Oat ß-glucan alleviates muscle atrophy via promoting myotube formation and suppressing protein degradation.

BACKGROUND: The dangerous inducers of muscle atrophy are inflammatory reaction, oxidative stress, and cachexia, etc. ß-Glucan, an important food derived active ingredient, has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory effects, however, its effects on regulating myoblast differentiation and protein degradation are unclear. This study is aimed to investigate the mechanism of oat ß-glucan on alleviating muscle atrophy. RESULTS: The results showed that oat ß-glucan treatment reversed tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) induced abnormal myoblast differentiation and reduced muscle atrophy related MuRF-1 and Atrogin-1 protein expression. The similar phenomenon was observed after using MCC950 (NLRP3 specific inhibitor) or AS1842856 (FoxO1 specific inhibitor) to suppress NLRP3 and FoxO1 expression, respectively. Exposure to ß-glucan or AS1842856 also inhibited TNF-α induced the activation of TLR4/NF-κB pathway by inactivating FoxO1, and subsequently suppressed the expression of NLRP3. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that oat ß-glucan exerts essential roles in promoting myoblast differentiation and alleviating muscle atrophy via inactivating FoxO1 and NLRP3 inflammasome signal pathway. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

The potential benefits and mechanisms of protein nutritional intervention on bone health improvement.

Osteoporosis commonly occurs in the older people and severe patients, with the main reason of the imbalance of bone metabolism (the rate of bone resorption exceeding the rate of bone formation), resulting in a decrease in bone mineral density and destruction of bone microstructure and further leading to the increased risk of fragility fracture. Recent studies indicate that protein nutritional support is beneficial for attenuating osteoporosis and improving bone health. This review summarized the classical mechanisms of protein intervention for alleviating osteoporosis on both suppressing bone resorption and regulating bone formation related pathways (promoting osteoblasts generation and proliferation, enhancing calcium absorption, and increasing collagen and mineral deposition), as well as the potential novel mechanisms via activating autophagy of osteoblasts, altering bone related miRNA profiles, regulating muscle-bone axis, and modulating gut microbiota abundance. Protein nutritional intervention is expected to provide novel approaches for the prevention and adjuvant therapy of osteoporosis.

The Potential Functions and Mechanisms of Oat on Cancer Prevention: A Review.

Oat is classified as a whole grain and contains high contents of protein, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals (such as polyphenols, flavonoids, and saponins). In recent years, studies have focused on the effects of oat consumption on reducing the risk of a variety of diseases. Reports have indicated that an oat diet exerts certain biological functions, such as preventing cardiovascular diseases, reducing blood glucose, and promoting intestinal health, along with antiallergy, antioxidation, and cancer preventive effects. At present, cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. The natural products of oat are an important breakthrough for developing new strategies of cancer prevention, and their ability to interact with multiple cellular targets helps to combat the complexity of cancer pathogenesis. In addition, the comprehensive study of the cancer prevention activity and potential mechanism of oat nutrients and phytochemicals has become a research hotspot. In this Review, we focused on the potential functions of peptides, dietary fiber, and phytochemicals in oats on cancer prevention and further revealed novel mechanisms and prospects for clinical application. These findings might provide a novel approach to deeply understand the functions and mechanisms for cancer prevention of oat consumption.

The Progress of Nomenclature, Structure, Metabolism, and Bioactivities of Oat Novel Phytochemical: Avenanthramides.

Oats are among the most commonly consumed whole grains and are widely grown worldwide, and they contain numerous nutrients, including proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, ß-glucan, and unique phytochemical polyphenol avenanthramides (Avns). Recent studies have indicated that Avns play essential roles in mediating the health benefits of oats. This review systemically summarized the nomenclature and structures of Avns, effect of germination on promoting Avns production, and in vivo metabolites produced after Avns consumption. The classical functions and novel potential bioactivities of Avns were further elucidated. The classical functions of Avns in cancer prevention, antioxidative response, anti-inflammatory reaction, and maintaining muscle health were expounded, and the internal mechanisms of these functions were analyzed. The potential novel bioactivities of Avns in modulating gut microbiota, alleviating obesity, and preventing chronic diseases, such as atherosclerosis and osteoporosis, were further revealed. This review may provide new prospects and directions for the development and utilization of oat Avns.

The classical and potential novel healthy functions of rice bran protein and its hydrolysates.

Rice bran protein (RBP) is a plant protein obtained from rice bran, a byproduct produced during rice milling process. It has been proved to be a high quality protein due to containing all of the essential amino acids and the content closing to the FAO/WHO recommended ideal pattern. Recent studies indicated that RBP and rice bran protein hydrolysates (RBPH) served variety biological functions. In this review, we summarized the classical functions of RBP and RBPH mediating antioxidant activity, chronic diseases prevention (such as antihypertensive effect, anti-diabetic effect, cholesterol-lowering activity), and anti-cancer effect. We also proposed their potential novel functions on anti-obesity effect, attenuating sarcopenia, promoting wound healing. Furthermore, the potential benefit to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients was put forward, which might provide new strategy for development and utilization of RBP and RBPH.

The relationship between hyperglycemia and the infection of COVID-19 in diabetic patients: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: DM is a common chronic metabolic disease. COVID-19 is an infectious disease infected by enveloped single-stranded RNA coronavirus. Meanwhile, DM is a common comorbidity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The virus can directly or indirectly damage the pancreatic islets and cause stress hyperglycemia by causing cytokine storms, acute inflammatory reactions, binding to the ACE2 receptor, etc. At the same time, hyperglycemia is a risk factor for severe infection and an independent risk factor for mild to severe disease. However, there is no evidence-based medicine to confirm the relationship between hyperglycemia and the infection of COVID-19 in diabetic patients. Therefore, we will conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to synthesize the existing clinical evidence. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: We will retrieve each database from December 2019 to July 2020. Chinese literature comes from CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, CBM databases. English literature mainly searches Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE. At the same time, we will look for clinical trial registration and gray literature. This study only included clinical randomized controlled trials. The reviewers independently conduct literature selection, data analysis, bias risk assessment, subgroup and sensitivity analysis. The primary outcomes include fasting blood glucose, 2-hour postprandial blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, fasting insulin, adverse effects, etc. Finally, we will conduct a meta-analysis through Review Manager software version 5.3. RESULTS: The results will be published in peer-reviewed journals. CONCLUSION: This study will explore the relationship between hyperglycemia and COVID-19 infection in diabetic patients. It will provide evidence-based support for clinical regulation of blood glucose and combating the COVID-19 epidemic. REGISTRATION NUMBER: INPLASY202060114.

Large dosage Huanglian (Rhizoma Coptidis) for T2DM: A protocol of systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

INTRODUCTION: Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) is a widespread attention of the world's major health problems. The international diabetes federation (IDF) has released the "global overview of diabetes (ninth edition)". By 2019. It can lead to complications and even death. Among them, the use of Rhizoma Coptidis (Huanglian) at large dose has also been proved to be effective in clinical practice. However, due to the lack of evidence, there is no specific method or suggestion, so it is necessary to carry out systematic evaluation on coptis coptis and provide effective evidence for further research. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: We will search the following electronic databases from their inception to May 2020: Electronic database includes PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure. Primary outcomes:fasting blood glucose and glycosylated haemoglobin (A1c). SECONDARY OUTCOMES: plasma insulin,blood lipid profile,adverse events,and cost associated with the intervention and hospital visit. Data will be extracted by 2 researchers independently, risk of bias of the meta-analysis will be evaluated based on the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. All data analysis will be conducted by data statistics software Review Manager V.5.3. and Stata V.12.0. RESULTS: The results of this study will systematically evaluate the effectiveness and safety of large dose of Huanglian intervention for people with T2DM. CONCLUSION: The systematic review of this study will summarize the current published evidence of large dose of Huanglian for the treatment of T2DM, which can further guide the promotion and application of it. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This study is a systematic review, the outcomes are based on the published evidence, so examination and agreement by the ethics committee are not required in this study. We intend to publish the study results in a journal or conference presentations.Open Science Framework(OSF)registration number: July 21, 2020. https://osf.io/w7bj6.

Effect of music intervention on mental health in patients with diabetes mellitus: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomizsed controlled trials.

INTRODUCTION: About 463 million adults aged 20-79 have diabetes globally. Mental disorders often exist in patients with diabetes as comorbidities, which can lead to aggravation of the diseases, increased difficulties in treatment, as well as elevated mortality rates. Music intervention has been applied in the treatment of comorbidities for 12 years now, but there are still no recommendations due to the lack of evidence. Thus, a meta-analysis is necessary to evaluate the effect of music intervention in treating mental disorders of patients with diabetes. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: We will search the following nine online electronic databases from their inception until March 2020: PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, EBSCO, Cochrane Library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Database, Chinese Scientific Journal Database (VIP) and Chinese Biomedical and Medical Database. We also plan to search other relevant resources, including grey literature and the reference lists of relevant publications. Only randomised controlled trials of music intervention to treat depression or anxiety in patients with diabetes will be involved. The primary outcomes include the depression score and anxiety score measured on certain scales, and the secondary outcome is safety. Data extraction will be independently implemented by two researchers. The risk of bias will be evaluated through the Cochrane Collaboration's Risk of Bias tool. Eventually, all the data will be analysed via the Review Manager V.5.3 software. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This meta-analysis will provide information about applying music intervention to treat depression or anxiety in patients with diabetes. No ethical approval is required because this meta-analysis is based on published data. The results of this systematic review will be published in a peer-reviewed journal.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42019146439.

Baihu Jia Renshen Decoction for type 2 diabetic mellitus: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the main health problems that perplex people all over the world. The prevalence of DM is still increasing in spite of the great efforts have been made to control DM in recent years. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common type of diabetes, accounting for about 90% of all DM cases. Traditional Chinese medicine has been used on treatment of DM and diabetic complications in China for many years. Baihu Jia Renshen Decoction (BJRD) is one of the oldest classic prescriptions of traditional Chinese medicine that applied in the field of diabetes' treatment. BJRD is proved to be effective after years of clinical practice and basic research. The application of BJRD improves the overall clinical efficacy of T2DM. Therefore, a systematic review is necessary to provide available evidence for BJRD in therapy of T2DM. METHODS: Different studies from various databases will be involved in this study. Only randomized controlled trials of T2DM patients diagnosed with World Health Organization 1999 diagnostic criteria will be included. We will search the literature in the databases from China Conference Paper Database, manual searching. Electronic database includes PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI (China National Knowledge Internet), WanFang, VIP (Chongqing VIP), and CBM (China Biomedical Literature CDROM Database). The primary outcomes include 2 hour plasma glucose, fasting plasma glucose, hemoglobin A1c, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, and fasting plasma insulin. The secondary outcomes include clinical efficacy and adverse events. Data will be extracted by 2 researchers independently, risk of bias of the meta-analysis will be evaluated based on the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. All data analysis will be conducted by data statistics software Review Manager V.5.3. and Stata V.12.0. RESULTS: This study will synthesize and provide high-quality evidence based on the data of the currently published BJRD for the treatment of T2DM, in terms of 2 hour plasma glucose, fasting plasma glucose, hemoglobin A1c, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and fasting plasma insulin, clinical efficacy, and safety. CONCLUSION: This systematic review aims to evaluate the benefits and harms of BJRD for the treatment of T2DM reported in randomized controlled trials, and provide more options for clinicians and patients to treat T2DM. REGISTRATION NUMBER: INPLASY202040006.

Zusanli (ST36) acupoint injection for acute diarrhea in children under 5 years old: A protocol of systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

BACKGROUND: Acute diarrhea is the 2nd highest prevalence disease among children under 5 years of age. It can cause malnutrition and even death in children, especially in developing country. Traditional Chinese medicine therapy has been applied and already in the guidelines for clinical practice of acute infectious diarrhea in children in China, but there is no specific methods or recommendations due to lacking of evidence. Zusanli acupoint injection as a form of acupuncture therapy, which is proved to be effective in randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and very suitable for children, has been used in acute diarrhea in children for a long time; therefore, a systematic review is necessary to provide available evidence for further study. METHODS: Different studies from various databases will be involved in this study. Only RCTs of children under 5 years of age diagnosed with acute diarrhea using any recognized diagnostic criteria will be included. We will search manually the literature in the databases from China Conference Paper Database. Electronic database includes PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Internet, WanFang, Chongqing VIP, and China Biomedical Literature CDROM Database. Primary outcomes: clinical cure rate (clinical cure is defined as the frequency, timing and character of stool back to normal status, as well as disappearance of diarrhea symptoms), diarrhea duration (from admission to the cessation of diarrhea). SECONDARY OUTCOMES: stool frequency within 24 hours, rate of adverse effect. Data will be extracted by 2 researchers independently; risk of bias of the meta-analysis will be evaluated based on the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. All data analysis will be conducted by data statistics software Review Manager V.5.3. and Stata V.12.0. RESULTS: This study will synthesize and provide evidence based on the data of the currently published zusanli (ST36) acupoint injection for acute diarrhea in children under 5 years old, especially in terms of clinical efficacy and safety. CONCLUSION: This systematic review aims to evaluate the benefits and harms of zusanli acupoint injection for acute diarrhea in children under 5 years old reported in RCTs, and provide evidence reference in TCM field for Chinese guidelines on the treatment of acute diarrhea in children. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This study is a systematic review; the outcomes are based on the published evidence, and hence examination and agreement by the ethics committee are not required in this study. We intend to publish the study results in a journal or conference presentations. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: PROSPERO 2019 CRD42019135275.

Huangqi Guizhi Wuwu decoction for diabetic peripheral neuropathy: Protocol for a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is one of the most common causes of disability in diabetic population, and its pathogenesis is related to a variety of factors. There is currently no effective treatment for such chronic disease. Traditional Chinese medicine has a long clinical history for the prevention and treatment of diabetes and chronic complications, and it also shows certain advantages in the treatment of DPN. Many clinical studies have confirmed that Chinese medicine Huangqi Guizhi Wuwu decoction (HGWD) can reduce the clinical symptoms and improve neuronal function of patients with DPN. So we intend to conduct a systematic review further clarified the effectiveness and safety of HGWD for DPN. METHODS: We will search each database from the built-in until June 2019. The English literature mainly searches Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science, while the Chinese literature comes from CNKI, CBM, VIP, and Wangfang database. Simultaneously we will retrieval clinical registration tests and grey literatures. This study only screen the clinical randomized controlled trials (RCTs) about HGWD for DPN to assess its efficacy and safety. The 2 researchers worked independently on literature selection, data extraction, and quality assessment. The dichotomous data is represented by relative risk (RR), and the continuous is expressed by mean difference (MD) or standard mean difference (SMD), eventually the data is synthesized using a fixed effect model (FEM) or a random effect model (REM) depending on whether or not heterogeneity exists. The clinical efficacy, median sensory nerve conduction velocity, median motor nerve conduction velocity, peroneal sensory nerve conduction velocity, and peroneal motor nerve conduction velocity were evaluated as the main outcomes. Fasting blood glucose, 2 hours postprandial blood glucose, hemorheology, and adverse reactions were secondary outcomes. Finally, meta-analysis was conducted by RevMan software version 5.3. RESULTS: This study will synthesize and provide high-quality evidence based on the data of the currently published HGWD for the treatment of DPN, especially in terms of clinical efficacy, neurological function, blood glucose, hemorheology, and safety. CONCLUSION: This systematic review aims to provide new options for HGWD treatment of DPN in terms of its efficacy and safety. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: PROSPERO 2019 CRD42019132031.