Multimodal biosensing systems based on metal nanoparticles.

Biosensors are currently among the most commonly used devices for analysing biomarkers and play an important role in environmental detection, food safety, and disease diagnosis. Researchers have developed multimodal biosensors instead of single-modal biosensors to meet increasing sensitivity, accuracy, and stability requirements. Metal nanoparticles (MNPs) are beneficial for preparing core probes for multimodal biosensors because of their excellent physical and chemical properties, such as easy regulation and modification, and because they can integrate diverse sensing strategies. This review mainly summarizes the excellent physicochemical properties of MNPs applied as biosensing probes and the principles of commonly used MNP-based multimodal sensing strategies. Recent applications and possible improvements of multimodal biosensors based on MNPs are also described, among which on-site inspection and sensitive detection are particularly important. The current challenges and prospects for multimodal biosensors based on MNPs may provide readers with a new perspective on this field.

Mechanism of non-thermal atmospheric plasma in anti-tumor: influencing intracellular RONS and regulating signaling pathways.

Non-thermal atmospheric plasma (NTAP) has been proven to be an effective anti-tumor tool, with various biological effects such as inhibiting tumor proliferation, metastasis, and promoting tumor cell apoptosis. At present, the main conclusion is that ROS and RNS are the main effector components of NTAP, but the mechanisms of which still lack systematic summary. Therefore, in this review, we first summarized the mechanism by which NTAP directly or indirectly causes an increase in intracellular RONS concentration, and the multiple pathways dysregulation (i.e. NRF2, PI3K, MAPK, NF-κB) induced by intracellular RONS. Then, we generalized the relationship between NTAP induced pathways dysregulation and the various biological effects it brought. The summary of the anti-tumor mechanism of NTAP is helpful for its further research and clinical transformation.

Non-thermal atmospheric plasma (NTAP) acts on NADPH oxidase and catalase.The feeding gas and parameters of NTAP affect its impacts on the signaling pathways.The impacts of NTAP and RONS on pathways are not always consistent.NTAP can trigger various anti-tumor biological effects.

Antimicrobial peptides in bone regeneration: mechanism and potential.

INTRODUCTION: Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small-molecule peptides with a unique antimicrobial mechanism. Other notable biological activities of AMPs, including anti-inflammatory, angiogenesis, and bone formation effects, have recently received widespread attention. These remarkable bioactivities, combined with the unique antimicrobial mechanism of action of AMPs, have led to their increasingly important role in bone regeneration. AREAS COVERED: In this review, on the one hand, we aimed to summarize information about the AMPs that are currently used for bone regeneration by reviewing published literature in the PubMed database. On the other hand, we also highlight some AMPs with potential roles in bone regeneration and their possible mechanisms of action. EXPERT OPINION: The translation of AMPs to the clinic still faces many problems, but their unique antimicrobial mechanisms and other conspicuous biological activities suggest great potential. An in-depth understanding of the structure and mechanism of action of AMPs will help us to subsequently combine AMPs with different carrier systems and perform structural modifications to reduce toxicity and achieve stable release, which may be a key strategy for facilitating the translation of AMPs to the clinic.

Efficient Encrypted Images Filtering and Transform Coding with Walsh-Hadamard Transform and Parallelization.

Since homomorphic encryption operations have high computational complexity, image applications based on homomorphic encryption are often time consuming, which makes them impractical. In this paper, we study efficient encrypted image applications with the encrypted domain Walsh-Hadamard transform (WHT) and parallel algorithms. We first present methods to implement real and complex WHTs in the encrypted domain. We then propose a parallel algorithm to improve the computational efficiency of the encrypted domain WHT. To compare the WHT with the discrete cosine transform (DCT), integer DCT, and Haar transform in the encrypted domain, we conduct theoretical analysis and experimental verification, which reveal that the encrypted domain WHT has the advantages of lower computational complexity and a shorter running time. Our analysis shows that the encrypted WHT can accommodate plaintext data of larger values. We propose two encrypted image applications using the encrypted domain WHT. To accelerate the practical execution, we present two parallelization strategies for the proposed applications. The experimental results show that the speedup of the homomorphic encrypted image application exceeds 12.

Discrete wavelet transform and data expansion reduction in homomorphic encrypted domain.

Signal processing in the encrypted domain is a new technology with the goal of protecting valuable signals from insecure signal processing. In this paper, we propose a method for implementing discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and multiresolution analysis (MRA) in homomorphic encrypted domain. We first suggest a framework for performing DWT and inverse DWT (IDWT) in the encrypted domain, then conduct an analysis of data expansion and quantization errors under the framework. To solve the problem of data expansion, which may be very important in practical applications, we present a method for reducing data expansion in the case that both DWT and IDWT are performed. With the proposed method, multilevel DWT/IDWT can be performed with less data expansion in homomorphic encrypted domain. We propose a new signal processing procedure, where the multiplicative inverse method is employed as the last step to limit the data expansion. Taking a 2-D Haar wavelet transform as an example, we conduct a few experiments to demonstrate the advantages of our method in secure image processing. We also provide computational complexity analyses and comparisons. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no report on the implementation of DWT and MRA in the encrypted domain.