Comparison Between High School Youth and College Freshmen Toward Their Psychological Disorders Under the Influence of Sleep Hygiene During COVID-19 Pandemic.

OBJECTIVE: Adolescents experience the critical period for physical and psychological growth. Few studies focus on the influence of sleep hygiene on the psychological health of adolescence aging from high school to freshmen year. Also, the influence from the COVID-19 pandemic has a public health significance. METHODS: A total of 698 students from high schools and colleges were included in the manuscript, and a cross-sectional procedure was conducted, objective to make an epidemiological comparison of the social phobia/depression prevalence, and discuss the effects of potential determinants. RESULTS: Psychological problems including social phobia and depression were prevalent especially among the high school students, with the female gender showing higher possibilities. Current results also indicated that the association between sleep status and the occurrence of social phobia is most obvious among high school students, while relatively higher MMR risks was found both for high school students showing symptoms of social phobia and college freshmen with depressive symptoms. Moreover, the interaction between social phobia and depression was obvious for both populations. CONCLUSIONS: Psychological problems including social phobia symptoms and depression are more prevalent among the high school females when compared with their male and freshemen peers. Sgnificant influencial factors for the risk of psychological problems among 2 populations are different, but media multitasking status should be paid attention to for both.

Current status and temporal trend of disease burden of thyroid cancer in China from 1990 to 2019.

OBJECTIVE: Thyroid cancer has been an increasingly high-profile public health issue. Comprehensive assessment for its disease burden seems particularly important for understanding health priorities and hinting high-risk populations. METHODS: We estimated the age-sex-specific thyroid cancer burden and its temporal trend in China from 1990 to 2019 by following the general methods from the global burden of disease (GBDs) 2019 Study. And Joinpoint regression model, the Cox-Stuart trend test, and Cochran-Armitage test were applied for the analysis of temporal and age trend. The Mantel-Haenszel statistical method was used to compare the gender difference. RESULTS: From 1990 to 2019, the age-standardized incidence rate of thyroid cancer in China has almost doubled to 2.05 per 100,000. Although the mortality rate and DALY rate kept leveling off, they presented a downtrend among females, while an upward trend in males. While the average annual percentage changes of those metrics all became deline since 2010 than the previous years. With age advancing, the rates of incidence, mortality, and DALYs for both sexes all presented linear fashion increases, which was particularly typical among males. CONCLUSION: Given the serious trend and gender-age heterogeneity of Chinese thyroid cancer burden, male gender and advanced age may be related to poor prognosis of thyroid cancer, and strengthening primary prevention and exploring the underlying risk factors should be among the top priorities.

Relationship between inflammatory cells level and longer duration of hypertension in Chinese community residents.

BACKGROUND: To explore the relationship between duration of hypertension and inflammatory cell levels and to assess whether long duration might aggravate these inflammatory cells among Chinese urban community residents. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 5199 hypertensive and 2675 no-hypertensive participants who registered in community health service centers for physical examination was performed in Tianjin, China. Data of blood pressure and inflammatory cells were collected. Binary logistic regression was performed to assess the effect of hypertensive duration on the level of inflammatory cells before and after adjustment for the potential confounding factors. RESULTS: Individuals with hypertension had significantly higher level of leukocyte count, neutrophil proportion, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and lower level of lymphocyte proportion than those without hypertension. Two-way ANOVA showed that hypertension duration, rather than blood pressure control or their interaction, had significant influence on the levels of neutrophil proportion, lymphocyte proportion, and NLR. With the prolongation of the duration of hypertension, the level of neutrophil proportion and NLR increased, and the level of lymphocyte proportion decreased. Long hypertension duration (>10 years) was significantly associated with high level of neutrophil proportion (OR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.25, 1.75), high level of NLR (OR = 1.53, 95% CI: 1.29, 1.81), and low level of lymphocyte proportion (OR = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.30, 1.82) in comparison with short duration (<5 years) after adjustment for confounding factors. CONCLUSION: Hypertensive patients had higher level of leukocyte count, neutrophil proportion, NLR, and lower level of lymphocyte proportion than normotensive ones. Long duration of hypertension was associated with aggravated inflammatory biomarkers.

The Influence of Val66Met Polymorphism in Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor on Stroke Recovery Outcome: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Background and purpose. A single nucleotide polymorphism at nucleotide 196 (G/A) in the human brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene produces an amino acid substitution (valine to methionine) at codon 66(Val66Met). It is unclear whether carriers of this substitution may have worse functional outcomes after stroke. We aimed to explore the distribution of Val66Met polymorphism and evaluate the effect of different genotypes on stroke functional recovery. Methods. Several databases were searched using the keywords BDNF or brain-derived neurotrophic factor, codon66, G196A, rs6265, or Val66Met, and stroke. Results. A total of 25 articles were relevant to estimate the distribution of alleles; 5 reports were applied in the meta-analysis to assess genetic differences on recovery outcomes. The genetic model analysis showed that the recessive model should be used; we combined data for AA versus GA+GG (GG-Val/Val, GA-Val/Met, AA-Met/Met). The results showed that stroke patients with AA might have worse recovery outcomes than those with GA+GG (odds ratio = 1.90; 95% CI: 1.17-3.10; P = .010; I2 = 69.2%). Overall, the A allele may be more common in Asian patients (48.6%; 95% CI: 45.8%-51.4%, I2 = 54.2%) than Caucasian patients (29.8%; 95% CI: 7.5%-52.1%; I2 = 99.1%). However, in Caucasian patients, the frequency of the A allele in Iranians (87.9%; 95% CI: 83.4%-92.3%) was quite higher than that in other Caucasians (18.7%; 95% CI: 16.6%-20.9%; I2 = 0.00%). Conclusion. Val66Met AA carriers may have worse rehabilitation outcomes than GA+GG carriers. Further studies are needed to determine the effect of Val66Met polymorphism on stroke recovery and to evaluate this relationship with ethnicity, sex, age, stroke type, observe duration, stroke severity, injury location, and therapies.

Exploration of microRNA profiles in human colostrum.

BACKGROUND: Colostrum is well known to have excellent nutritional value for newborns. The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamic expression pattern of microRNA in human colostrum and mature milk. Furthermore, we identified the specific microRNA in human colostrum and analyzed the regulatory function of human colostrum. METHODS: We collected breast milk samples from 18 lactating volunteers. The expression of microRNA in breast milk was detected by microarray analysis. The expression differences were characterized by log2FC (|log2fold change| >1.58) and associated P values (P<0.05). Furthermore, the prediction of microRNA targets, bioinformatics analysis and network generation were carried out using network database. RESULTS: Our results showed that during the human lactation process, the composition of microRNAs in human milk changes dynamically. Compared to the microRNA expression profile in human mature milk, the expression levels of 49 microRNAs were significantly different and 67 microRNAs were specifically expressed in human colostrum. Based on the results of Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis, the predicted target mRNAs of the identified colostrum-specific microRNAs were involved in the regulation of distinct biological processes, such as signal transduction, positive regulation of GTPase activity, and protein phosphorylation. Moreover, the predicted mRNA targets were from large spectrums of signaling pathways, such as the MAPK, Ras, Hippo, Wnt, and mTOR signaling pathways, as well as the longevity regulating pathway. CONCLUSIONS: Our study illuminates the landscape of microRNA expressions in human colostrum and mature milk, and emphasizes the value of microRNAs as nutritional additives in milk-related commercial products.

MiR-30a-5p accelerates adipogenesis by negatively regulating Sirtuin 1.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by excess fat accumulation. Disordered differentiation of preadipocytes is the leading cause of adipogenesis. Thus, a clarification of the molecular mechanisms that dominate adipocyte differentiation is imperative. MiR-30a-5p is reported to involve in the modulation of multiple cellular processes, including differentiation, whereas, the role of miR-30a-5p in adipocyte differentiation is still unclear. METHODS: The abundances of miR-30a and Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) mRNA were detected by RT-qPCR. SIRT1, PPARγ, C/EBPα, and FABP4 protein levels were assessed by western blot (WB). The accumulation of triglyceride (TG) was detected using Triglyceride Content Assay Kit. Cell proliferation activity was evaluated using the MTT assay. Bioinformatics software and the luciferase reporter assay were used to validate the true interaction between miR-30a-5p and SIRT1. RESULTS: miR-30a-5p expression remains increased during adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells. The overexpression of miR-30a-5p enforced adipocyte differentiation, reflected by the enrichment of PPARγ, C/EBPα, FABP4, and triglyceride, as well as the reduction of cell proliferation. SIRT1 was identified as a target of miR-30a-5p, and a supplement of SIRT1 suppressed 3T3-L1 cell differentiation. CONCLUSION: miR-30a-5p regulated 3T3-L1 cell differentiation by targeting STRT1, supporting the viewpoint that miR-30a-5p might function as a novel therapeutic target for obesity.

The relationships among hyperuricemia, body mass index and impaired renal function in type 2 diabetic patients.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common chronic microvascular complication and the major cause of death in diabetic patients. This study was conceived to explore the possible mechanisms of how hyperuricemia and obesity contribute to renal function impairment in type 2 diabetic (T2DM) patients. A cross-sectional study in 609 participants recruited from a T2DM population in North China was conducted. The multiplicative interaction between body mass index (BMI) and uric acid (UA) level was assessed using an interaction term in a logistic regression analysis. Our results indicate that male T2DM patients having higher BMI (OR 1.711, p = 0.038), blood urine nitrogen (BUN) (OR 1.100, p = 0.034), and 24-hour urinary micro-albumin levels (OR 1.004, p = 0.021) were much more likely to have high UA. Whereas, for female T2DM patients, the OR of BMI, BUN, and triglyceride were 1.169 (p = 0.001), 1.337 (p = 0.000), and 1.359 (p = 0.006), respectively. In this study population, obesity and elevated UA work together to increase the risk of renal injury. In vitro experiments indicate that reactive oxygen species (ROS) production increased with UA treatment in human renal glomerular endothelial cells (HRGECs), while endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) production level dropped. UA also increased monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) expression and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation. Taken together, our results indicate that high concentrations of UA lead to endothelial dysfunction through the activation of the inflammatory response and induction of oxidative stress, even in non-obese T2DM patients.

[An Analysis on the Association between Lipid Metabolism and Low Birth Body Mass and Relative Factors among Rural and Urban Adolescents].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the status of lipid metabolism and the relationship between low birth body mass and lipid metabolism disorders in adolescents with different economic and cultural backgrounds. METHODS: Totally 1700 adolescents from urban and rural areas aged 12-18 years were selected in 2013. The lipid profiles were determined, and a questionnaire-based survey was conducted. RESULTS: Among normal birth body mass adolescents, girls obtained a high density lipoprotein in both urban and rural areas, low density lipoprotein cholesterol level was higher for city girls, rural boys and urban girls obtained higher total cholesterol level, the differences all reached statistical significance. While among the low birth body mass adolescents, higher level of total cholesterol for urban boys was detected, with statistically significance. When compared between rural and urban areas, high density lipoprotein cholesterol level for urban adolescents was lower in normal birth body mass adolescents, while total cholesterol level for urban adolescents was higher, both with statistically significance. While the comparison between different birth body mass adolescents suggested that the normal birth body mass adolescents obtained a higher high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride and total cholesterol level. When analyze the influenced factors of disorder of lipid metabolism, the Results suggest that low birth body mass, maternal pregnancy body mass increasing, lipid homeostasis family history, absence of breakfast, unhealthy snack habit, abnormal of systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure increasing were related to the occurrence of dyslipidemia. CONCLUSIONS: Low birth body mass is related with lipid metabolism in early puberty. Low birth body mass, family history of abnormal lipid metabolism, and poor diet habits can increase the risk of abnormal lipid metabolism in puberty.

Risk of non-fatal cardiovascular diseases in early-onset versus late-onset type 2 diabetes in China: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The age of onset of type 2 diabetes is decreasing. Because non-Chinese patients with early-onset type 2 diabetes (defined here as diagnosis at <40 years) have increased risk of vascular complications, we investigated effects of early-onset versus late-onset type 2 diabetes on risk of non-fatal cardiovascular diseases in China. METHODS: We did a cross-sectional survey using data from the China National HbA1c Surveillance System (CNHSS), including 222,773 Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes in 630 hospitals from 106 cities in 30 provinces of China in 2012. We documented demographic information and clinical profiles. Non-fatal cardiovascular disease was defined as non-fatal coronary heart disease or non-fatal stroke. Prevalence of non-fatal cardiovascular diseases was standardised to the Chinese population in 2011. We did logistic regression analysis to obtain odds ratios (ORs) for the risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with early-onset versus late-onset type 2 diabetes. Because the CNHSS did not contain patients on diet or lifestyle treatment alone, and did not capture information on smoking or lipid or antihypertensive treatment, we validated our findings in another dataset from a cross-sectional, multicentre observational study (the 3B study) of outpatients with type 2 diabetes to confirm that exclusion of patients with diet treatment only and non-adjustment for lipid-lowering and antihypertensive drugs did not introduce major biases in the main analysis. FINDINGS: Of 222,773 patients recruited from April 1, 2012, to June 30, 2012, 24,316 (11%) had non-fatal cardiovascular disease. Patients with early-onset diabetes had a higher age-adjusted prevalence of non-fatal cardiovascular disease than did patients with late-onset diabetes (11·1% vs 4·9%; p<0·0001). After adjustment for age and sex, patients with early-onset type 2 diabetes had higher risk of non-fatal cardiovascular disease than did those with late-onset type 2 diabetes (OR 1·91, 95% CI 1·81-2·02). Adjustment for duration of diabetes greatly attenuated the effect size for risk of non-fatal cardiovascular disease (1·13, 1·06-1·20). Results of the validation study showed that exclusion of patients with diet only and non-adjustment for lipid-lowering and antihypertensive drugs resulted in marginal changes in ORs for risk of non-fatal cardiovascular disease in patients with early-onset versus late-onset type 2 diabetes. Early-onset type 2 diabetes remained associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, attributable to longer duration of diabetes. INTERPRETATION: Chinese patients with early-onset type 2 diabetes are at increased risk of non-fatal cardiovascular disease, mostly attributable to longer duration of diabetes. FUNDING: Novo Nordisk China (for the China National HbA1c Surveillance System [CNHSS]) and Merck Sharp & Dohme China (for the 3B study).

Physical fitness status of children and adolescents in Tianjin of China during past three decades: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Significant changes in the society and lifestyle have been observed in China, which influences the physical fitness status of children and adolescents. This study aimed to estimate the physical fitness status in Tianjin during the past three decades. METHODS: Cross sectional survey was used in this study. The data were derived from the Chinese National Students' Physical Health Survey database (1985-2010) using stratified cluster randomized sampling method. A total of 58,006 subjects aged 7-21 were recruited. The ethics approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Tianjin Medical University before collecting data from the children and adolescents, and/or their parents/guardians on behalf of them. Also written informed consent was obtained before collecting data from the patients. The secular trend of the physical fitness status, Levels of height, weight, body mass index, and chest circumference in China were calculated. The increase velocity of according indexes were analyzed, gender and rural/urban difference were discussed afterwards. SPSS16.0 was used in the analysis. RESULTS: Levels of height, weight, body mass index, and chest circumference were obviously increased in 2010 compared to those levels in 1985, especially in the 9-13 age group. It was observed that the increase in the two crosses for height velocity between two genders of rural students was disappeared and the age of seven was important for the physical development. CONCLUSIONS: The circumstance was good for the physical development of the children and adolescents. The disappearance of the two crosses for height velocity between two genders of rural students in this study might be associated with factors such as nutritional status.

Prevalence of microvascular diseases among tertiary care Chinese with early versus late onset of type 2 diabetes.

AIMS: This study aimed to investigate the impact of early-onset diabetes on the risk of microvascular diseases in Chinese with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: A cross sectional survey of 29,442 patients with T2DM in 77 tertiary hospitals in China was conducted in 2011. Early-onset diabetes was defined as diagnosis of diabetes before 40years of age. Microvascular complications and risk factors were documented. Prevalence of microvascular disease was standardized to the Chinese population in 2010. Logistic regression analysis was performed to obtain odds ratios (OR) for early versus late onset of T2DM. RESULTS: A total of 1,303 (4.4%) patients had nephropathy, 2,137 (7.3%) had retinopathy and 3,012 (10.2%) had either of them. Early-onset diabetes greatly increased the prevalence of microvascular diseases compared with late-onset diabetes (nephropathy: 5.1% vs. 1.5%; retinopathy: 7.1% vs. 2.7%; either: 9.7% vs. 3.6%), especially among patients from 45 to 59years of age. After adjusting for age and sex, patients with early-onset T2DM were at 1.69-fold (95% CI 1.46-1.95) higher risk of microvascular diseases than those with late-onset T2DM. However, this was not significant after adjusting for traditional risk factors and disease duration (p=0.162). CONCLUSION: Chinese patients with early-onset T2DM are at a marked increased risk of microvascular diseases.

Hyperglycemia and blood pressure treatment goal: a cross sectional survey of 18350 patients with type 2 diabetes in 77 tertiary hospitals in China.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of hyperglycemia with blood pressure control goal in the patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) cared by tertiary hospitals in China. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A cross sectional survey of 29442 patients was conducted in 77 tertiary hospitals in 4 major cities in China in 2011 and 18350 of them without known hypertension were used in the analysis. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis stratified on cities and hospitals was performed to obtain odds ratio of factors of interest for achievement of the blood pressure treatment goal, i.e., 140/80 mmHg as recommended by American Diabetes Association (ADA). Sensitivity analysis was performed after re-inclusion of 11902 patients with diagnosed hypertension. Findings from were further replicated in patients with T2D recruited using the same protocol from tertiary hospitals located in other central cities in China. RESULTS: The mean age was 58.2 (SD: 11.3) years and 53.3% were male, with a median of 4 years of disease duration. A total of 12129 patients (58.2%) did not achieve the ADA recommended goal for BP control. After adjusting for covariables, hyperglycemia was associated with failure to achieve the BP goal (OR of HbA1c at 6.5%-6.9% vs. <6.0%: 1.22, 95%CI: 1.08 to 1.39; OR of 7.0%-7.0% vs. <6.0%: 1.37, 1.21 to 1.54 and OR of ≥ 8.0% vs. <6.0%: 1.22, 95%CI: 1.08 to 1.38). The sensitivity analysis and the replication analysis showed similar results. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperglycemia defined as HbA1c ≥ 6.5% increased the risk of failure to achieve the BP goal in T2D patients.

Prevalence of cardiovascular disorders and risk factors in two 75-year-old birth cohorts examined in 1976-1977 and 2005-2006.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The number of older people are increasing worldwide, and cardiovascular diseases are the major causes of death in western societies. This study examines birth cohort differences in cardiovascular disorders and risk factors in Swedish elderly. METHODS: Representative samples of 75-year-olds living in Gothenburg, Sweden, examined in 1976-1977 and in 2005-2006. Blood pressure, s-cholesterol, s-triglycerides, height, body weight, body mass index, history of myocardial infarction, angina pectoris and stroke/TIA, and diabetes mellitus were measured. RESULTS: The prevalence of total cardiovascular disorders, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia decreased, and the prevalence of stroke increased in both genders. The prevalence of cardiovascular disorders was higher in women than in men in 1976-1977, and higher in men than in women in 2005-2006. The decrease in blood pressure occurred independently of antihypertensive treatment. The prevalence of current smokers decreased in men and increased in women. The prevalence of life-time smokers and diabetes mellitus increased only in women. The proportion on antihypertensive treatment and overweight and obesity increased only in men. Hypertension, overweight and obesity were more common in women in 1976-1977. These sex differences were not observed in 2005-2006. CONCLUSIONS: The overall prevalence of cardiovascular disorders decreased, and sex differences reversed between the 1970s and 2000s among Swedish septuagenarians. Our findings emphasize the importance of environmental factors, not only for the prevalence of cardiovascular disorders, but also as explanations for sex differences. Reasons for changes could be increased survival in those with disorders and risk factors, changes in lifestyle and diet, and better preventive strategies, such as treatment of hypercholesterolemia and hypertension.

[Erythropoietin levels in patients with multiple sclerosis complicated with anemia].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the potential decrease of serum erythropoietin (EPO) level in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) complicated with anemia. METHODS: The serum EPO levels were detected in the patients with MS complicated with anemia (MS group, n=31), patients with iron deficiency anemia (IDA group, n=33), and healthy subjects (normal control group, n=80) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Blood routine test, reticulocyte count, hemoglobin, and indexes of liver and kidney function were also detected. RESULTS: The serum EPO level in MS group was significantly lower than those in IDA group [(101.3±17.6)U/L vs.(166.1±8.7)U/L, P<0.01]. Moreover, the serum EPO level decreased as the severity of anemia in the MS group increased: it was (95.7±9.6), (101.7±8.1), and (123.7±9.3) U/L in patients with mild, moderate, and severe anemia, respectively (P<0.05). Other indicators including blood routine findings, reticulocyte count, hemoglobin, and liver and kidney function parameters showed no significant difference between the MS group and the IDA group (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The serum EPO level decreases in patients with multiple sclerosis complicated with anemia, and the decreasing levels are related with the severity of anemia. Thus EPO therapy may be beneficial for these patients.

Performance comparison between Logistic regression, decision trees, and multilayer perceptron in predicting peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: Various methods can be applied to build predictive models for the clinical data with binary outcome variable. This research aims to explore the process of constructing common predictive models, Logistic regression (LR), decision tree (DT) and multilayer perceptron (MLP), as well as focus on specific details when applying the methods mentioned above: what preconditions should be satisfied, how to set parameters of the model, how to screen variables and build accuracy models quickly and efficiently, and how to assess the generalization ability (that is, prediction performance) reliably by Monte Carlo method in the case of small sample size. METHODS: All the 274 patients (include 137 type 2 diabetes mellitus with diabetic peripheral neuropathy and 137 type 2 diabetes mellitus without diabetic peripheral neuropathy) from the Metabolic Disease Hospital in Tianjin participated in the study. There were 30 variables such as sex, age, glycosylated hemoglobin, etc. On account of small sample size, the classification and regression tree (CART) with the chi-squared automatic interaction detector tree (CHAID) were combined by means of the 100 times 5-7 fold stratified cross-validation to build DT. The MLP was constructed by Schwarz Bayes Criterion to choose the number of hidden layers and hidden layer units, alone with levenberg-marquardt (L-M) optimization algorithm, weight decay and preliminary training method. Subsequently, LR was applied by the best subset method with the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) to make the best used of information and avoid overfitting. Eventually, a 10 to 100 times 3-10 fold stratified cross-validation method was used to compare the generalization ability of DT, MLP and LR in view of the areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves (AUC). RESULTS: The AUC of DT, MLP and LR were 0.8863, 0.8536 and 0.8802, respectively. As the larger the AUC of a specific prediction model is, the higher diagnostic ability presents, MLP performed optimally, and then followed by LR and DT in terms of 10-100 times 2-10 fold stratified cross-validation in our study. Neural network model is a preferred option for the data. However, the best subset of multiple LR would be a better choice in view of efficiency and accuracy. CONCLUSION: When dealing with data from small size sample, multiple independent variables and a dichotomous outcome variable, more strategies and statistical techniques (such as AIC criteria, L-M optimization algorithm, the best subset, etc.) should be considered to build a forecast model and some available methods (such as cross-validation, AUC, etc.) could be used for evaluation.

[Prevalence rate of hypertension and related risk factors in populations of Tianjin].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence rates of the different subtypes of hypertension and related risk factors in adults from Tianjin. METHODS: With multi-stage randomized cluster sampling method, 20 346 people aged 18 years and over were selected from both urban and rural areas of six geographical regions in Tianjin in 2006. A cross-sectional study was conducted. The prevalence rate of isolated systolic hypertension (ISH), isolated diastolic hypertension (IDH), systolic and diastolic hypertension (SDH) and associated risk factors were analyzed with SPSS 17.0 software. RESULTS: The prevalence rates of hypertension in adults of Tianjin were 7.16% for ISH (standardized rate was 5.33%), 7.09% for IDH (standardized rate was 6.50%), and 13.61% for SDH (standardized rate was 9.94%) respectively. The ISH prevalence rate was lower than that of national rate of 7.6%, but the prevalence rates of IDH and SDH were higher than that of national rates of 4.4% and 7.4% respectively. The results from logistic regression model analyses indicated that the odds ratio (ORs) for combined risk factors of ISH, IDH and SDH in Tianjin that associated with factors as: lower level of education, living in rural areas were 1.291 (95%CI: 1.114 - 1.497), 1.790 (95%CI: 1.533 - 2.091) and 2.117 (95%CI: 1.879 - 2.386) respectively; ageing were 1.080 (95%CI: 1.073 - 1.086), 1.015 (95%CI: 1.010 - 1.020) and 1.055 (95%CI: 1.050 - 1.060) respectively; alcohol assumption were 1.244 (95%CI: 1.036 - 1.492), 1.199 (95%CI: 1.024 - 1.404) and 1.532 (95%CI: 1.345 - 1.744) respectively; overweight were 1.560 (95%CI: 1.358 - 1.792), 1.634 (95%CI: 1.429 - 1.869) and 2.104 (95%CI: 1.890 - 2.342) respectively; obesity were 2.216 (95%CI: 1.861 - 2.640), 3.125 (95%CI: 2.658 - 3.674) and 3.852 (95%CI: 3.383 - 4.385) respectively; impaired fasting glucose were 1.666 (95%CI: 1.327 - 2.092), 1.440 (95%CI: 1.126 - 1.841) and 1.872 (95%CI: 1.572 - 2.230) respectively. CONCLUSION: The prevalence rate of the different subtypes of hypertension was quite high in the population of Tianjin city and different measurements on prevention and treatment should be taken according to different subtypes of hypertension.

[Prevalence and risk factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus in adult obese population in Tianjin].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) prevalence and related risk factors in adult population with obesity in Tianjin. METHODS: With stratified cluster randomized sampling, 2888 obese people with BMI ≥ 28 kg/m(2), aged 18 years old and over were selected from three urban and three rural regions of Tianjin, in 2006. Information on risk factors was collected with questionnaire through face-to-face interview by trained workers and data on fasting blood glucose (FBG) was collected at the same time. 2hrPPG was tested among the people who's FBG ≥ 6.1 mmol/L at the hospital. Prevalence of T2DM was calculated and the distribution of T2DM in the described subgroups and the risk factors analyzed with SPSS software. RESULTS: The prevalence of T2DM in adult population with obesity was 11.74%, with females (13.90%) higher than males (8.75%). The prevalence rates of T2DM were statistically different among different groups, classified by age, education, occupation, district and BMI. Results from the univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the risk factors of T2DM were age (OR = 1.383, 95%CI: 1.254 - 1.525) and sex (OR = 1.591, 95%CI: 1.230 - 2.059) while the protective factor was fruit intake (OR = 0.867, 95%CI: 0.774 - 0.971). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of T2DM in adult with obesity was considered to be high. The distribution of T2DM in different subgroups and affecting factors of T2DM in obese adults were different from general population.

[Traditional Chinese medicine diagnosis and treatment of type 2 diabetes in Tianjin urban population].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) diagnosis and treatment of type 2 diabetes in Tianjin urban population. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on hospital patients with type 2 diabetes in TCM hospitals of different levels in Tianjin from 2003 to 2007. The multiphasic stratified cluster sampling method was adopted in selecting the target hospital. Finally 3,496 patients were selected as the survey sample. Then the constituent ratios of diabetes in different syndrome types were calculated. RESULTS: In this study, the descending sort proportion of TCM syndrome types of type 2 diabetes in Tianjin urban population was deficiency of both qi and yin, stagnation of phlegm-dampness, exuberant heat due to yin deficiency, deficiency of both yin and yang, and blood stasis and qi stagnation. Most of the diabetes patients with deficiency of both qi and yin, deficiency of both yin and yang, and stagnation of phlegm-dampness were older than 60 years. Most of the diabetes patients with exuberant heat due to yin deficiency were 50 to 59 years old, while the diabetes patients with blood stasis and qi stagnation were 40 to 49 years old. The frequency of Danggui (Angelica sinensis) use was high in the diabetes patients with deficiency of both qi and yin; the frequency of Chenpi (Citrus reticulate Blanco) use was high in the diabetes patients with exuberant heat due to yin deficiency; the frequency of Baishao (Radix Paeoniae Alba) use was high in the diabetes patients with deficiency of both qi and yin; the frequency of Gancao (Radix Glycyrrhizae) use was high in the diabetes patients with stagnation of phlegm-dampness; and the frequency of Xingren (Semen Armeniacae) use was high in the diabetes patients with blood stasis and qi stagnation. CONCLUSION: The main syndrome types of diabetes patients in Tianjin urban area are deficiency of both qi and yin, stagnation of phlegm-dampness and exuberant heat due to yin deficiency. And the patients are mainly older than 50 years. The most frequently used herbs are Danggui (Angelica sinensis), Chenpi (Citrus reticulate Blanco), Baishao (Radix Paeoniae Alba), Gancao (Radix Glycyrrhizae) and Xingren (Semen Armeniacae).

Prevalence of impaired glucose regulation in the population of Tianjin.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of impaired glucose regulation (IGR) in the population of Tianjin. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Tianjin from June to September in 2005. The multi-phasic stratified cluster sampling method was adopted. Totally, 21,454 people were selected as survey sample. Information on risk factors was collected through face-to-face questionnaire interview. Fasting capillary whole blood glucose level and other clinical indexes were tested. RESULTS: The prevalence of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) in the population was 5.61% (5.32% in male, 5.89% in female). The prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) was 2.91% (2.59% in male, 3.20% in female) in whole population, and the prevalence of female was significantly higher than that of male (P = 0.04). The prevalences of IFG and IGT increased with the increasing of age. And the prevalences were also influenced by the profession, educational level, and income level. CONCLUSION: The prevalences of IGT and IFG in Tianjin are similar to those in the other big cities of China.