Cascading Failure in Cyber-Physical Systems: A Review on Failure Modeling and Vulnerability Analysis.

Cascading failures pose a significant security threat to networked systems, with recent global incidents underscoring their destructive potential. The security threat of cascading failures has always existed, but the evolution of cyber-physical systems (CPSs) has introduced novel dimensions to cascading failures, intensifying their threats owing to the intricate fusion of cyber and physical domains. Addressing these threats requires a nuanced understanding achieved through failure modeling and vulnerability analysis. By analyzing the historical failures in different CPSs, the cascading failure in CPSs is comprehensively defined as a complicated propagation process in coupled cyber and physical systems, initialized by natural accidents or human interference, which exhibits a progressive evolution within the networked structure and ultimately results in unexpected large-scale systemic failures. Subsequently, this study advances the development of instructions for modeling cascading failures and conducting vulnerability analyses within CPSs. The examination also delves into the core challenges inherent in these methodologies. Moreover, a comprehensive survey and classification of extant research methodologies and solutions are undertaken, accompanied by a concise evaluation of their advancements and limitations. To validate the performance of these methodologies, numerical experiments are conducted to ascertain their distinct features. In conclusion, this article advocates for future research initiatives, particularly emphasizing the exploration of uncertainty analysis, defense strategies, and verification platforms. By addressing these areas, the resilience of CPSs against cascading failures can be significantly enhanced.

Remotely sensed estimates of long-term biochemical oxygen demand over Hong Kong marine waters using machine learning enhanced by imbalanced label optimisation.

In many coastal cities around the world, continuing water degradation threatens the living environment of humans and aquatic organisms. To assess and control the water pollution situation, this study estimated the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) concentration of Hong Kong's marine waters using remote sensing and an improved machine learning (ML) method. The scheme was derived from four ML algorithms (RBF, SVR, RF, XGB) and calibrated using a large amount (N > 1000) of in-situ BOD5 data. Based on labeled datasets with different preprocessing, i.e., the original BOD5, the log10(BOD5), and label distribution smoothing (LDS), three types of models were trained and evaluated. The results highlight the superior potential of the LDS-based model to improve BOD5 estimate by dealing with imbalanced training dataset. Additionally, XGB and RF outperformed RBF and SVR when the model was developed using log10(BOD5) or LDS(BOD5). Over two decades, the BOD5 concentration of Hong Kong marine waters in the autumn (Sep. to Nov.) shows a downward trend, with significant decreases in Deep Bay, Western Buffer, Victoria Harbour, Eastern Buffer, Junk Bay, Port Shelter, and the Tolo Harbour and Channel. Principal component analysis revealed that nutrient levels emerged as the predominant factor in Victoria Harbour and the interior of Deep Bay, while chlorophyll-related and physical parameters were dominant in Southern, Mirs Bay, Northwestern, and the outlet of Deep Bay. LDS provides a new perspective to improve ML-based water quality estimation by alleviating the imbalance in the labeled dataset. Overall, the remotely sensed BOD5 can offer insight into the spatial-temporal distribution of organic matter in Hong Kong coastal waters and valuable guidance for the pollution control.

Large-scale geographic patterns and environmental and anthropogenic drivers of wetland plant diversity in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

BACKGROUND: The geographic patterns of plant diversity in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) have been widely studied, but few studies have focused on wetland plants. This study quantified the geographic patterns of wetland plant diversity in the QTP through a comprehensive analysis of taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional indices. METHODS: Based on a large number of floras, monographs, specimens and field survey data, we constructed a comprehensive dataset of 1,958 wetland plant species in the QTP. Species richness (SR), phylogenetic diversity (PD), functional diversity (FD), net relatedness index (NRI) and net functional relatedness index (NFRI) were used to assess the taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity of wetland plants. We explored the relationships between the diversity indices and four categories of environmental variables (i.e. energy-water, climate seasonality, topography and human activities). We used four diversity indices, namely endemic species richness, weighted endemism, phylogenetic endemism and functional endemism, together with the categorical analysis of neo- and paleo-endemism (CANAPE), to identify the endemic centers of wetland plants in the QTP. RESULTS: SR, PD and FD were highly consistent and showed a decreasing trend from southeast to northwest, decreasing with increasing elevation. The phylogenetic structure of wetland plant assemblages in most parts of the plateau is mainly clustered. The functional structure of wetland plant assemblages in the southeast of the plateau is overdispersed, while the functional structure of wetland plant assemblages in other areas is clustered. Energy-water and climate seasonality were the two most important categories of variables affecting wetland plant diversity. Environmental variables had a greater effect on the functional structure of wetland plants than on the phylogenetic structure. This study identified seven endemic centres, mainly in the Himalayas and Hengduan Mountains. CONCLUSIONS: Climate and topography are the main factors determining the geographic distribution of wetland plant diversity at large scales. The majority of grid cells in the QTP with significant phylogenetic endemism were mixed and super-endemism. At large scales, compared to climate and topography, human activities may not have a negative impact on wetland plant diversity in the QTP.

Enhanced CH4/N2 Separation Efficiency of UiO-66-Br2 through Hybridization with Mesoporous Silica.

Efficient separation of CH4 from N2 is essential for the purification of methane from nitrogen. In order to address this problem, composite materials consisting of rod-shaped SBA-15-based UiO-66-Br2 were synthesized for the purpose of separating a CH4/N2 mixture. The materials were characterized via PXRD, N2 adsorption-desorption, SEM, TEM, FT-IR, and TGA. The adsorption isotherms of CH4 and N2 under standard pressure conditions for the composites were determined and subsequently compared. The study revealed that the composites were formed through the growth of MOF nanocrystals on the surfaces of the SBA-15 matrix. The enhancements in surface area and adsorption capacity of hybrid materials were attributed to the structural modifications resulting from the interactions between surface silanol groups and metal centers. The selectivity of the composites towards a gas mixture of CH4 and N2 was assessed utilizing the Langmuir adsorption equation. The results of the analysis revealed that the U6B2S5/SBA-15 sample exhibited the greatest selectivity for CH4/N2 adsorption compared to the other samples, with an adsorption selectivity parameter (S) of 20.06. Additional research is necessary to enhance the enrichment of methane from CH4/N2 mixtures using SBA-15-based metal-organic framework materials.

Quantitative Analysis of Trace Analytes with Highly Sensitive SERS Tags on Hydrophobic Interface.

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) presents a promising avenue for trace matter detection by using plasmonic nanostructures. To tackle the challenges of quantitatively analyzing trace substances in SERS, such as poor enrichment efficiency and signal reproducibility, this study proposes a novel approach using Au@internal standard@Au nanospheres (Au@IS@Au NSs) for realizing the high sensitivity and stability in SERS substrates. To verify the feasibility and stability of the SERS performances, the SERS substrates have exhibited exceptional sensitivity for detecting methyl blue molecules in aqueous solutions within the concentration range from 10-4 M to 10-13 M. Additionally, this strategy also provides a feasible way of quantitative detection of antibiotic in the range of 10-4 M to 10-10 M. Trace antibiotic residue on the surface of shrimp in aquaculture waters was successfully conducted, achieving a remarkably low detection limit of 10-9 M. The innovative approach has great potential for the rapid and quantitative detection of trace substances, which marks a noteworthy step forward in environmental detection and analytical methods by SERS.

BPIFB1, Serving as a Downstream Effector of EBV-miR-BART4, Blocks Immune Escape of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma via Inhibiting PD-L1 Expression.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is one of the most common tumors of head and neck in the Southeast Asia. PD-L1-dependent immune escape plays a critical role involved in NPC development. BPIFB1 has previously reported to take tumor-suppressive actions on NPC cell proliferation and migration. Nonetheless, the function of BPIFB1 in immune escape remains largely elusive. Expression pattern on mRNA and protein levels of target genes in NPC patients' samples and cell lines were examined by qRT-PCR, western blot, and immunohistochemistry staining, respectively. The assessment of CD8+ T-cell apoptosis and expression was determined by flow cytometry. Molecular interactions were verified using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and luciferase reporter assay. BPIFB1 was downregulated in NPC tumor tissues, exhibiting a negative correlation of PD-L1. Overexpression of BPIFB1 significantly inhibited the expression of PD-L1, suppressing the apoptosis and enhancing the expression of CD8+ T cells. Mechanistically, BPIFB1 was found to repress the expression of STAT1, which was identified to be an upstream activator of PD-L1. Furthermore, the EBV-encoded miR-BART4 overexpressed in NPC cells could directly target and inhibit BPIFB1. This study provided a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanism for the upstream and downstream pathway of BPIFB1 related with immune escape, indicating a novel approach for the treatment of NPC.

DNA aptamer-linked sandwich structure enhanced SPRi sensor for rapid, sensitive, and quantitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.

The harm and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic have highlighted the importance of fast, sensitive, and cost-effective virus detection methods. In this study, we developed a DNA aptamer sensor using nanoparticle-enhanced surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi) technology to achieve efficient labeling-free detection of SARS-CoV-2 S protein. We used the same DNA aptamer to modify the surface of the SPRi sensor chip and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), respectively, for capturing target analytes and amplifying signals, achieving ideal results while greatly reducing costs and simplifying the preparation process. The SPRi sensing method exhibits a good linear relationship (R2 = 0.9926) in the concentration range of 1-20 nM before adding AuNPs to amplify the signal, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.32 nM. After amplifying the signal, there is a good linear relationship (R2 = 0.9829) between the concentration range of 25-1000 pM, with a LOD of 5.99 pM. The simulation results also verified the effectiveness of AuNPs in improving SPRi signal response. The SPRi sensor has the advantage of short detection time and can complete the detection within 10 min. In addition, the specificity and repeatability of this method can achieve excellent results. This is the first study to simultaneously capture a viral marker protein and amplify the signal using polyadenylic acid (polyA)-modified DNA aptamers on the SPR platform. This scheme can be used as a fast and inexpensive detection method for diagnosis at the point of care (POC) to combat current and future epidemics caused by the virus.

Single-pixel imaging based on metasurface fuzzy coding.

Single-pixel imaging, renowned for its high sensitivity, robustness against interference, and superior resolution, has become increasingly prominent in the field of optical research. Over recent years, a diverse array of light modulation devices and methodologies has been devised to accomplish megahertz modulations rates. This work presents a single-pixel imaging scheme based on the fuzzy coding of metasurfaces. This unique encoding technique manipulates the quality of the mask pattern by adjusting the pixel count within the metasurface units. Notably, we expand the metasurface units to effectively mitigate the position sensitivity during movement or rotations, thus easing the challenge for the detector in collecting the correct light intensity during sub-mask transitions. A detailed analysis is drawn of the reconstruction quality of fuzzy masks. Simultaneously, we provide simulations of single-pixel imaging under the condition where the fuzzy-coded metasurface is moving. This work provides a new, to the best of our knowledge, mask generation mode for high-speed spatial light modulation.

Phylogenomic analyses reveal a single deep-water colonisation in Patellogastropoda.

Patellogastropoda, the true limpets, is a major group of gastropods widely distributed in marine habitats from the intertidal to deep sea. Though important for understanding their evolutionary radiation, the phylogenetic relationships among the patellogastropod families have always been challenging to reconstruct, with contradictory results likely due to insufficient sampling. Here, we obtained mitogenomic and phylogenomic data (transcriptomic or genomic) from six species representing the three predominantly deep-water patellogastropod families: Lepetidae, Neolepetopsidae, and Pectinodontidae. By using various phylogenetic methods, we show that mitogenome phylogeny recovers monophyly of eight families in most of the trees, though the relationships among families remain contentious. Meanwhile, a more robust family-level topology consistent with morphology was achieved by phylogenomics. This also reveals that these mainly deep-water families are monophyletic, suggesting a single colonisation of the deep water around the Jurassic. We also found a lack of significant correlation between genome size and habitat depth, despite some deep-water species exhibiting larger genome sizes. Our phylogenomic tree provides a stable phylogenetic backbone for Patellogastropoda that includes seven of the nine recognized families and paves the way for future evolutionary analyses in this major group of molluscs.

Systematics of deep-sea starfish order Brisingida (Echinodermata: Asteroidea), with a revised classification and assessments of morphological characters.

Brisingida Fisher 1928 is one of the seven currently recognised starfish orders, and one of the least known taxa as being exclusive deep-sea inhabitants. Modern deep-sea expeditions revealed their common occurrences in various deep-sea settings including seamounts, basins and hydrothermal vent peripheral, underlining the necessity of clarifying their global diversity and phylogeny. In this study, we present a comprehensive molecular phylogeny of Brisingida which encompasses the highest taxonomic diversity to date. DNA sequences (COI, 16S, 12S and 28S) were obtained from 225 specimens collected in the global ocean, identified as 58 species spanning 15 of the 17 extant genera. Phylogenetic relationship was inferred using both maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods, revealing polyphyletic families and genera and indicating nonnegligible bias in prior morphology-based systematics. Based on the new phylogeny, a novel classification of the order, consisting of 5 families and 17 genera, is proposed. Families Odinellidae, Brisingasteridae and Novodiniidae (sensu Clark and Mah, 2001) were resurrected to encompass the genera Odinella, Brisingaster and Novodinia. Brisingidae and Freyellidae were revised to include 11 and 3 genera, respectively. A new genus and species, two new subgenera and seven new combinations are described and a key to each genus and family is provided. Transformations of morphological traits were evaluated under the present phylogenetic hypothesis. A series of paedomorphic characters were found in many genera and species, which led to a high degree of homoplasy across phylogenetically distant groups. Our results provide new insights in the phylogeny and ontogeny of the order, and highlight the necessity to evaluate character convergence under sound phylogenetic hypothesis.

Climate Change Potentially Leads to Habitat Expansion and Increases the Invasion Risk of Hydrocharis (Hydrocharitaceae).

Climate change is a crucial factor impacting the geographical distribution of plants and potentially increases the risk of invasion for certain species, especially for aquatic plants dispersed by water flow. Here, we combined six algorithms provided by the biomod2 platform to predict the changes in global climate-suitable areas for five species of Hydrocharis (Hydrocharitaceae) (H. chevalieri, H. dubia, H. laevigata, H. morsus-ranae, and H. spongia) under two current and future carbon emission scenarios. Our results show that H. dubia, H. morsus-ranae, and H. laevigata had a wide range of suitable areas and a high risk of invasion, while H. chevalieri and H. spongia had relatively narrow suitable areas. In the future climate scenario, the species of Hydrocharis may gain a wider habitat area, with Northern Hemisphere species showing a trend of migration to higher latitudes and the change in tropical species being more complex. The high-carbon-emission scenario led to greater changes in the habitat area of Hydrocharis. Therefore, we recommend strengthening the monitoring and reporting of high-risk species and taking effective measures to control the invasion of Hydrocharis species.

Angiosperm phylogenetic diversity is lower in Africa than South America.

Although originating from a common Gondwanan flora, the diversity and composition of the floras of Africa and South America have greatly diverged since continental breakup of Africa from South America now having much higher plant species richness. However, the phylogenetic diversity of the floras and what this tells us about their evolution remained unexplored. We show that for a given species richness and considering land surface area, topography, and present-day climate, angiosperm phylogenetic diversity in South America is higher than in Africa. This relationship holds regardless of whether all climatically matched areas or only matched areas in tropical climates are considered. Phylogenetic diversity is high relative to species richness in refugial areas in Africa and in northwestern South America, once the gateway for immigration from the north. While species richness is strongly influenced by massive plant radiations in South America, we detect a pervasive influence of historical processes on the phylogenetic diversity of both the South American and African floras.

The role of hydrodynamics for the spatial distribution of high-temperature hydrothermal vent-endemic fauna in the deep ocean environment.

Active hydrothermal vents provide the surrounding submarine environment with substantial amounts of matter and energy, thus serving as important habitats for diverse megabenthic communities in the deep ocean and constituting a unique, highly productive chemosynthetic ecosystem on Earth. Vent-endemic biological communities gather near the venting site and are usually not found beyond a distance of the order of 100 m from the vent. This is surprising because one would actually expect matter ejected from high-temperature vents, which generate highly turbulent buoyancy plumes, to be suspended and carried far away by the plume flows and deep-sea currents. Here, we study this problem from a fluid dynamics perspective by simulating the vent hydrodynamics using a numerical model that couples the plume flow with induced matter and energy transport. We find that both low- and high-temperature vents deposit most vent matter relatively close to the plume. In particular, the tendency of turbulent buoyancy plumes to carry matter far away is strongly counteracted by generated entrainment flows back into the plume stem. The deposition ranges of organic and inorganic hydrothermal particles obtained from the simulations for various natural high-temperature vents are consistent with the observed maximum spatial extent of biological communities, evidencing that plume hydrodynamics exercises strong control over the spatial distribution of vent-endemic fauna. While other factors affecting the spatial distribution of vent-endemic fauna, such as geology and geochemistry, are site-specific, the main physical features of plume hydrodynamics unraveled in this study are largely site-unspecific and therefore universal across vent sites on Earth.

Dynamic Molecular Investigation of the Solid-Electrolyte Interphase of an Anode-Free Lithium Metal Battery Using In Situ Liquid SIMS and Cryo-TEM.

We use in situ liquid secondary ion mass spectroscopy, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, and density functional theory calculation to delineate the molecular process in the formation of the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer under the dynamic operating conditions. We discover that the onset potential for SEI layer formation and the thickness of the SEI show dependence on the solvation shell structure. On a Cu film anode, the SEI is noticed to start to form at around 2.0 V (nominal cell voltage) with a final thickness of about 40-50 nm in the 1.0 M LiPF6/EC-DMC electrolyte, while for the case of 1.0 M LiFSI/DME, the SEI starts to form at around 1.5 V with a final thickness of about 20 nm. Our observations clearly indicate the inner and outer SEI layer formation and dissipation upon charging and discharging, implying a continued evolution of electrolyte structure with extended cycling.

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homolog (RBOH) Gene Family in Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) under Abiotic and Biotic Stress.

Respiratory burst oxidase homologs (RBOHs) are important proteins that catalyze the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which play important roles in growth and stress response. For a comprehensive analysis of SmRBOH genes, we conducted genome-wide identification of the SmRBOH gene family in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) and analyzed the expression of SmRBOHs under abiotic (salt, high-temperature, and low-temperature) and biotic stress (Verticillium dahliae inoculation) by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The result showed that a total of eight SmRBOH members were identified from the genome database of eggplant, and they were relatively evenly distributed across seven chromosomes. The analysis of Motif and the conserved domain showed that SmRBOHs have high similarity in protein sequences and functions. Based on phylogenetics, SmRBOHs were classified into three distinct clades. Furthermore, the promoter regions of SmRBOHs were found to contain different cis-elements. Additionally, the results of the qRT-PCR demonstrated differential expression patterns of SmRBOHs in different tissues (the roots, stems, and leaves) and stress conditions. SmRBOHB, SmRBOHD, SmRBOHH1, and SmRBOHH2 showed significant upregulation (>20-fold) under at least one stress condition. Subcellular localization analysis of the above four members further confirmed that they localized on the plasma membrane. This study provides a theoretical foundation for understanding the functions of SmRBOHs in eggplant.

Endovascular Thrombus Removal for Treating Post-Partum Iliofemoral Deep Vein Thrombosis: A Single-Centre Retrospective Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of percutaneous thrombectomy for treating postpartum iliofemoral vein thrombosis. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on patients with continuous postpartum acute symptomatic iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis who were treated in our center, including all patients who underwent pharmacomechanical thrombolysis (PMT) or only catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) (study group), and patients that received simple anticoagulation treatment (control group). We evaluated the incidence of lower extremity postthrombotic syndrome, recanalization rate of lower extremity veins, and complications in the study and control groups. RESULTS: Overall, 72 postpartum women were included in this study, including the PMT combined with CDT group (14 cases, 15 limbs), CDT alone group (26 cases, 27 limbs), and anticoagulant therapy alone group (32 cases, 34 limbs). The thrombectomy group completed the treatment with a technical success rate of 100%, and no serious bleeding complications occurred. The patency rate of lower limb veins in the thrombectomy group was 85.09 ± 16.51% after treatment and 82.60 ± 21.45% after 1 year. At the 1-year follow-up, the Villalta score in the study group was lower (1.90 ± 2.45 vs 8.50 ± 5.33, P < .001), and the incidence of postthrombotic syndrome was significantly different between the groups (17.50% in the study group vs 68.75% in the anticoagulant group, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Lower extremity venous thrombectomy is a safe and effective treatment for postpartum iliofemoral venous thrombosis. It can improve the patency rate of lower extremity veins and reduce the incidence of postthrombotic syndrome compared with anticoagulation alone.

An All-Arthroscopic Simple Double 360° Lasso Loop Technique for Supraopectoral Biceps Tenodesis.

In many shoulder joint diseases, there is often a combination of long head biceps tendon（LHBT）pathology. Biceps pathology is one of the main causes of shoulder pain, and it is effectively managed with tenodesis. Biceps tenodesis can be performed in a variety of ways with different fixation and at different locations. This article introduces an all-arthroscopic suprapectoral biceps tenodesis technique with a 2-suture anchor. Double 360° Lasso Loop is used to fix the biceps tendon, and only one puncture of the biceps tendon was required, which caused little damage to the tendon and was not easy for the suture to slip and fail.

Diversity, phylogeny, and bathymetric zonation of Sirsoe (Annelida: Hesionidae) from colonization experiments in the South China Sea, with the description of three new species.

The South China Sea (SCS) basin is hypothesized to host distinct and bathymetrically differentiated fauna due to its semi-enclosed basin and three-layer circulation system. To test this hypothesis, three cow falls are artificially deployed at separate depths (655, 1604, and 3402 m) on Zhongnan seamount in the middle SCS, and the associated worms, Sirsoe spp. are selected as targets to explore their diversity, phylogeny, and zonation pattern. Analyses of collected specimens reveal three new Sirsoe species, which were then nominally described and named as S. polita sp. nov. (655 m), S. nanhaiensis sp. nov. (1604 and 3402 m), and S. feitiana sp. nov. (3402 m), and one known species (S. balaenophila lineage II). Metabarcoding analyses on cow-fall sediments reveal seven additional Operated Taxonomic Units (OTUs) assigned to Sirsoe, increasing the Sirsoe diversity to 10 species/OTUs in the middle SCS. Their distribution along depth shows increasing diversity toward the deeper sites. Phylogenetic inferences recover S. polita closely related to S. alucia from the Southwest Atlantic, forming a lineage deeply divergent from others. The nine deep-water species/OTUs are scattered in three distinct lineages showing closer phylogenetic relationships between 1604- and 3402-m counterparts. The lineage formed by S. naihaiensis and S. feitiana is distinct from other non-SCS congeners both morphologically and genetically. These results suggest multiple independent invasions of Sirsoe to the SCS, a new lineage potentially endemic to the SCS, and a strong zonation pattern related to depth, especially between the shallow (655 m) and the deep (1604 and 3402 m) sites. The semi-enclosed feature combined with the physical structure of the SCS may contribute to such a pattern. This work is registered in ZooBank under: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:317771C8-42D717-4765-A168-B3BE99B09FBF.