Research and Progress on Organic Semiconductor Power Devices.

Organic semiconductor power devices have been attracting increasing attention due to their advantages such as flexibility, low fabrication cost, and sustainability. They have found wide applications in fields such as flexible electronic devices and biomedical devices. However, in the field of power applications, the lack of reliable organic semiconductor power devices is mainly attributed to the limited thermal stability and electrical stability of organic materials. This article provides a detailed review of the development status of organic semiconductor power devices from three aspects: device structure, organic materials, and fabrication methods. It clarifies that the future development goal is to enhance the voltage resistance and thermal stability of organic transistors through higher-performance structure design, higher-mobility materials, and higher-quality fabrication methods. The continuous innovation and development of the structures, materials, and fabrication of these devices will generate more novel devices, offering more possibilities for the application of organic semiconductor power devices. This information is of great reference value and guidance significance for engineers in related fields.

Nanopipette dynamic microscopy unveils nano coffee ring.

Liquid-phase electron microscopy (LP-EM) imaging has revolutionized our understanding of nanosynthesis and assembly. However, the current closed geometry limits its application for open systems. The ubiquitous physical process of the coffee-ring phenomenon that underpins materials and engineering science remains elusive at the nanoscale due to the lack of experimental tools. We introduce a quartz nanopipette liquid cell with a tunable dimension that requires only standard microscopes. Depending on the imaging condition, the open geometry of the nanopipette allows the imaging of evaporation-induced pattern formation, but it can also function as an ordinary closed-geometry liquid cell where evaporation is negligible despite the nano opening. The nano coffee-ring phenomenon was observed by tracking individual nanoparticles in an evaporating nanodroplet created from a thin liquid film by interfacial instability. Nanoflows drive the assembly and disruption of a ring pattern with the absence of particle-particle correlations. With surface effects, nanoflows override thermal fluctuations at tens of nanometers, in which nanoparticles displayed a "drunken man trajectory" and performed work at a value much smaller than kBT.

The causal relationship between immune cells mediating FIT3L, CCL4, OSM, and skin-derived deteriorated tumors.

OBJECTIVE: Observational studies have identified a dual effect of circulating inflammatory proteins and immune cells on cancer progression. However, the specific mechanisms of action have not been clarified in the exacerbation of cutaneous-origin tumors. Therefore, this study aims to investigate whether the causal relationship between circulating inflammatory factors and basal cell carcinoma (BCC), cutaneous malignant melanoma (SKCM), and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is regulated by immune cells. METHODS: This study employed the Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization (TSMR) approach to investigate the causal relationships between 91 circulating inflammatory factors and three prevalent types of skin cancer from a genetic perspective. Bayesian Weighted Mendelian Randomization (BWMR) was also used to validate correlation and reverse MR to assess inverse relationships. Subsequent sensitivity analyses were conducted to limit the impact of heterogeneity and pleiotropy. Finally, the two-step Mendelian Randomization (two-step MR) method was utilized to ascertain the mediating effects of specific immune cell traits in the causal pathways linking circulating inflammatory factors with BCC, SKCM, and cSCC. RESULTS: The Inverse Variance Weighted (IVW) method and the Bayesian Weighted Algorithm collectively identified nine inflammatory factors causally associated with BCC, SKCM, and cSCC. The results from Cochran's Q test, mendelian randomization pleiotropy residual sum and outlier (MR-PRESSO), and MR-Egger intercept were not statistically significant (p < 0.05). Additionally, the proportions mediated by CD4+ CD8dim T cell %leukocyte, CD4-CD8-Natural Killer T %T cell, and CD20 on IgD-CD38-B cell for FIt3L, CCL4, and OSM were 9.26%, 8.96%, and 10.16%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Immune cell levels potentially play a role in the modulation process between circulating inflammatory proteins and cutaneous-origin exacerbated tumors. This finding offers a new perspective for the in-depth exploration of cutaneous malignancies.

Multiple myeloma, IL6, and risk of schizophrenia: A Mendelian randomization, transcriptome, and Bayesian colocalization study.

Numerous clinical studies speculated the association between multiple myeloma (MM) and inflammatory diseases; however, there is limited validation of these claims via establishing a causal relationship and revealing the underlying mechanism. This exploratory study employed bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to investigate the causal relationships between MM and inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis, asthma, ankylosing spondylitis, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), sarcoidosis, inflammatory bowel disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, type II diabetes, and schizophrenia (SZ). Transcriptomic and genome-wide Bayesian colocalization analyses were further applied to reveal the underlying mechanism. A significant and previously unrecognized positive association was identified between genetic predisposition to MM and the risk of SZ. Two independent case reports showed that treatment-resistant psychosis is due to underlying MM and is resolved by treating MM. From our MR analyses, various statistical methods confirmed this association without detecting heterogeneity or pleiotropy effects. Transcriptomic analysis revealed shared inflammation-relevant pathways in MM and SZ patients, suggesting inflammation as a potential pathophysiological mediator of MM's causal effect on SZ. Bayesian colocalization analysis identified rs9273086, which maps to the protein-coding region of HLA-DRB1, as a common risk variant for both MM and SZ. Polymorphism of the HLA-DRB1 allele has been implicated in AD and PD, further highlighting the impact of our results. Additionally, we confirmed that interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a risk factor for SZ through secondary MR, reinforcing the role of neuroinflammation in SZ etiology. Overall, our findings showed that genetic predisposition to MM, HLA-DRB1 polymorphism, and enhanced IL-6 signaling are associated with the increased risk of SZ, providing evidence for a causal role for neuroinflammation in SZ etiology.

Accelerated biological aging six decades after prenatal famine exposure.

To test the hypothesis that early-life adversity accelerates the pace of biological aging, we analyzed data from the Dutch Hunger Winter Families Study (DHWFS, N = 951). DHWFS is a natural-experiment birth-cohort study of survivors of in-utero exposure to famine conditions caused by the German occupation of the Western Netherlands in Winter 1944 to 1945, matched controls, and their siblings. We conducted DNA methylation analysis of blood samples collected when the survivors were aged 58 to quantify biological aging using the DunedinPACE, GrimAge, and PhenoAge epigenetic clocks. Famine survivors had faster DunedinPACE, as compared with controls. This effect was strongest among women. Results were similar for GrimAge, although effect-sizes were smaller. We observed no differences in PhenoAge between survivors and controls. Famine effects were not accounted for by blood-cell composition and were similar for individuals exposed early and later in gestation. Findings suggest in-utero undernutrition may accelerate biological aging in later life.

Beneficial effect of residential greenness on sperm quality and the role of air pollution: A multicenter population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Poor sperm quality is a major cause of male infertility. However, evidence remains scarce on how greenness affects male sperm quality. OBJECTIVES: To assess the associations of residential greenness with male sperm quality and the modification effect of air pollution exposure on the relationship. METHODS: A total of 78,742 samples from 33,184 sperm donors from 6 regions across China during 2014-2020 were included and analyzed. Individual residential greenness exposures of study subjects were estimated using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) during the entire (0-90 lag days) and two key stages (0-37, and 34-77 lag days) of sperm development. Contemporaneous personal exposure levels to air pollutants were estimated using a spatio-temporal deep learning method. Linear mixed models were employed to assess the impact of greenspace in relation to sperm quality. The modification effect of air pollution on the greenspace-sperm quality relationship was also estimated. RESULTS: Per IQR increment in NDVI exposure throughout spermatogenesis were statistically associated with increasing sperm count by 0.0122 (95 % CI: 0.0007, 0.0237), progressive motility by 0.0162 (95 % CI: 0.0045, 0.0280), and total motility by 0.0147 (95 % CI: 0.0014, 0.0281), respectively. Similar results were observed when the model added air pollutants (PM1, PM2.5 or O3) for adjustment. Additionally, specific air pollutants, including PM1, PM2.5, and O3, were found to modify this association. Notably, the protective effects of greenness exposure were more pronounced at higher concentrations of PM1 and PM2.5 and lower concentrations of O3 (all Pinteraction < 0.05). Statistically significant positive effects of NDVI were observed on sperm motility in early spermatogenesis and sperm count in late spermatogenesis. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to residential greenness may have beneficial effects on sperm quality and air pollution modifies their relationship. These findings highlight the importance of adopting adaptable urban greenspace planning and policies to safeguard male fertility against environmental factors.

Nutritional Strategies against Diabetic Nephropathy: Insights from Animal Studies and Human Trials.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN), defined as continuously elevated urinary albumin and a diminished estimated glomerular filtration rate, is a serious complication of both type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes and is the main cause of end-stage kidney disease. Patients with end-stage renal disease require chronic kidney dialysis and/or a kidney transplantation. Research highlights the role of diet in modulating specific signaling pathways that are instrumental in the progression of DN. Nutrient-sensitive pathways, affected by nutritional compounds and dietary components, offer a novel perspective on the management of DN by influencing inflammation, oxidative stress, and nutrient metabolism. Animal models have identified signaling pathways related to glucose metabolism, inflammation responses, autophagy, and lipid metabolism, while human population studies have contributed to the clinical significance of designing medical and nutritional therapies to attenuate DN progression. Here, we will update recent progress in research into the renoprotective or therapeutic effects of nutritional compounds, and potential nutrition-modulated pathways.

Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of BNT162b2 and CoronaVac in Hong Kong: A Target Trial Emulation.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the difference between BNT162b2 and CoronaVac in vaccine effectiveness and safety. METHODS: This target trial emulation study included individuals aged ≥ 12 during 2022. Propensity score matching was applied to ensure group balance. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to compare the effectiveness outcomes including COVID-19 infection, severity, 28-day hospitalization and 28-day mortality after infection. Poisson regression was used for safety outcomes including 32 adverse events of special interests between groups. RESULTS: 639,818 and 1,804,388 individuals were identified for the 2-dose and 3-dose comparison, respectively. In 2-dose and 3-dose comparison, the hazard ratios (HRs) (95% confidence intervals [CI]) were 0.844 [0.833-0.856] and 0.749 [0.743-0.755] for COVID-19 infection, 0.692 [0.656-0.731] and 0.582 [0.559-0.605] for hospitalization, 0.566 [0.417-0.769] and 0.590 [0.458-0.76] for severe COVID-19, and 0.563 [0.456-0.697] and 0.457 [0.372-0.561] for mortality for BNT162b2 recipients versus CoronaVac recipients, respectively. Regarding safety, 2-dose BNT162b2 recipients had a significantly higher incidence of myocarditis (Incidence rate ratio[IRR][95% CI]: 8.999 [1.14-71.017]) versus CoronaVac recipients, but the difference was insignificant in 3-dose comparison (IRR [95% CI]: 2.000 [0.500-7.996]). CONCLUSIONS: BNT162b2 has higher effectiveness among individuals aged ≥ 12 against COVID-19-related outcomes for SARS-CoV-2 omicron compared to CoronaVac, with almost 50% lower mortality risk. (200 words).

Effect of the Blood Pressure and Antihypertensive Drugs on Cerebral Small Vessel Disease: A Mendelian Randomization Study.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies yielded conflicting results about the influence of blood pressure (BP) and antihypertensive treatment on cerebral small vessel disease. Here, we conducted a Mendelian randomization study to investigate the effect of BP and antihypertensive drugs on cerebral small vessel disease. METHODS: We extracted single-nucleotide polymorphisms for systolic BP and diastolic BP from a genome-wide association study (N=757 601) and screened single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with calcium channel blockers, thiazides, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and ß-blockers from public resources as instrumental variables. Then, we chose the genome-wide association study of white matter hyperintensity (WMH; N=18 381), cerebral microbleed (3556 cases, 22 306 controls), white matter perivascular space (9317 cases, 29 281 controls), basal ganglia perivascular space (BGPVS; 8950 cases, 29 953 controls), hippocampal perivascular space (HIPPVS; 9163 cases, 29 708 controls), and lacunar stroke (6030 cases, 248 929 controls) as outcome data sets. Subsequently, we conducted a 2-sample Mendelian randomization analysis. RESULTS: We found that elevated systolic BP significantly increases the risk of BGPVS (odds ratio [OR], 1.05 [95% CI, 1.04-1.07]; P=1.72×10-12), HIPPVS (OR, 1.04 [95% CI, 1.02-1.05]; P=2.71×10-7), and lacunar stroke (OR, 1.41 [95% CI, 1.30-1.54]; P=4.97×10-15). There was suggestive evidence indicating that elevated systolic BP is associated with higher WMH volume (ß=0.061 [95% CI, 0.018-0.105]; P=5.58×10-3) and leads to an increased risk of cerebral microbleed (OR, 1.16 [95% CI, 1.04-1.29]; P=7.17×10-3). Elevated diastolic BP was significantly associated with higher WMH volume (ß=0.087 [95% CI, 0.049-0.124]; P=5.23×10-6) and significantly increased the risk of BGPVS (OR, 1.05 [95% CI, 1.04-1.06]; P=1.20×10-16), HIPPVS (OR, 1.03 [95% CI, 1.02-1.04]; P=2.96×10-6), and lacunar stroke (OR, 1.31 [95% CI, 1.21-1.41]; P=2.67×10-12). The use of calcium channel blocker to lower BP was significantly associated with lower WMH volume (ß=-0.287 [95% CI, -0.408 to -0.165]; P=4.05×10-6) and significantly reduced the risk of BGPVS (OR, 0.85 [95% CI, 0.81-0.89]; P=8.41×10-19) and HIPPVS (OR, 0.88 [95% CI, 0.85-0.92]; P=6.72×10-9). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of cerebral small vessel disease. Additionally, the utilization of calcium channel blockers to decrease BP can effectively reduce the likelihood of WMH, BGPVS, and HIPPVS. These findings offer valuable insights for the management and prevention of cerebral small vessel disease.

Self-Healing Guar Gum-Based Nanocomposite Hydrogel Promotes Infected Wound Healing through Photothermal Antibacterial Therapy.

Preventing bacterial infections is a crucial aspect of wound healing. There is an urgent need for multifunctional biomaterials without antibiotics to promote wound healing. In this study, we fabricated a guar gum (GG)-based nanocomposite hydrogel, termed GBTF, which exhibited photothermal antibacterial therapy for infected wound healing. The GBTF hydrogel formed a cross-linked network through dynamic borate/diol interactions between GG and borax, thereby exhibiting simultaneously self-healing, adaptable, and injectable properties. Additionally, tannic acid (TA)/Fe3+ nanocomplexes (NCs) were incorporated into the hydrogel to confer photothermal antibacterial properties. Under the irradiation of an 808 nm near-infrared laser, the TA/Fe3+ NCs in the hydrogel could rapidly generate heat, leading to the disruption of bacterial cell membranes and subsequent bacterial eradication. Furthermore, the hydrogels exhibited good cytocompatibility and hemocompatibility, making them a precandidate for preclinical and clinical applications. Finally, they could significantly promote bacteria-infected wound healing by reducing bacterial viability, accelerating collagen deposition, and promoting epithelial remodeling. Therefore, the multifunctional GBTF hydrogel, which was composed entirely of natural substances including guar gum, borax, and polyphenol/ferric ion NCs, showed great potential for regenerating infected skin wounds in clinical applications.

Adults prenatally exposed to the Dutch Famine exhibit a metabolic signature associated with a broad spectrum of common diseases.

Background: Exposure to famine in the prenatal period is associated with an increased risk of metabolic disease, including obesity and type-2 diabetes. We employed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomic profiling to provide a deeper insight into the metabolic changes associated with survival of prenatal famine exposure during the Dutch Famine at the end of World War II and explore their link to disease. Methods: NMR metabolomics data were generated from serum in 480 individuals prenatally exposed to famine (mean 58.8 years, 0.5 SD) and 464 controls (mean 57.9 years, 5.4 SD). We tested associations of prenatal famine exposure with levels of 168 individual metabolic biomarkers and compared the metabolic biomarker signature of famine exposure with those of 154 common diseases. Results: Prenatal famine exposure was associated with higher concentrations of branched-chain amino acids ((iso)-leucine), aromatic amino acid (tyrosine), and glucose in later life (0.2-0.3 SD, p < 3x10-3). The metabolic biomarker signature of prenatal famine exposure was positively correlated to that of incident type-2 diabetes (r = 0.77, p = 3x10-27), also when re-estimating the signature of prenatal famine exposure among individuals without diabetes (r = 0.67, p = 1x10-18). Remarkably, this association extended to 115 common diseases for which signatures were available (0.3 ≤ r ≤ 0.9, p < 3.2x10-4). Correlations among metabolic signatures of famine exposure and disease outcomes were attenuated when the famine signature was adjusted for body mass index. Conclusions: Prenatal famine exposure is associated with a metabolic biomarker signature that strongly resembles signatures of a diverse set of diseases, an observation that can in part be attributed to a shared involvement of obesity.

Identifying dementia from cognitive footprints in hospital records among Chinese older adults: a machine-learning study.

Background: By combining theory-driven and data-driven methods, this study aimed to develop dementia predictive algorithms among Chinese older adults guided by the cognitive footprint theory. Methods: Electronic medical records from the Clinical Data Analysis and Reporting System in Hong Kong were employed. We included patients with dementia diagnosed at 65+ between 2010 and 2018, and 1:1 matched dementia-free controls. We identified 51 features, comprising exposures to established modifiable factors and other factors before and after 65 years old. The performances of four machine learning models, including LASSO, Multilayer perceptron (MLP), XGBoost, and LightGBM, were compared with logistic regression models, for all patients and subgroups by age. Findings: A total of 159,920 individuals (40.5% male; mean age [SD]: 83.97 [7.38]) were included. Compared with the model included established modifiable factors only (area under the curve [AUC] 0.689, 95% CI [0.684, 0.694]), the predictive accuracy substantially improved for models with all factors (0.774, [0.770, 0.778]). Machine learning and logistic regression models performed similarly, with AUC ranged between 0.773 (0.768, 0.777) for LASSO and 0.780 (0.776, 0.784) for MLP. Antipsychotics, education, antidepressants, head injury, and stroke were identified as the most important predictors in the total sample. Age-specific models identified different important features, with cardiovascular and infectious diseases becoming prominent in older ages. Interpretation: The models showed satisfactory performances in identifying dementia. These algorithms can be used in clinical practice to assist decision making and allow timely interventions cost-effectively. Funding: The Research Grants Council of Hong Kong under the Early Career Scheme 27110519.

Interferon-induced transmembrane protein-1 competitively blocks Ephrin receptor A2-mediated Epstein-Barr virus entry into epithelial cells.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) can infect both B cells and epithelial cells (ECs), causing diseases such as mononucleosis and cancer. It enters ECs via Ephrin receptor A2 (EphA2). The function of interferon-induced transmembrane protein-1 (IFITM1) in EBV infection of ECs remains elusive. Here we report that IFITM1 inhibits EphA2-mediated EBV entry into ECs. RNA-sequencing and clinical sample analysis show reduced IFITM1 in EBV-positive ECs and a negative correlation between IFITM1 level and EBV copy number. IFITM1 depletion increases EBV infection and vice versa. Exogenous soluble IFITM1 effectively prevents EBV infection in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, three-dimensional structure prediction and site-directed mutagenesis demonstrate that IFITM1 interacts with EphA2 via its two specific residues, competitively blocking EphA2 binding to EBV glycoproteins. Finally, YTHDF3, an m6A reader, suppresses IFITM1 via degradation-related DEAD-box protein 5 (DDX5). Thus, this study underscores IFITM1's crucial role in blocking EphA2-mediated EBV entry into ECs, indicating its potential in preventing EBV infection.

Mulberry Leaf-Derived Morin Activates ß-Catenin by Binding to Frizzled7 to Promote Intestinal Stem Cell Expansion upon Heat-Stable Enterotoxin b Injury.

Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) sustain epithelial renewal by dynamically altering behaviors of proliferation and differentiation in response to various nutrition and stress inputs. However, how ISCs integrate bioactive substance morin cues to protect against heat-stable enterotoxin b (STb) produced by Escherichia coli remains an uncertain question with implications for treating bacterial diarrhea. Our recent work showed that oral mulberry leaf-derived morin improved the growth performance in STb-challenged mice. Furthermore, morin supplementation reinstated the impaired small-intestinal epithelial structure and barrier function by stimulating ISC proliferation and differentiation as well as supporting intestinal organoid expansion ex vivo. Importantly, the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway, an ISC fate commitment signal, was reactivated by morin to restore the jejunal crypt-villus architecture in response to STb stimulation. Mechanically, the extracellular morin-initiated ß-catenin axis is dependent or partially dependent on the Wnt membrane receptor Frizzled7 (FZD7). Our data reveal an unexpected role of leaf-derived morin, which represents molecular signaling targeting the FZD7 platform instrumental for controlling ISC regeneration upon STb injury.

Matrine reduced intestinal stem cell damage in eimeria necatrix-infected chicks via blocking hyperactivation of Wnt signaling.

BACKGROUND: Coccidiosis is a rapidly spreading and acute parasitic disease that seriously threatening the intestinal health of poultry. Matrine from leguminous plants has anthelmintic and anti-inflammatory properties. PURPOSE: This assay was conducted to explore the protective effects of Matrine and the AntiC (a Matrine compound) on Eimeria necatrix (EN)-infected chick small intestines and to provide a nutritional intervention strategy for EN injury. STUDY DESIGN: The in vivo (chick) experiment: A total of 392 one-day-old yellow-feathered broilers were randomly assigned to six groups in a 21-day study: control group, 350 mg/kg Matrine group, 500 mg/kg AntiC group, EN group, and EN + 350 mg/kg Matrine group, EN + 500 mg/kg AntiC group. The in vitro (chick intestinal organoids, IOs): The IOs were treated with PBS, Matrine, AntiC, 3 µM CHIR99021, EN (15,000 EN sporozoites), EN + Matrine, EN + AntiC, EN + Matrine + CHIR99021, EN + AntiC + CHIR99021. METHODS: The structural integrity of chicks jejunal crypt-villus axis was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). And the activity of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) located in crypts was assessed by in vitro expansion advantages of a primary in IOs model. Then, the changes of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling in jejunal tissues and IOs were detected by Real-Time qPCR,Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The results showed that dietary supplementation with Matrine or AntiC rescued the jejunal injury caused by EN, as indicated by increased villus height, reduced crypt hyperplasia, and enhanced expression of tight junction proteins. Moreover, there was less budding efficiency of the IOs expanded from jejunal crypts of chicks in the EN group than that in the Matrine and AntiC group, respectively. Further investigation showed that AntiC and Matrine inhibited EN-stimulated Wnt/ß-catenin signaling. The fact that Wnt/ß-catenin activation via CHIR99021 led to the failure of Matrine and AntiC to rescue damaged ISCs confirmed the dominance of this signaling. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that Matrine and AntiC inhibit ISC proliferation and promote ISC differentiation into absorptive cells by preventing the hyperactivation of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling, thereby standardizing the function of ISC proliferation and differentiation, which provides new insights into mitigating EN injury by Matrine and AntiC.

Assessing the collision risk of mixed lane-changing traffic in the urban inter-tunnel weaving section using extreme value theory.

Urban inter-tunnel weaving (UIW) sections are characterized by short lengths and frequent lane-changing behaviors in the area, commonly used for fast through traffic. These features increase the likelihood of collisions, however, collision risk assessment in this area has been inadequate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential collision risk of urban inter-tunnel weaving (UIW) sections in mixed lane-changing traffic conditions in morning rush hours, utilizing surrogate safety measures. The investigation involved the collection of trajectory data via an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Time to collision (TTC) and extended time to collision (ETTC) were chosen as surrogate safety indicators. The estimation of collision risk was conducted using Extreme Value Theory (EVT) by means ofsurrogate safety indicators. It was found that the threshold of TTC and ETTC in this area was 1.25 s. Furthermore, a comprehensive evaluation of collision risks associated with various vehicle types was performed, revealing an inverse relationship between thecollisions riskof vehicles in mixed traffic and their size. It was worth noting that while heavy vehicles exhibit a lower collision risk, they resulted in the highest energy loss and inflicted greater harm in the event of a collision. By an examination of the distribution features pertaining to conflict types during the operation of heavy vehicles, it showed that the highest likelihood of conflict with heavy vehicles occurred when adjacent lanes are involved. Consequently, the implementation of assisted driving technology for heavy vehicles was imperative in order to mitigate the risk associated with side collisions.

Corrigendum: In vitro and in vivo antitumor activity of cucurbitacin C, a novel natural product from cucumber.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01287.].

A blood biomarker of the pace of aging is associated with brain structure: replication across three cohorts.

Biological aging is the correlated decline of multi-organ system integrity central to the etiology of many age-related diseases. A novel epigenetic measure of biological aging, DunedinPACE, is associated with cognitive dysfunction, incident dementia, and mortality. Here, we tested for associations between DunedinPACE and structural MRI phenotypes in three datasets spanning midlife to advanced age: the Dunedin Study (age=45 years), the Framingham Heart Study Offspring Cohort (mean age=63 years), and the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (mean age=75 years). We also tested four additional epigenetic measures of aging: the Horvath clock, the Hannum clock, PhenoAge, and GrimAge. Across all datasets (total N observations=3380; total N individuals=2322), faster DunedinPACE was associated with lower total brain volume, lower hippocampal volume, greater burden of white matter microlesions, and thinner cortex. Across all measures, DunedinPACE and GrimAge had the strongest and most consistent associations with brain phenotypes. Our findings suggest that single timepoint measures of multi-organ decline such as DunedinPACE could be useful for gauging nervous system health.

Diet, Pace of Biological Aging, and Risk of Dementia in the Framingham Heart Study.

OBJECTIVE: People who eat healthier diets are less likely to develop dementia, but the biological mechanism of this protection is not well understood. We tested the hypothesis that healthy diet protects against dementia because it slows the pace of biological aging. METHODS: We analyzed Framingham Offspring Cohort data. We included participants ≥60 years-old, free of dementia and having dietary, epigenetic, and follow-up data. We assessed healthy diet as long-term adherence to the Mediterranean-Dash Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay diet (MIND, over 4 visits spanning 1991-2008). We measured the pace of aging from blood DNA methylation data collected in 2005-2008 using the DunedinPACE epigenetic clock. Incident dementia and mortality were defined using study records compiled from 2005 to 2008 visit through 2018. RESULTS: Of n = 1,644 included participants (mean age 69.6, 54% female), n = 140 developed dementia and n = 471 died over 14 years of follow-up. Greater MIND score was associated with slower DunedinPACE and reduced risks for dementia and mortality. Slower DunedinPACE was associated with reduced risks for dementia and mortality. In mediation analysis, slower DunedinPACE accounted for 27% of the diet-dementia association and 57% of the diet-mortality association. INTERPRETATION: Findings suggest that slower pace of aging mediates part of the relationship of healthy diet with reduced dementia risk. Monitoring pace of aging may inform dementia prevention. However, a large fraction of the diet-dementia association remains unexplained and may reflect direct connections between diet and brain aging that do not overlap other organ systems. Investigation of brain-specific mechanisms in well-designed mediation studies is warranted. ANN NEUROL 2024;95:1069-1079.

Nanodrugs mediate TAMs-related arginine metabolism interference to boost photodynamic immunotherapy.

As a potential treatment strategy for low immunogenic triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), photodynamic therapy (PDT) induced antitumor immunotherapy is greatly limited by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (ITM), especially the M2 phenotype tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). The balance of arginine metabolism plays an important role in TAMs polarization. Herein, a multifunctional nanoplatform (defined as HN-HFPA) was employed to burst the anti-tumor immunity of TNBC post PDT by reeducating TAMs through interfering the TAMs-associated arginine metabolism. The L-arginine (L-Arg) was loaded in the hollow cavity of HN-HFPA, which could not only generate nitric oxide (NO) for tumor therapy, but also serve as a substrate of arginine metabolism pathway. As an inhibitor of arginases-1 (Arg-1) of M2 TAMs, L-norvaline (L-Nor) was modified to the hyaluronic acid (HA), and coated in the surface of HFPA. After degradation of HA by hyaluronidase in tumor tissue and GSH-mediated disintegration, HN-HFPA depleted intracellular GSH, produced remarkable reactive oxygen species (ROS) under light irradiation and released L-Arg to generate NO, which induced tumor immunogenic cell death (ICD). Real-time ultrasound imaging of tumor was realized taking advantage of the gas feature of NO. The L-Nor suppressed the Arg-1 overexpressed in M2, which skewed the balance of arginine metabolism and reversed the ITM with increased ratios of M1 and CD8+ T cells, finally resulted in amplified antitumor immune response and apparent tumor metastasis inhibition. This study remodeled ITM to strengthen immune response post PDT, which provided a promising treatment strategy for TNBC.