3 using renewable energy in mild operating conditions. Understanding and building an efficient catalyst with high NH3 selectivity represents an area of intense interest for the early stages of development for NRR. Herein, we introduce a CoOx layer to tune the local electronic structure of Au nanoparticles with positive valence sites for boosting conversion of N2 to NH3 . The catalysts, possessing high average oxidation states (ca. 40 %), achieve a high NH3 yield rate of 15.1 µg cm-2 h-1 and a good faradic efficiency of 19 % at -0.5 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode. Experimental results and simulations reveal that the ability to tune the oxidation state of Au enables the control of N2 adsorption and the concomitant energy barrier of NRR. Altering the Au oxidation state provides a unique strategy for control of NRR in the production of valuable NH3 .

Gefitinib suppresses cervical cancer progression by inhibiting cell cycle progression and epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

Cervical cancer (CC) is the second most common malignant cancer among women. Gefitinib was one of the first-generation epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors in clinical trials. However, the underlying mechanism of gefitinib in regulating CC progression remains unknown. In the current study, two CC cell lines, HeLa and Siha, were used to investigate the effects of gefitinib. Cell counting kit-8 assays demonstrated that treatment with gefitinib exerted strong cytotoxicity in HeLa and Siha cells. Flow cytometry was used to examine cell cycle progression and apoptosis. Treatment with gefitinib enhanced the number of cells in the G0/G1 phase and increased apoptosis in HeLa and Siha cells. Furthermore, treatment with gefitinib decreased the protein expression level of Bcl-2 and increased the protein expression level of Bax. Taken together, these results suggest that gefitinib may suppress CC cell proliferation and induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The current study also demonstrated that treatment with gefitinib suppressed epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) as the expression level of the epithelial marker, E-cadherin was increased, while the expression level of the mesenchymal marker, vimentin was decreased. The current study demonstrated that treatment with gefitinib decreased the protein expression levels of phosphorylated-GSK3ß and ß-catenin, which suggests that gefitinib may be a potential novel therapeutic strategy in CC by suppressing the Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway and EMT to inhibit tumor metastasis in CC cells. In conclusion, gefitinib may suppress the EMT process during cell invasion and induce cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest via inhibition of the Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway.

UPF1 inhibits the hepatocellular carcinoma progression by targeting long non-coding RNA UCA1.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the major causes of cancer-related death worldwide. However, the molecular mechanism underlying HCC carcinogenesis remains to be further elucidated. Up-frameshift protein 1 (UPF1) is a RNA/DNA-dependent ATPase and ATP-dependent RNA helicase. Here, we explored the expression and function of UPF1 in HCC. In this study, we demonstrated that UPF1 expression was significantly reduced in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues compared with the adjacent normal tissues. And further functional assays revealed that knockdown of UPF1 promoted HCC cells growth and invasion. Furthermore, we found that UPF1 could bind to long non-coding RNA urothelial cancer associated 1 (UCA1) and was negatively correlated with UCA1. UCA1 expression also affected HCC growth and invasion. Knockdown of UCA1 ameliorated the effect of UPF1 knock down on HCC growth and invasion. Knockdown of UPF1 enhances glycolysis in HCC. Taken together, our results provided new insights for finding novel therapeutic targets for hepatocellular carcinoma progression.

The clinical and prognostic significance of YWHAZ in non-small-cell lung cancer patients: Immunohistochemical analysis.

YWHAZ has been suggested to as an oncogene in various human malignancies, including non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Our study presents more evidence to confirm the clinical significance and biological function of YWHAZ in NSCLC. In our results, YWHAZ was upregulated in lung squamous cell carcinoma tissues and lung adenocarcinoma tissues through analyzing The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, and confirmed high levels of YWHAZ messenger RNA and protein in lung squamous cell carcinoma tissues and lung adenocarcinoma tissues through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. Moreover, YWHAZ overexpression was correlated with advanced clinical stage, more lymph node metastasis and present distant metastasis in NSCLC patients. Survival analysis indicated that high level of YWHAZ protein expression was associated with short overall survival time in NSCLC patients, and YWHAZ expression was independent prognostic factors for overall survival in NSCLC patients. Moreover, Silencing of YWHAZ expression represses NSCLC cell migration and invasion. In conclusion, YWHAZ is a credible prognostic biomarker, and may be a therapeutic target in NSCLC.

Crystalline TiO2 protective layer with graded oxygen defects for efficient and stable silicon-based photocathode.

The trade-offs between photoelectrode efficiency and stability significantly hinder the practical application of silicon-based photoelectrochemical devices. Here, we report a facile approach to decouple the trade-offs of silicon-based photocathodes by employing crystalline TiO2 with graded oxygen defects as protection layer. The crystalline protection layer provides high-density structure and enhances stability, and at the same time oxygen defects allow the carrier transport with low resistance as required for high efficiency. The silicon-based photocathode with black TiO2 shows a limiting current density of ~35.3 mA cm-2 and durability of over 100 h at 10 mA cm-2 in 1.0 M NaOH electrolyte, while none of photoelectrochemical behavior is observed in crystalline TiO2 protection layer. These findings have significant suggestions for further development of silicon-based, III-V compounds and other photoelectrodes and offer the possibility for achieving highly efficient and durable photoelectrochemical devices.

Defect-Enhanced Charge Separation and Transfer within Protection Layer/Semiconductor Structure of Photoanodes.

Silicon (Si) requires a protection layer to maintain stable and long-time photoanodic reaction. However, poor charge separation and transfer are key constraint factors in protection layer/Si photoanodes that reduce their water-splitting efficiency. Here, a simultaneous enhancement of charge separation and transfer in Nb-doped NiOx /Ni/black-Si photoanodes induced by plasma treatment is reported. The optimized photoanodes yield the highest charge-separation efficiency (ηsep ) of ≈81% at 1.23 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode, corresponding to the photocurrent density of ≈29.1 mA cm-2 . On the basis of detailed characterizations, the concentration and species of oxygen defects in the NiOx -based layer are adjusted by synergistic effect of Nb doping and plasma treatment, which are the dominating factors for forming suitable band structure and providing a favorable hole-migration channel. This work elucidates the important role of oxygen defects on charge separation and transfer in the protection layer/Si-based photoelectrochemical systems and is encouraging for application of this synergistic strategy to other candidate photoanodes.

Potential rat model of anxiety-like gastric hypersensitivity induced by sequential stress.

AIM: To establish a rat model of anxiety-like gastric hypersensitivity (GHS) of functional dyspepsia (FD) induced by novel sequential stress. METHODS: Animal pups were divided into two groups from postnatal day 2: controls and the sequential-stress-treated. The sequential-stress-treated group received maternal separation and acute gastric irritation early in life and restraint stress in adulthood; controls were reared undisturbed with their mothers. Rats in both groups were followed to adulthood (8 wk) at which point the anxiety-like behaviors and visceromotor responses to gastric distention (20-100 mmHg) and gastric emptying were tested. Meanwhile, alterations in several anxiety-related brain-stomach modulators including 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nesfatin-1 in the rat hippocampus, plasma and gastric fundus and the 5-HT1A receptor (5-HT1AR) in the hippocampal CA1 subfield and the mucosa of the gastric fundus were examined. RESULTS: Sequential-stress-treated rats simultaneously demonstrated anxiety-like behaviors and GHS in dose-dependent manner compared with the control group. Although rats in both groups consumed similar amount of solid food, the rate of gastric emptying was lower in the sequential-stress-treated rats than in the control group. Sequential stress significantly decreased the levels of 5-HT (51.91 ± 1.88 vs 104.21 ± 2.88, P < 0.01), GABA (2.38 ± 0.16 vs 5.01 ± 0.13, P < 0.01) and BDNF (304.40 ± 10.16 vs 698.17 ± 27.91, P < 0.01) in the hippocampus but increased the content of nesfatin-1 (1961.38 ± 56.89 vs 1007.50 ± 33.05, P < 0.01) in the same site; significantly decreased the levels of 5-HT (47.82 ± 2.29 vs 89.45 ± 2.61, P < 0.01) and BDNF (257.05 ± 12.89 vs 536.71 ± 20.73, P < 0.01) in the plasma but increased the content of nesfatin-1 in it (1391.75 ± 42.77 vs 737.88 ± 33.15, P < 0.01); significantly decreased the levels of 5-HT (41.15 ± 1.81 vs 89.17 ± 2.31, P < 0.01) and BDNF (226.49 ± 12.10 vs 551.36 ± 16.47, P < 0.01) in the gastric fundus but increased the content of nesfatin-1 in the same site (1534.75 ± 38.52 vs 819.63 ± 38.04, P < 0.01). The expressions of 5-HT1AR in the hippocampal CA1 subfield and the mucosa of the gastric fundus were down-regulated measured by IHC (Optical Density value: Hippocampus 15253.50 ± 760.35 vs 21149.75 ± 834.13; gastric fundus 15865.25 ± 521.24 vs 23865.75 ± 1868.60; P < 0.05, respectively) and WB (0.38 ± 0.01 vs 0.57 ± 0.03, P < 0.01) (n = 8 in each group). CONCLUSION: Sequential stress could induce a potential rat model of anxiety-like GHS of FD, which could be used to research the mechanisms of this intractable disease.

Mesostructured perovskite solar cells based on highly ordered TiO2 network scaffold via anodization of Ti thin film.

An anodized TiO2 interconnected network was fabricated and utilized as a mesoporous scaffold and electron transporter in perovskite solar cells. By modifying the synthesis parameters, the morphological features of the interconnected TiO2 nanostructures can be widely tuned and precisely controlled. The functional properties of the anodized TiO2 network are found to be severely influenced by morphology as well as the extent of oxidation. The device with the optimized TiO2 network exhibits superior electron extraction and transferability, resulting in conspicuous enhancement of the photocurrent and power conversion efficiency (PCE). This work proposes a promising and facile method for improving the performance of perovskite solar cells.