Transcriptome analysis revealed enrichment pathways and regulation of gene expression associated with somatic embryogenesis in Camellia sinensis.

The high frequency, stable somatic embryo system of tea has still not been established due to the limitations of its own characteristics and therefore severely restricts the genetic research and breeding process of tea plants. In this study, the transcriptome was used to illustrate the mechanisms of gene expression regulation in the somatic embryogenesis of tea plants. The number of DEGs for the (IS intermediate stage)_PS (preliminary stage), ES (embryoid stage)_IS and ES_PS stages were 109, 2848 and 1697, respectively. The enrichment analysis showed that carbohydrate metabolic processes were considerably enriched at the ES_IS stage and performed a key role in somatic embryogenesis, while enhanced light capture in photosystem I could provide the material basis for carbohydrates. The pathway analysis showed that the enriched pathways in IS_PS process were far less than those in ES_IS or ES_PS, and the photosynthesis and photosynthetic antenna protein pathway of DEGs in ES_IS or ES_PS stage were notably enriched and up-regulated. The key photosynthesis and photosynthesis antenna protein pathways and the Lhcb1 gene were discovered in tea plants somatic embryogenesis. These results were of great significance to clarify the mechanism of somatic embryogenesis and the breeding research of tea plants.

Efficacy of PD-1 Inhibitors Combined with Anti-Angiogenic Therapy in Driver Gene Mutation Negative Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer with Brain Metastases.

OBJECTIVE: Anti-angiogenic therapy has proven effective in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitors combined with anti-angiogenic therapy in patients with driver gene mutation negative NSCLC and brain metastases (BMs). METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on NSCLC BMs in patients without driver gene mutations who received PD-1 inhibitors. Two groups, receiving either PD-1 inhibitor monotherapy or PD-1 inhibitor plus anti-angiogenesis therapy, were identified. The primary endpoints were overall survival (OS) and intracranial progression-free survival (iPFS). The secondary endpoints were safety, intracranial objective response rate (iORR) and intracranial disease control rate (iDCR). RESULTS: 113 NSCLC patients were included, 51 (45.1%) in the PD-1 inhibitor monotherapy group and 62 (54.9%) in the PD-1 inhibitor plus anti-angiogenesis therapy group. The median follow-up time was 26.2 months. OS was higher in the combination therapy cohort than in the monotherapy cohort (OS: 21.4 vs. 11.8 months; p = 0.004), with no significant difference in iPFS (p = 0.088). Moreover, the PD-1 inhibitor + anti-angiogenic therapeutic regimen exhibited the preferred iDCR (p = 0.005) but not the iORR (p = 0.121). There was no significant difference in the incidence of grade 3-4 adverse events between the two groups. In multivariate Cox regression analysis, PD-1 inhibitor therapy combined with anti-angiogenic treatment (p = 0.003) was an independent prognostic indicator of OS. CONCLUSIONS: Combining PD-1 inhibitor therapy with anti-angiogenic treatment significantly improves the OS of driver gene mutation negative NSCLC patients with BMs.

Divergent temporal changes of heavy metals in the soil induced by natural versus anthropogenic forces: A case study in the Yangtze River delta area, China.

The contributions of natural versus anthropogenic forces on temporal changes of metals in the soil of the Yangtze River delta region were successfully quantified by combining repeated soil sampling, geostatistics and the modified principal component scores and multiple linear regressions approach. The findings show that the mean concentrations of Cu, Cd, As, Hg, Cr and Ni generally exhibited a decrease trend from 2010 to 2020. The decline of soil Hg was most outstanding, decreased by 20 % as a whole. The result of the modified principal component scores and multiple linear regressions approach suggests that the decrease of Hg content was predominately driven by the geochemical processes, with 48 % contribution. The mean soil Pb concentration increased by 40 % from 2010 to 2020. Approximately 76 % of the Pb change was attributed to the strengthened development of Pb-containing battery industry in the south part of the Yangtze River delta region. The Pb battery industry development also contributed 48 % of the change of Cd. The anthropogenic activities involving Cu, Zn or fossil fuel consumption contributed 32-35 % of the changes of As, Cu and Zn concentrations in the soil, and the steel industries contributed 82 % of Cr and 60 % of Ni changes, respectively.

Levels and variations of soil bioavailable nitrogen among forests under high atmospheric nitrogen deposition.

To examine the perturbation of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition on soil N status and the biogeochemical cycle is meaningful for understanding forest function evolution with environmental changes. However, levels of soil bioavailable N and their environmental controls in forests receiving high atmospheric N deposition remain less investigated, which hinders evaluating the effects of enhanced anthropogenic N loading on forest N availability and N losses. This study analyzed concentrations of soil extractable N, microbial biomass N, net rates of N mineralization and nitrification, and their relationships with environmental factors among 26 temperate forests under the N deposition rates between 28.7 and 69.0 kg N ha-1 yr-1 in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region of northern China. Compared with other forests globally, forests in the BTH region showed higher levels of soil bioavailable N (NH4+, 27.1 ± 0.8 mg N kg-1; NO3-, 7.0 ± 0.8 mg N kg-1) but lower net rates of N mineralization and nitrification (0.5 ± 0.1 mg N kg-1 d-1 and 0.4 ± 0.1 mg N kg-1 d-1, respectively). Increasing N deposition levels increased soil nitrification and NO3- concentrations but did not increase microbial biomass N and N mineralization among the study forests. Soil moisture and C availability were found as dominant factors influencing microbial N mineralization and bioavailable N. In addition, by budgeting the differences in soil total N densities between the 2000s and 2010s, atmospheric N inputs to the forests were more retained in soils than lost proportionally (84% vs. 16%). We concluded that the high N deposition enriched soil N without stimulating microbial N mineralization among the study forests. These results clarified soil N status and the major controlling factors under high anthropogenic N loading, which is helpful for evaluating the fates and ecological effects of atmospheric N pollution.

Estimating the contribution of atmosphere on heavy metals accumulation in the aboveground wheat tissues induced by anthropogenic forcing.

The influence of atmosphere pollution on human health is receiving more and more concerns as strengthened anthropogenic activity had brought excessive pollutant into the atmosphere. To date, the quantitative estimation about the contribution of atmosphere on the accumulation of heavy metal in the edible cereal parts induced by anthropogenic forcing is scarce. Taking the Yangtze River Delta area, China as an example, this study estimates quantitatively the influence of atmosphere on the concentration of heavy metal in the aboveground wheat tissues induced by anthropogenic industrial activity at the regional scale. The results show that the aboveground wheat tissues in the southern Yangtze River Delta area accumulated much more heavy metals than that in the northern area, although there is no significant difference in the geological and climate conditions, soil types, agricultural manages, wheat cultivar and soil heavy metals concentrations (even heavy metals concentrations in wheat root) between the southern area and northern area. The mean concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd in wheat grain in southern area have exceeded the thresholds of contamination levels. The present study suggests that the influence of atmosphere on the accumulation of Hg, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni and Cr in the aboveground wheat tissues is greatly significant when high amounts of pollutant are measured in the atmosphere. Based on translocation coefficient of the element, it is estimated that atmospheric pollution induced by anthropogenic forcing might lead to the concentration of heavy metals in wheat straw and grain increase by approximately 100% and 354% (Hg), 64% and 293% (Pb), 122% and 160% (Cr), 50% and 38% (Cd) and 14% and 41% (Cu), respectively.

Cadmium source identification in soils and high-risk regions predicted by geographical detector method.

Cadmium (Cd) contamination in soils has become a serious and widespread environmental problem, especially in areas with high natural background Cd values, but the mechanism of Cd enrichment in these areas is still unclear. This study uses the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (Guangxi), a typical area with a high background Cd level and Cd pollution related to mining activities, as an example to explore the source and predict areas with high Cd risk in soils based on the geographical detector method. The areas with high Cd in Guangxi soils were classified into non-mining areas and mining areas according to their potential Cd sources. The results show that the rich Cd content in the soils from the non-mining area of Guangxi was mainly derived from the soil type (q = 0.34), geological age (q = 0.27), rock type (q = 0.26) and geomorphic type (q = 0.20). Specifically, the Cd content was derived from the weathering and deposition processes of carbonatite from the Carboniferous system in the karst area. The high Cd content in the soils of the mining area of Guangxi was mainly derived from the area mined for mineral resources (q = 0.08) and rock type (q = 0.05). Specifically, the Cd content was derived from the mining of lead-zinc ores. The areas in Guangxi with a high risk of Cd soil pollution are mostly concentrated in karst areas, such as Hechi, Laibin, Chongzuo, southern Liuzhou and Baise, northern Nanning city and northeastern Guilin city, and some mining areas. These results indicated that the high Cd concentration in the soils of large areas of Guangxi is probably due to natural sources, while the high Cd concentration around mining areas is due to anthropogenic sources. The results will be useful for soil restoration and locating and controlling contaminated agricultural land.

Levels and variations of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen among forests in a hotspot region of high nitrogen deposition.

Human activities have distinctly enhanced the deposition levels of atmospheric nitrogen (N) pollutants into terrestrial ecosystems, but whether and to what extents soil carbon (C) and N status have been influenced by elevated N inputs remain poorly understood in the 'real' world given related knowledge has largely based on N-addition experiments. Here we reported soil organic C (OC) and total N (TN) for twenty-seven forests along a gradient of N deposition (22.4-112.9 kg N/ha/yr) in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region of northern China, a global hotspot of high N pollution. Levels of soil TN in forests of the BTH region have been elevated compared with investigations in past decades, suggesting that long-term N deposition might cause soil TN increases. Combining with major geographical and environmental factors among the study forests, we found unexpectedly that soil moisture and pH values rather than N deposition levels were major regulators of the observed spatial variations of soil OC and TN contents. As soil moisture and pH values increased with mean annual precipitation and temperature, respectively, soil C and N status in forests of the BTH region might be more responsive to climate change than to N pollution. These evidence suggests that both N deposition and climate differences should be considered into managing ecosystem functions of forest resources in regions with high N pollution.

The vertical migration and speciation of the Pb in the paddy soil: A case study of the Yangtze River Delta, China.

Migration of Pb in the soil can be enhanced by acidification and frequent change of environmental condition. The paddy soil, where the environmental condition such as redox fluctuates frequently due to soil submergence and drainage, may offer a favorable condition for Pb migrating to deeper soil and further contaminate groundwater by leaching or irrigation. To date, not much is known about how quickly Pb migrates in the soil and the relevant transformation of Pb. We use long-term soil profile monitoring, sequential extraction and isotopic measurement to examine the temporal change of concentrations and isotopic ratios of Pb associated with different soil components in the paddy soil profile in the Yangtze River Delta area during 2011-2017. We find that Pb vertical migration in the paddy soil is faster. Pb in the shallow soil may migrate downward up to 60 cm during six years. The migration of Pb is dominated by the carbonate, and secondarily influenced by Fe/Mn oxides. Our results also imply that the mechanism of Pb migration in soils is changing. The mechanism which is now characterized as the carbonate-dominating will be replaced as the Fe/Mn oxides-dominating in the near future as the carbonate in shallow soil is becoming depleted.

Alkaline solubilization of excess mixed sludge and the recovery of released phosphorus as magnesium ammonium phosphate.

The alkaline solubilization of excess mixed sludge was investigated and subsequently the released phosphorus was recovered as magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP). Considerable and rapid release of glycogen and protein was encountered after alkaline addition into the sludge. Only 45.0% of sludge cells were destructed after 240 min treatment in R1 while the corresponding ratio was 96.1% in R3 according to the release of DNA. Non-apatite inorganic phosphorus (NAIP) in the alkaline treated sludge decreased due to the dissolution of Al(OH)3 and AlPO4, which was the dominant reason for phosphorus release. Soluble orthophosphate (SOP) in the supernatant of alkaline treated sludge could be recovered quickly with the recovery efficiency of 84.6% within 5 min and about 53-55% of P participated in MAP reaction, producing large amounts of acicular crystals.

Atmospheric contribution to boron enrichment in aboveground wheat tissues.

Boron is an essential trace element for all organisms and has both beneficial and harmful biological functions. A particular amount of boron is discharged into the environment every year because of industrial activities; however, the effects of environmental boron emissions on boron accumulation in cereals has not yet been estimated. The present study characterized the accumulation of boron in wheat under different ecological conditions in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) area. This study aimed to estimate the effects of atmospheric boron that is associated with industrial activities on boron accumulation in wheat. The results showed that the concentrations of boron in aboveground wheat tissues from the highly industrialized region were significantly higher than those from the agriculture-dominated region, even though there was no significant difference in boron content in soils. Using the model based on the translocation coefficients of boron in the soil-wheat system, we estimated that the contribution of atmosphere to boron accumulation in wheat straw in the highly industrialized region exceeded that in the agriculture-dominated region by 36%. In addition, from the environmental implication of the model, it was estimated that the development of boron-utilizing industries had elevated the concentration of boron in aboveground wheat tissues by 28-53%.

Ecological geochemical assessment and source identification of trace elements in atmospheric deposition of an emerging industrial area: Beibu Gulf economic zone.

Industrialization and urbanization have led to a deterioration in air quality and provoked some serious environmental concerns. Fifty-four samples of atmospheric deposition were collected from an emerging industrial area and analyzed to determine the concentrations of 11 trace elements (As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Pb, Se, S and Zn). Multivariate geostatistical analyses were conducted to determine the spatial distribution, possible sources and enrichment degrees of trace elements in atmospheric deposition. Results indicate that As, Fe and Mo mainly originated from soil, their natural parent materials, while the remaining trace elements were strongly influenced by anthropogenic or natural activities, such as coal combustion in coal-fired power plants (Pb, Se and S), manganese ore (Mn, Cd and Hg) and metal smelting (Cu and Zn). The results of ecological geochemical assessment indicate that Cd, Pb and Zn are the elements of priority concern, followed by Mn and Cu, and other heavy metals, which represent little threat to local environment. It was determine that the resuspension of soil particles impacted the behavior of heavy metals by 55.3%; the impact of the coal-fired power plants was 18.9%; and the contribution of the local manganese industry was 9.6%. The comparison of consequences from various statistical methods (principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis (CA), enrichment factor (EF) and absolute principle component score (APCS)-multiple linear regression (MLR)) confirmed the credibility of this research.

Temporal-spatial variation and source apportionment of soil heavy metals in the representative river-alluviation depositional system.

The contributions of major driving forces on temporal changes of heavy metals in the soil in a representative river-alluviation area at the lower of Yangtze River were successfully quantified by combining geostatistics analysis with the modified principal component scores & multiple linear regressions approach (PCS-MLR). The results showed that the temporal (2003-2014) changes of Cu, Zn, Ni and Cr presented a similar spatial distribution pattern, whereas the Cd and Hg showed the distinctive patterns. The temporal changes of soil Cu, Zn, Ni and Cr may be predominated by the emission of the shipbuilding industry, whereas the significant changes of Cd and Hg were possibly predominated by the geochemical and geographical processes, such as the erosion of the Yangtze River water and leaching because of soil acidification. The emission of metal-bearing shipbuilding industry contributed an estimated 74%-83% of the changes in concentrations of Cu, Zn, Ni and Cr, whereas the geochemical and geographical processes may contribute 58% of change of Cd in the soil and 59% of decrease of Hg.

Ginsenoside Rg1 Attenuates Isoflurane-induced Caspase-3 Activation via Inhibiting Mitochondrial Dysfunction.

OBJECTIVE: The inhalation anesthetic isoflurane has been shown to induce mitochondrial dysfunction and caspase activation, which may lead to learning and memory impairment. Ginsenoside Rg1 is reported to be neuroprotective. We therefore set out to determine whether ginsenoside Rg1 can attenuate isoflurane-induced caspase activation via inhibiting mitochondrial dysfunction. METHODS: We investigated the effects of ginsenoside Rg1 at concentrations of 12.5, 25, and 50 µmol/L and pretreatment times of 12 h and 24 h on isoflurane-induced caspase-3 activation in H4 naïve and stably transfected H4 human neuroglioma cells that express full-length human amyloid precursor protein (APP) (H4-APP cells). For mitochondrial dysfunction, we assessed mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) and adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) levels. We employed Western blot analysis, chemiluminescence, and flowcytometry. RESULTS: Here we show that pretreatment with 50 µmol/L ginsenoside Rg1 for 12 h attenuated isoflurane-induced caspase-3 activation and mitochondrial dysfunction in H4-APP cells, while pretreatment with 25 and 50 µmol/L ginsenoside Rg1 for 24 h attenuated isoflurane-induced caspase-3 activation and mitochondrial dysfunction in both H4 naïve and H4-APP cells. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that ginsenoside Rg1 may ameliorate isoflurane-induced caspase-3 activation by inhibiting mitochondrial dysfunction. Pending further studies, these findings might recommend the use of ginsenoside Rg1 in preventing and treating isoflurane-induced neurotoxicity.

Ginsenoside Rg1 Attenuates Isoflurane-induced Caspase-3 Activation via Inhibiting Mitochondrial Dysfunction / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>The inhalation anesthetic isoflurane has been shown to induce mitochondrial dysfunction and caspase activation, which may lead to learning and memory impairment. Ginsenoside Rg1 is reported to be neuroprotective. We therefore set out to determine whether ginsenoside Rg1 can attenuate isoflurane-induced caspase activation via inhibiting mitochondrial dysfunction.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We investigated the effects of ginsenoside Rg1 at concentrations of 12.5, 25, and 50 μmol/L and pretreatment times of 12 h and 24 h on isoflurane-induced caspase-3 activation in H4 naïve and stably transfected H4 human neuroglioma cells that express full-length human amyloid precursor protein (APP) (H4-APP cells). For mitochondrial dysfunction, we assessed mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) and adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) levels. We employed Western blot analysis, chemiluminescence, and flowcytometry.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Here we show that pretreatment with 50 µmol/L ginsenoside Rg1 for 12 h attenuated isoflurane-induced caspase-3 activation and mitochondrial dysfunction in H4-APP cells, while pretreatment with 25 and 50 µmol/L ginsenoside Rg1 for 24 h attenuated isoflurane-induced caspase-3 activation and mitochondrial dysfunction in both H4 naïve and H4-APP cells.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>These data suggest that ginsenoside Rg1 may ameliorate isoflurane-induced caspase-3 activation by inhibiting mitochondrial dysfunction. Pending further studies, these findings might recommend the use of ginsenoside Rg1 in preventing and treating isoflurane-induced neurotoxicity.</p>

Dexmedetomidine alleviates anxiety-like behaviors and cognitive impairments in a rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric disease that has substantial health implications, including high rates of health morbidity and mortality, as well as increased health-related costs. Although many pharmacological agents have proven the effects on the development of PTSD, current pharmacotherapies typically only produce partial improvement of PTSD symptoms. Dexmedetomidine is a selective, short-acting α2-adrenoceptor agonist, which has anxiolytic, sedative, and analgesic effects. We therefore hypothesized that dexmedetomidine possesses the ability to prevent the development of PTSD and alleviate its symptoms. By using the rat model of PTSD induced by five electric foot shocks followed by three weekly exposures to situational reminders, we showed that the stressed rats displayed pronounced anxiety-like behaviors and cognitive impairments compared to the controls. Notably, repeated administration of 20µg/kg dexmedetomidine showed impaired fear conditioning memory, decreased anxiety-like behaviors, and improved spatial cognitive impairments compared to the vehicle-treated stressed rats. These data suggest that dexmedetomidine may exert preventive and protective effects against anxiety-like behaviors and cognitive impairments in the rats with PTSD after repeated administration.

Annual input fluxes and source identification of trace elements in atmospheric deposition in Shanxi Basin: the largest coal base in China.

Industrialization and urbanization have led to a great deterioration of air quality and provoked some serious environmental concerns. One hundred and five samples of atmospheric deposition were analyzed for their concentrations of 13 trace elements (As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Al, Co, Cr, Hg, Mn, Mo, Pb, Se, and Zn) in Shanxi Basin, which includes six isolate basins. The input fluxes of the trace elements in atmospheric deposition were observed and evaluated. Geostatistical analysis (EF, PCA, and CA ) were conducted to determine the spatial distribution, possible sources, and enrichment degrees of trace elements in atmospheric deposition. Fe/Al and K/Al also contribute to identify the sources of atmospheric deposition. The distribution of trace elements in atmospheric deposition was proved to be geographically restricted. The results show that As, Cd, Pb, Zn, and Se mainly come from coal combustion. Fe, Cu, Mn, Hg, and Co originate mainly from interactions between local polluted soils and blowing dust from other places, while the main source of Al, Cr, and Mo are the soil parent materials without pollution. This work provides baseline information to develop policies to control and reduce trace elements, especially toxic elements, from atmospheric deposition. Some exploratory analytical methods applied in this work are also worth considering in similar researches.

Evaluation of potential effects of soil available phosphorus on soil arsenic availability and paddy rice inorganic arsenic content.

The transfer of arsenic from paddy field to rice is a major exposure route of the highly toxic element to humans. The aim of our study is to explore the effects of soil available phosphorus on As uptake by rice, and identify the effects of soil properties on arsenic transfer from soil to rice under actual field conditions. 56 pairs of topsoil and rice samples were collected. The relevant parameters in soil and the inorganic arsenic in rice grains were analyzed, and then all the results were treated by statistical methods. Results show that the main factors influencing the uptake by rice grain include soil pH and available phosphorus. The eventual impact of phosphorus is identified as the suppression of As uptake by rice grains. The competition for transporters from soil to roots between arsenic and phosphorus in rhizosphere soil has been a dominant feature.

Annual input fluxes of heavy metals in agricultural soil of Hainan Island, China.

The accumulation of heavy metals in farmland has become an important issue related to food security and environmental risk. The annual inputs of heavy metals (As, Cd, Hg, Pb, Cr, Cu, and Zn) to agricultural soil for a full year in Hainan Island have been studied. Three fluxes through the cultivated horizon were considered: (1) atmospheric depositions, (2) fertilization, and (3) irrigation water. The corresponding samples were collected and analyzed on a large regional scale. The total input fluxes show obvious spatial variability among different regions. The inventory of heavy metal inputs to agricultural land demonstrates that agricultural soil is potentially at risk of heavy metal accumulation from irrigation water. The potential at risk of heavy metal accumulation from atmospheric deposition and fertilizer is relatively low compared to irrigation. The results indicate that Hg is the element of prior concern for agricultural soil, followed by Cd and As, and other heavy metal elements represent little threat to the environment in the study area. This work provides baseline information to develop policies to control and reduce toxic elements accumulated in agricultural soil.

Self-identity and security of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To study the self-identity and security of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) Methods According to the Chinese Classification of Mental Disorder,Third Edition,63 inpatients and outpatients with OCD and 61 healthy controls were recruited to investigate with self-identity scale(SIS),security questionnaire (SQ),Yale-brown obsessive compulsive scale (Y-BOCS),and self-made questionnaire.Results Compared with controls,patients had lower self-identity (50.81 ± 7.52 vs 55.10 ± 6.86,P ＜ 0.01)and security(50.09 ± 11.65 vs 58.87 ± 10.22,P ＜ 0.01)than healthy controls.Female patients had lower self-identity (48.31 ±7.68 vs 52.57 ±6.98,P＜0.05) than male patients.There were correlation between self-identity and Y-BOCS (r =-0.404,P ＜ 0.01),security and Y-BOCS (r =-0.314,P ＜ 0.05),self-identity and course of disease (r =-0.284,P ＜ 0.05),security and course of disease (r =-0.259,P ＜ 0.05) self-identity and security (r =0.698,P＜ 0.01) Conclusion OCD patients have lower self-identity and security.The self-identity and security reduce with the symptoms getting worse.Low self-identity and security maybe characteristic of OCD patients.

4,6-Dichloro-5-(2-meth-oxy-phen-oxy)-2,2'-bipyrimidine.

In the title compound, C(15)H(10)Cl(2)N(4)O(2), the dichloro-pyrimidine and meth-oxy-phen-oxy parts are approximately perpendicular [dihedral angle = 89.9 (9)°]. The dihedral angle between the two pyrimidine rings is 36.3 (4)° In the crystal, there are no hydrogen bonds but the mol-ecules are held together by short inter-molecular C⋯N [3.206 (3) Å] contacts and C-H⋯π inter-actions.