Analysis of time-series gene expression data to explore mechanisms of isoniazid-induced liver toxicity.

Isoniazid (INH) is a first-line anti-tuberculosis drug which can cause idiosyncratic liver injury, while the underlying mechanisms need to be further elucidated. In this study, we explored the time series gene expression profiling of a hepatocyte cell line under isoniazid treatment. Through cluster analysis and enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes, we revealed a total of 6 gene clusters and a series of pathways related to hepatotoxicity, and 13 key candidate genes were identified according to the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis and maSigPro analysis. These findings lay a foundation for understanding the mechanisms of isoniazid -induced liver toxicity and provide new target genes for the monitoring and treatment of INH-induced hepatotoxicity in the future.

[Study on hereditary susceptibility genetic markers to anti-tuberculosis drug induced liver injury in Chinese population].

To systematically study the susceptible genetic markers for liver injury induced by anti-tuberculosis drugs in the Chinese population, 109 genes related to drug metabolism, transport and immunity were captured by Haloplex capture technique from DNA samples of 41 patients with liver injury induced by anti-tuberculosis drugs and 39 healthy controls, and sequenced completely. Association study was conducted using Plink software. To verify the significant candidate SNPs, the χ 2 study was expanded to the control group from the 1000-person Genome Project of the East Asian population. SIFT and Polyphen2 software were used to predict the functional significance of the associated SNPs. Our results identified the UGT1A4 rs2011404 (χ 2 = 4.6809, P = 0.0305) as a susceptible genetic marker for liver injury induced by anti-tuberculosis drugs, and rs2011404 mutation might contribute to UGT1A4 protein dysfunction. This study has provided a potentially useful reference for establishing the precision medicine in rational uses of anti-tuberculosis drugs in the clinic.

[Analgesic effect of combined therapy of medication and acupuncture in PVP for osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture: a randomized controlled trial].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the analgesic effect and application advantage of acupuncture combined with local anesthesia of lidocaine in percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) for the patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture (OVCF). METHODS: A total of 60 patients with OVCF and receiving PVP at single vertebra under local anesthesia were selected and randomized into an acupuncture plus medication group and a simple medication group, 30 cases in each one. In the simple medication group, the local laying infiltration anesthesia with 1% lidocaine 30 mL was used. In the acupuncture plus medication group, firstly, filiform needles were used to stimulate Hegu (LI 4), Neiguan (PC 6), Jinmen (BL 63) and Yintang (GV 29) with reducing technique, and then the epidermal infiltration anesthesia was followed with 1% lidocaine 4 mL. The needles were retained till the end of operation. Successively, before operation (T0), during skin incision (T1), at the time of working channel completion (T2) and at the time of the injection of bone cement by half a dose (T3), as well as at the end of operation (T4), the mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), oxygen saturation (SpO2) and numerical rating scale (NRS) score were recorded. Besides, the key time of operation and adverse reactions during the operation were recorded, as well as the hospital stays after operation and the subjective satisfaction of the patients. RESULTS: In the acupuncture plus medication group, MAP and HR were lower than those in the simple medication group at T2, T3 and T4 respectively (P<0.05). NRS scores in the acupuncture plus medication group were lower than the simple medication group at T1 and T2 respectively (P<0.05). The key time of operation in the acupuncture plus medication group was shorter than the simple medication group (P<0.05). The incidence of adverse reaction in the acupuncture plus medication group was lower than the simple medication group (P<0.05) and the excellence rate of subjective satisfaction was higher than the simple medication group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Acupuncture combined with medication reduces the dose and adverse reactions of anesthetics, alleviates pain degree of patients, shortens the duration of operation and improves patients' subjective satisfaction in PVP for OVCF.

Elevated intracellular pH appears in aged oocytes and causes oocyte aneuploidy associated with the loss of cohesion in mice.

Increases in the aneuploidy rate caused by the deterioration of cohesion with increasing maternal age have been well documented. However, the molecular mechanism for the loss of cohesion in aged oocytes remains unknown. In this study, we found that intracellular pH (pHi) was elevated in aged oocytes, which might disturb the structure of the cohesin ring to induce aneuploidy. We observed for the first time that full-grown germinal vesicle (GV) oocytes displayed an increase in pHi with advancing age in CD1 mice. Furthermore, during the in vitro oocyte maturation process, the pHi was maintained at a high level, up to ∼7.6, in 12-month-old mice. Normal pHi is necessary to maintain protein localization and function. Thus, we put forward a hypothesis that the elevated oocyte pHi might be related to the loss of cohesion and the increased aneuploidy in aged mice. Through the in vitro alkalinization treatment of young oocytes, we observed that the increased pHi caused an increase in the aneuploidy rate and the sister inter-kinetochore (iKT) distance associated with the strength of cohesion and caused a decline in the cohesin subunit SMC3 protein level. Young oocytes with elevated pHi exhibited substantially the increase in chromosome misalignment.

Synthesis and Evaluation of Quinazolone Derivatives as a New Class of c-KIT G-Quadruplex Binding Ligands.

The c-KIT G-quadruplex structures are a novel class of attractive targets for the treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). Herein, a series of new quinazolone derivatives with the expansion of unfused aromatic ring system were designed and synthesized. Subsequent biophysical studies demonstrated that the derivatives with adaptive scaffold could effectively bind to and stabilize c-KIT G-quadruplexes with good selectivity against duplex DNA. More importantly, these ligands further inhibited the transcription and expression of c-KIT gene and exhibited significant cytotoxicity on the GIST cell line HGC-27. Overall, these quinazolone derivatives represent a new class of promising c-KIT G-quadruplex ligands. The experimental results have also reinforced the idea of inhibition of c-KIT expression through targeting c-KIT G-quadruplex DNA.

Disubstituted 1,8-dipyrazolcarbazole derivatives as a new type of c-myc G-quadruplex binding ligands.

A series of 1,8-dipyrazolcarbazole (DPC) derivatives (6a-6d, 7a-7d) designed as G-quadruplex ligands have been synthesized and characterized. The FRET-melting and SPR results showed that the DPC derivatives could well recognize G-quadruplex with strong discrimination against the duplex DNA. In addition, the DPC derivatives showed much stronger stabilization activities and binding affinities for c-myc G-quadruplex rather than telomeric G-quadruplex. Therefore, their interactions with c-myc G-quadruplex were further explored by means of CD spectroscopy, PCR-stop assay, and molecular modeling. In cellular studies, all compounds showed strong cytotoxicity against cancer cells, while weak cytotoxicity towards normal cells. RT-PCR assay showed that compound 7b could down-regulate c-myc gene expression in Ramos cell line, while had no effect on c-myc expression in CA46 cell line with NHE III(1) element removed, indicating its effective binding with G-quadruplex on c-myc oncogene in vivo.

12-N-Methylated 5,6-dihydrobenzo[c]acridine derivatives: a new class of highly selective ligands for c-myc G-quadruplex DNA.

12-N-Methylated and non-methylated 5,6-dihydrobenzo[c]acridine derivatives were designed and synthesized as new series of c-myc G-quadruplex binding ligands. Their interactions with c-myc G-quadruplex were evaluated using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) melting assay, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) stop assay, and molecular modeling. Compared with the non-methylated derivatives, 12-N-methylated derivatives had stronger binding affinity and stabilizing ability to c-myc G-quadruplex structure, and could more effectively stack on the G-quartet surface. All these derivatives had high selectivity for c-myc G-quadruplex DNA over duplex DNA. The reverse transcription (RT) PCR assay showed that compound 21c could down-regulate transcription of c-myc gene in Ramos cell line containing NHE III(1) element, but had no effect in CA46 cell line with NHE III(1) element removed.

[Clinical analysis of surgically treated cervical spondylotic myelopathy with erectile dysfunction].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the recovery of sexual function of surgically treated male patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy. METHODS: A prospective and a mean 16-month postoperative follow-up were conducted for 22 male patients surgically treated for cervical spondylotic myelopathy complicated by sexual dysfunction. Their neurologic scores were obtained by the Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) Scoring System, their sexual function assessed by the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF), and their pre- and post-operative reflexogenic and psychogenic erection analyzed by comparison. RESULTS: Most of the patients experienced an obvious improvement in neurological function after the surgery, with a significantly higher JOA score than pre-operation ( P < 0.01). Compared with the preoperative rates of abnormal reflexogenic and psychogenic erection, 82% (18/22) and 18% (4/22) , the average IIEF score was elevated from preoperatively (9.90 +/- 2. 22) to postoperatively (20.89 +/- 3.89), with a statistically significant difference (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Cervical spondylotic myelopathy induces sexual as well as neurological dysfunction, mostly with abnormal psychogenic but normal reflexogenic erection. With neurological recovery, most of the patients may experience an improvement in their sexual function after surgery.

[Primary iris-ciliary body cyst and its relevancy with the change of anterior chamber angle].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the characteristics of the size and distribution of primary iris-ciliary body cysts and its associated with the change of anterior chamber angle. METHODS: It was a cross sectional study. Patients with shallow anterior chambers found in routine health examinations were evaluated with UBM scan. Any primary iris-ciliary body cysts detected were recorded in the parameters of quantity, size, location, and quadrant. The shape of the angle in the UBM was compared to the surrounding area of angle without the cyst, and also whether the angle was narrowed or closed was recorded. The factors related to the corresponding narrowed or closed angle were analyzed. RESULTS: The 502 cysts were detected in 134 (29.32%) of the 457 patients, which were all primary iris-ciliary body cysts. The cysts were located in the iridociliary sulcus (41.24%) and pars plicata (58.37%) and distributions were 44.22% situated at the inferotemporal quadrant, 26.88% at the inferonasal quadrant, 23.11% at the superotemporal quadrant and 5.38% at the superonasal quadrant. The largest base size of the cysts was 0.6289 +/- 0.2329 mm and most were mid-sized cysts (86.05%). The incidence of the cysts with corresponding chamber angle narrowing or closure in the iridociliary sulcus was 82.13% (170/207), and in the pars plicata was 22.87% (67/293). The difference between them was statistical significant (chi2 = 170.83, P < 0.01). The relationship between the cyst size and the proportion of the cysts which caused corresponding angles narrowing or closure was analyzed by way of rectilinear correlation, and it was found to be a positive correlation (r = 0.9939, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of primary iris-ciliary body cysts in the normal population is high and some may cause corresponding angle narrowing or closure; The location and size of the cysts are the factors to induce narrowing or closure of the angle in the corresponding area.

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator is vital to sperm fertilizing capacity and male fertility.

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is an anion channel, mutations of which cause cystic fibrosis, a disease characterized by defective Cl(-) and HCO(3)(-) transport. Although >95% of all CF male patients are infertile because of congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens (CBAVD), the question whether CFTR mutations are involved in other forms of male infertility is under intense debates. Here we report that CFTR is detected in both human and mouse sperm. CFTR inhibitor or antibody significantly reduces the sperm capacitation, and the associated HCO(3)(-)-dependent events, including increases in intracellular pH, cAMP production and membrane hyperpolarization. The fertilizing capacity of the sperm obtained from heterozygous CFTR mutant mice is also significantly lower compared with that of the wild-type. These results suggest that CFTR in sperm may be involved in the transport of HCO(3)(-) important for sperm capacitation and that CFTR mutations with impaired CFTR function may lead to reduced sperm fertilizing capacity and male infertility other than CBAVD.

Critical role of CFTR in uterine bicarbonate secretion and the fertilizing capacity of sperm.

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a cAMP-activated Cl- channel expressed in a wide variety of epithelial cells, mutations of which are responsible for hallmark defective Cl- and HCO3- secretion seen in cystic fibrosis (CF). However, the physiological role of CFTR in reproductive tracts is far from understood although infertility has been observed in CF patients of both sexes. Previously we have demonstrated the expression of CFTR in the female reproductive tract and the involvement of CFTR in mediating anion secretion by the endometrium. Our recent results show that endometrial epithelial cells possess a cAMP-activated HCO3- transport mechanism, which could be impaired with channel blockers known to block CFTR or antisense against CFTR. Co-culture of sperm with CFTR antisense-treated endometrial cells or HCO3- secretion-defective CF epithelial cells resulted in reduced sperm capacitation and egg-fertilizing ability. Addition of HCO3- to the culture media and transfection of wild-type CFTR into CF cells rescued the fertilizing capacity of sperm. Immunostaining and Western blot revealed that CFTR is expressed in rodent sperm and intracellular measurement of pH during sperm capacitation indicated that the entry of HCO3- into sperm could be inhibited by CFTR inhibitor. These results are consistent with a critical role of CFTR in controlling uterine HCO3- secretion and sperm fertilizing capacity, suggesting that CFTR may be a potential target for post-meiotic regulation of fertility.

The role of inducible nitric oxide synthase in gamete interaction and fertilization: a comparative study on knockout mice of three NOS isoforms.

Nitric oxide (NO), which is produced from l-arginine by three isoforms of NO synthase (NOS), has been implicated in reproductive functions. However, the specific role of NOS isoforms in gamete function and fertilization is not clear. Three types of NOS knockout mice were super ovulated and fertilized in vitro and in vivo. The sperm count and motility, in vivo and in vitro fertilization rate as indicated by two-cell embryos and blastocyst rate were examined. The sperm count and motility from all three knockout mice were not significantly different from that of the wild type. Inducible NOS (iNOS) knockout mice were found to have the largest number of two-cell embryos/mouse collected after fertilization in vivo (P<0.01), but the rate of blastocyst formation from two-cell embryos in vitro was similar for all three knockouts. The rate of in vitro fertilization using either iNOS-deficient sperm or oocytes, but not those deficient in the other two NOS isoforms, was significantly elevated when compared to that in the wild type (P<0.001). While all three types of NOS do not seem to play a significant role in pre-ejaculated sperm function, iNOS may play an inhibitory role in sperm and oocyte functions affecting the process of fertilization and early embryo development.

Estrogen-induced abnormally high cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator expression results in ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.

Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) remains one of the most life-threatening and potentially fatal complications of assisted reproduction treatments, arising from excessive stimulation of the ovaries by exogenous gonadotropins administrated during in vitro fertilization procedures, which is characterized by massive fluid shift and accumulation in the peritoneal cavity and other organs, including the lungs and the reproductive tract. The pathogenesis of OHSS remains obscure, and no definitive treatments are currently available. Using RT-PCR, Western blot, and electrophysiological techniques we show that cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), a cAMP-activated chloride channel expressed in many epithelia, is involved in the pathogenesis of OHSS. Upon ovarian hyperstimulation, rats develop OHSS symptoms, with up-regulated CFTR expression and enhanced CFTR channel activity, which can also be mimicked by administration of estrogen, but not progesterone, alone in ovariectomized rats. Administration of progesterone that suppresses CFTR expression or antiserum against CFTR to OHSS animals results in alleviation of the symptoms. Furthermore, ovarian hyperstimulation does not induce detectable OHSS symptoms in CFTR mutant mice. These findings confirm a critical role of CFTR in the pathogenesis of OHSS and may provide grounds for better assisted reproduction treatment strategy to reduce the risk of OHSS and improve in vitro fertilization outcome.

Bicarbonate secretion by the female reproductive tract and its impact on sperm fertilizing capacity.

The luminal fluid environment of the female reproductive tract is considered critical for the sperm to undergo a series of molecular events leading to the final acquisition of their fertilizing capacity. It has been shown that the fluid in the female reproductive tract contains high content of HCO3- and it plays an important role in sperm functions including sperm motility, capacitation, hyperactivation and acrosome reaction. This review summarizes the effects of HCO3- on sperm functions occurring in the female reproductive tract and discusses the transport mechanisms involved in mediating uterine HCO3- secretion. New evidence is also presented to show possible cause of female infertility due to defective HCO3- transporting mechanism.

Differential expression and localization of CFTR and ENaC in mouse endometrium during pre-implantation.

Interaction between the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), a CAMP-activated Cl- channel, and epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) has been proposed as the major mechanism regulating uterine fluid absorption and secretion. Differential expression of these ion channels may give rise to dynamic changes in the fluid environment affecting various reproductive events in the female reproductive tract. This study investigated the expression and localization of CFTR and ENaC during the pre-implantation period. Semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry were used to study the expression and localization of CFTR and ENaC in uteri collected from mature superovulated female mice. RT-PCR showed maximal ENaC and CFTR expression on day 3 after mating. Maximal immunoreactivity was also observed for both ENaC and CFTR on day 3 after mating. However, ENaC was immunolocalized to the apical membrane of both luminal and glandular epithelia, while CFTR was predominantly found in the stromal cells rather than the epithelial cells. Differential expression and localization of CFTR and ENaC provide a molecular mechanism by which maximal fluid absorption can be achieved immediately prior to implantation, to ensure the immobilization of the blastocyst necessary for implantation.

An epididymis-specific beta-defensin is important for the initiation of sperm maturation.

Although the role of the epididymis, a male accessory sex organ, in sperm maturation has been established for nearly four decades, the maturation process itself has not been linked to a specific molecule of epididymal origin. Here we show that Bin1b, a rat epididymis-specific beta-defensin with antimicrobial activity, can bind to the sperm head in different regions of the epididymis with varied binding patterns. In addition, Bin1b-expressing cells, either of epididymal origin or from a Bin1b-transfected cell line, can induce progressive sperm motility in immotile immature sperm. This induction of motility is mediated by the Bin1b-induced uptake of Ca(2+), a mechanism that has a less prominent role in maintaining motility in mature sperm. In vivo antisense experiments show that suppressed expression of Bin1b results in reduced binding of Bin1b to caput sperm and in considerable attenuation of sperm motility and progressive movement. Thus, beta-defensin is important for the acquisition of sperm motility and the initiation of sperm maturation.

Involvement of CFTR in uterine bicarbonate secretion and the fertilizing capacity of sperm.

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a cAMP-activated chloride channel expressed in a wide variety of epithelial cells, mutations of which are responsible for the hallmark defective chloride secretion observed in cystic fibrosis (CF). Although CFTR has been implicated in bicarbonate secretion, its ability to directly mediate bicarbonate secretion of any physiological significance has not been shown. We demonstrate here that endometrial epithelial cells possess a CFTR-mediated bicarbonate transport mechanism. Co-culture of sperm with endometrial cells treated with antisense oligonucleotide against CFTR, or with bicarbonate secretion-defective CF epithelial cells, resulted in lower sperm capacitation and egg-fertilizing ability. These results are consistent with a critical role of CFTR in controlling uterine bicarbonate secretion and the fertilizing capacity of sperm, providing a link between defective CFTR and lower female fertility in CF.