Broadening bandgaps in a multi-resonant piezoelectric metamaterial plate via bandgap merging phenomena.

Locally resonant metamaterials usually have narrow bandgaps, which significantly limits their applications in realistic engineering environments. In this paper, an optimization method based on the genetic algorithm is proposed to broaden bandgaps in multi-resonant piezoelectric metamaterial through the merging of multiple separated bandgaps. Using the effective medium theory, the equivalent bending stiffness and dispersion relationship of a metamaterial plate are first obtained. Then, the criteria for determining the bandgap ranges for the two cases with and without damping are provided and analyzed. Furthermore, based on the bandgap merging phenomena, an optimization method for widening the bandgap is proposed based on the genetic algorithm. By investigating the bandgap widening effects in cases without and with damping, it is found that, when there is no damping, the bandgap can only be slightly widened; while after introducing damping into the transfer functions, the bandgap can be significantly widened by more than 200%. The bandgap widening effects are verified by comparing with finite element simulation results.

A Synopsis of Dicranum Hedw. (Dicranaceae, Bryophyta) in China, with Special References to Four Species Newly Reported and Re-Evaluation of Dicranum psathyrum Klazenga.

Dicranum Hedw. is a highly diverse and widely distributed genus within Dicranaceae. The species diversity and distribution of this genus in China, however, remain not well known. A new revision of Dicranum in China using morphological and molecular phylogenetic methods confirms that China has 39 species, including four newly reported species, D. bardunovii Tubanova & Ignatova, D. dispersum Engelmark, D. schljakovii Ignatova & Tubanova, and D. spadiceum J.E.Zetterst. Dicranum psathyrum Klazenga is transferred to Dicranoloma (Renauld) Renauld as a new synonym of Dicranoloma fragile Broth. Two species, Dicranum brevifolium (Lindb.) Lindb. and D. viride (Sull. & Lesq.) Lindb. are excluded from the bryoflora of China. A key to the Chinese Dicranum species is also provided. These results indicate an underestimation of the distribution range of numerous Dicranum species, underscoring the need for further in-depth investigations into the worldwide Dicranum diversity.

Twin Embryos in Arabidopsis thaliana KATANIN 1 Mutants.

Regulation of microtubule dynamics is crucial during key developmental transitions such as gametogenesis, fertilization, embryogenesis, and seed formation, where cells undergo rapid changes in shape and function. In plants, katanin plays an essential role in microtubule dynamics. This study investigates two seed developmental mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana, named elk5-1D (erecta-like 5, ELK5) and loo1 (lollipop 1), which are characterized by round seeds, dwarfism, and fertility defects. Notably, elk5-1D exhibits a dominant inheritance pattern, whereas loo1 is recessive. Through positional cloning, we identified both mutants as new alleles of the KATANIN 1 (KTN1) gene, which encodes a microtubule-severing enzyme critical for cell division and morphology. Mutations in KTN1 disrupt embryo cell division and lead to the emergence of a twin embryo phenotype. Our findings underscore the essential role of KTN1 in fertility and early embryonic development, potentially influencing the fate of reproductive cells.

Inflammation as a therapeutic target for osteoarthritis: A literature review of clinical trials.

The burden of osteoarthritis (OA) is rapidly increasing with population aging, but there are still no approved disease-modifying drugs available. Accumulating evidence has shown that OA is a heterogeneous disease with multiple phenotypes, and it is unlikely to respond to one-size-fits-all treatments. Inflammation is recognized as an important phenotype of OA and is associated with worse pain and joint deterioration. Therefore, it is believed that anti-inflammatory treatments may be more effective for OA with an inflammatory phenotype. In this review, we summarized clinical trials that evaluated anti-inflammatory treatments for OA and discussed whether these treatments are more effective in inflammatory OA phenotypes compared to general OA patients.

Inhibiting Interfacial Nonradiative Recombination in Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells with a Multifunctional Molecule.

Interface-induced nonradiative recombination losses at the perovskite/electron transport layer (ETL) are an impediment to improving the efficiency and stability of inverted (p-i-n) perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Tridecafluorohexane-1-sulfonic acid potassium (TFHSP) is employed as a multifunctional dipole molecule to modify the perovskite surface. The solid coordination and hydrogen bonding efficiently passivate the surface defects, thereby reducing nonradiative recombination. The induced positive dipole layer between the perovskite and ETLs improves the energy band alignment, enhancing interface charge extraction. Additionally, the strong interaction between TFHSP and the perovskite stabilizes the perovskite surface, while the hydrophobic fluorinated moieties prevent the ingress of water and oxygen, enhancing the device stability. The resultant devices achieve a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.6%. The unencapsulated devices retain 91% of their initial efficiency after 1000 h in air with 60% relative humidity, and 95% after 500 h under maximum power point (MPP) tracking at 35 °C. The utilization of multifunctional dipole molecules opens new avenues for high-performance and long-term stable perovskite devices.

Amorphous Gallium Oxide-Based Crosstalk-Suppressing Solar-Blind Imaging Array Prepared by One-Step Method.

The solar-blind ultraviolet band presents a unique opportunity for low-background-noise detection due to limited atmospheric light transmission. Especially, with the ability to obtain size, shape and position information on the objects, the solar-blind image sensors are receiving increasing attention. However, because the inhibition of the crosstalk in crossbar arrays induces the complexity of the preparation process, rarely are applicable solar-blind UV imaging arrays reported. This work prepared an amorphous gallium oxide (a-Ga2O3)-based diode with a remarkable rectifier ratio of up to 106. Then an imaging array was prepared by one-step method in that the diodes working as the detection elements and the switching elements inhibiting crosstalk were simultaneously deposited. Moreover, a 2 × 2 crossbar array clearly demonstrates the inhibition of the crosstalk. This work presents a simple and cost-effective method for preparing applicable solar-blind imaging arrays that inhibits crosstalk, promoting the practical application of the Ga2O3-based solar-blind UV detectors.

Teaching Masked Autoencoder With Strong Augmentations.

Masked autoencoder (MAE) has been regarded as a capable self-supervised learner for various downstream tasks. Nevertheless, the model still lacks high-level discriminability, which results in poor linear probing performance. In view of the fact that strong augmentation plays an essential role in contrastive learning, can we capitalize on strong augmentation in MAE? The difficulty originates from the pixel uncertainty caused by strong augmentation that may affect the reconstruction, and thus, directly introducing strong augmentation into MAE often hurts the performance. In this article, we delve into the potential of strong augmented views to enhance MAE while maintaining MAE's advantages. To this end, we propose a simple yet effective masked Siamese autoencoder (MSA) model, which consists of a student branch and a teacher branch. The student branch derives MAE's advanced architecture, and the teacher branch treats the unmasked strong view as an exemplary teacher to impose high-level discrimination onto the student branch. We demonstrate that our MSA can improve the model's spatial perception capability and, therefore, globally favors interimage discrimination. Empirical evidence shows that the model pretrained by MSA provides superior performances across different downstream tasks. Notably, linear probing performance on frozen features extracted from MSA leads to 6.1% gains over MAE on ImageNet-1k. Fine-tuning (FT) the network on VQAv2 task finally achieves 67.4% accuracy, outperforming 1.6% of the supervised method DeiT and 1.2% of MAE. Codes and models are available at https://github.com/KimSoybean/MSA.

Exploring the Role of Clustered Mutations in Carcinogenesis and Their Potential Clinical Implications in Cancer.

Abnormal cell proliferation and growth leading to cancer primarily result from cumulative genome mutations. Single gene mutations alone do not fully explain cancer onset and progression; instead, clustered mutations-simultaneous occurrences of multiple mutations-are considered to be pivotal in cancer development and advancement. These mutations can affect different genes and pathways, resulting in cells undergoing malignant transformation with multiple functional abnormalities. Clustered mutations influence cancer growth rates, metastatic potential, and drug treatment sensitivity. This summary highlights the various types and characteristics of clustered mutations to understand their associations with carcinogenesis and discusses their potential clinical significance in cancer. As a unique mutation type, clustered mutations may involve genomic instability, DNA repair mechanism defects, and environmental exposures, potentially correlating with responsiveness to immunotherapy. Understanding the characteristics and underlying processes of clustered mutations enhances our comprehension of carcinogenesis and cancer progression, providing new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for cancer.

Boosting PRRSV-Specific Cellular Immunity: The Immunological Profiling of an Fc-Fused Multi-CTL Epitope Vaccine in Mice.

The continuously evolving PRRSV has been plaguing pig farms worldwide for over 30 years, with conventional vaccines suffering from insufficient protection and biosecurity risks. To address these challenges, we identified 10 PRRSV-specific CTL epitopes through enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISPOT) and constructed a multi-epitope peptide (PTE) by linking them in tandem. This PTE was then fused with a modified porcine Fc molecule to create the recombinant protein pFc-PTE. Our findings indicate that pFc-PTE effectively stimulates PRRSV-infected specific splenic lymphocytes to secrete high levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and is predicted to be non-toxic and non-allergenic. Compared to PTE alone, pFc-PTE not only induced a comparable cellular immune response in mice but also extended the duration of the immune response to at least 10 weeks post-immunization. Additionally, pFc-PTE predominantly induced a Th1 immune response, suggesting its potential advantage in enhancing cellular immunity. Consequently, pFc-PTE holds promise as a novel, safe, and potent candidate vaccine for PRRSV and may also provide new perspectives for vaccine design against other viral diseases.

Refining a non-invasive prediction model for neurosyphilis diagnosis by using immunoassay to detect serum anti-TP0435 (TP17) and TP0574 (TP47) IgG antibodies: two-centre cross-sectional retrospective study in China.

OBJECTIVES: Invasive lumbar puncture is the conventional method for diagnosing neurosyphilis (NS). We investigated a non-invasive alternative method to detect serum Treponema pallidum-specific antibodies against highly immunogenic antigens TP0171 (TP15), TP0435 (TP17), and TP0574 (TP47) by using luciferase immunosorbent assay. METHODS: A total of 816 HIV-negative patients suspected of NS from the Beijing and Guangzhou cohorts were retrospectively selected and tested for serum anti-TP15, TP17, and TP47 IgG antibodies. Two diagnostic prediction models were developed using stepwise logistic regression in the Beijing cohort, and evaluated in the Guangzhou cohort for external validation. RESULTS: Serum antibodies against TP15, TP17, and TP47 showed moderate capability for NS diagnosis in the Beijing cohort and the corresponding area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs) were 0.722 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.680-0.762)], 0.780 (95% CI: 0.741-0.817), and 0.774 (95% CI: 0.734-0.811), respectively. An expanded NS prediction model integrated with anti-TP17 and anti-TP47 antibodies showed better performance than the base NS diagnostic model without anti-TP17 and anti-TP47 antibodies with the AUC of 0.874 (95% CI: 0.841-0.906) vs. 0.845 (95% CI: 0.809-0.881) (p = 0.007) in the development cohort, and 0.934 (95% CI: 0.909-0.960) vs. 0.877 (95% CI: 0.840-0.914) (p < 0.001) in validation cohort, respectively. Decision curve analysis revealed that the net benefit of the expanded model exceeded that of the base model when the threshold probability was between 0.10 and 0.95 in both the development and external validation cohorts. DISCUSSION: Serum antibodies against TP17 and TP47 exhibited promising diagnostic capability for NS and significantly enhanced the predictive accuracy of model for NS diagnosis. Our study highlights the potential of serum treponemal antibody detection as a non-invasive method for NS diagnosis to substitute invasive lumbar puncture in NS diagnosis.

Cuproptosis-related DNA methylation signature predict prognosis and immune microenvironment in cutaneous melanoma.

The prognosis for Cutaneous Melanoma (CM), a skin malignant tumor that is extremely aggressive, is not good. A recently identified type of controlled cell death that is intimately related to immunotherapy and the development of cancer is called cuproptosis. Using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, we developed and validated a DNA-methylation located in cuproptosis death-related gene prognostic signature (CRG-located DNA-methylation prognostic signature) to predict CM's prognosis. Kaplan-Meier analysis of our TCGA and GEO cohorts showed that high-risk patients had a shorter overall survival. The area under the curve (AUC) for the TCGA cohort was 0.742, while for the GEO cohort it was 0.733, according to the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Furthermore, this signature was discovered as an independent prognostic indicator over CM patients based on Cox-regression analysis. Immunogenomic profiling indicated that majority immune-checkpoints got an opposite relationship with the signature, and patients in the group at low risk got higher immunophenoscore. Several immune pathways were enriched, according to functional enrichment analysis. In conclusion, a prognostic methylation signature for CM patients was established and confirmed. Because of its close relationship to the immune landscape, this signature may help clinicians make more accurate and individualized choices regarding therapy.

Association of handgrip strength asymmetry and weakness with cognitive function: a nationally representative cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the association of handgrip strength asymmetry and weakness with cognitive function among Chinese middle-aged and older adults. STUDY DESIGN: We used data from four waves (2011, 2013, 2015, and 2018) of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. Handgrip strength was measured at baseline. Handgrip strength asymmetry was defined on the basis of the ratio of handgrip strength of the non-dominant hand to that of the dominant hand (i.e. non-dominant/dominant): a ratio of <0.9 defined as dominant handgrip strength asymmetry and >1.1 as non-dominant handgrip strength asymmetry. Weakness was defined as a handgrip strength of <28 kg for males or <18 kg for females. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cognitive function with its two core dimensions (episodic memory and mental status) at each wave was assessed and standardized. RESULTS: 9333 participants (48.3 % female, age 58.2 ± 9.0 years) were included. Non-dominant but not dominant handgrip strength asymmetry was significantly associated with poorer cognitive function at baseline (ß = -0.121, -0.092, and -0.132 for mental status, episodic memory, and global cognition, respectively). In longitudinal analyses over 2 years, dominant handgrip strength asymmetry significantly slowed cognitive decline (ß = -0.078 and -0.069 for mental status and global cognition, respectively), and non-dominant handgrip strength asymmetry accelerated cognitive decline (ß = 0.053 and 0.043 for episodic memory and global cognition, respectively). Weakness was associated with poorer cognitive function at baseline and cognitive decline over 2, 4, and 7 years (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In middle-aged and older adults, non-dominant handgrip strength asymmetry and weakness were associated with poorer cognitive function and predicted accelerated cognitive decline. Dominant handgrip strength asymmetry may be beneficial for maintaining cognitive function.

Oral pimonidazole unveils clinicopathologic and epigenetic features of hypoxic tumour aggressiveness in localized prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: Tumor hypoxia is associated with prostate cancer (PCa) treatment resistance and poor prognosis. Pimonidazole (PIMO) is an investigational hypoxia probe used in clinical trials. A better understanding of the clinical significance and molecular alterations underpinning PIMO-labeled tumor hypoxia is needed for future clinical application. Here, we investigated the clinical significance and molecular alterations underpinning PIMO-labeled tumor hypoxia in patients with localized PCa, in order to apply PIMO as a prognostic tool and to identify potential biomarkers for future clinical translation. METHODS: A total of 39 patients with localized PCa were recruited and administered oral PIMO before undergoing radical prostatectomy (RadP). Immunohistochemical staining for PIMO was performed on 37 prostatectomy specimens with staining patterns evaluated and clinical association analyzed. Whole genome bisulfite sequencing was performed using laser-capture of microdissected specimen sections comparing PIMO positive and negative tumor areas. A hypoxia related methylation molecular signature was generated by integrating the differentially methylated regions with previously established RNA-seq datasets. RESULTS: Three PIMO staining patterns were distinguished: diffuse, focal, and comedo-like. The comedo-like staining pattern was more commonly associated with adverse pathology. PIMO-defined hypoxia intensity was positively correlated with advanced pathologic stage, tumor invasion, and cribriform and intraductal carcinoma morphology. The generated DNA methylation signature was found to be a robust hypoxia biomarker, which could risk-stratify PCa patients across multiple clinical datasets, as well as be applicable in other cancer types. CONCLUSIONS: Oral PIMO unveiled clinicopathologic features of disease aggressiveness in localized PCa. The generated DNA methylation signature is a novel and robust hypoxia biomarker that has the potential for future clinical translation.

Bone marrow lesions in osteoarthritis: biomarker or treatment target? A narrative review.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a leading cause of pain, functional impairment, and disability in older adults. However, there are no effective treatments to delay and reverse OA. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can assess structural abnormalities of OA by directly visualizing damage and inflammatory reactions within the tissues and detecting abnormal signals in the subchondral bone marrow region. While some studies have shown that bone marrow lesions (BMLs) are one of the early signs of the development of OA and predict structural and symptomatic progression of OA, others claimed that BMLs are prevalent in the general population and have no role in the progression of OA. In this narrative review, we screened and summarized studies with different designs that evaluated the association of BMLs with joint symptoms and structural abnormalities of OA. We also discussed whether BMLs may serve as an imaging biomarker and a treatment target for OA based on existing clinical trials.

Measurement of the absorption cross-sections of sulfur compounds in the 180-270 nm region considering nonlinear effects.

Sulfur compounds (SO2, CS2, H2S and OCS) are common toxic pollutants in the atmospheric environment, and the absorption spectroscopy technique can indeed help to realize online monitoring of their concentrations. However, nonlinear effects that occur during absorption spectroscopy measurements have a serious impact on the measurement of the absorption cross-sections (ACSs) of sulfur compounds, leading to serious deviations in both the substance absorption properties and concentrations obtained based on ACS analysis. In this paper, the maximum effective ACSs of sulfur compounds in the linear region are obtained by considering the influence of nonlinear effects and eliminating interference factors such as oxygen and photolysis. In addition, the nonlinear effects are found to be greatly attenuated in spectra with broad band absorption characteristics by comparing the oscillatory absorption spectra before and after the differential treatment and by comparing the change in the oscillatory ACS with the broad band ACS. The experimental results show that the effective ACSs of SO2, CS2, H2S, and OCS with a resolution of 0.23 nm are 14.15 × 10-18 cm2 per molecule, 5.61 × 10-16 cm2 per molecule, 7.09 × 10-18 cm2 per molecule, and 3.20 × 10-19 cm2 per molecule, respectively. So far, it is the largest ACS obtained at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, which is of great significance for online measurement of sulfur compounds.

A survey of knowledge, attitudes, and practices among paediatric intensive care unit nurses for preventing pressure injuries: An analysis of influencing factors.

To explore the knowledge, attitudes and practice (KAP) status of preventing pressure injury among clinical nurses working in paediatric ICU, and to examine factors affecting nurses' KAP. A questionnaire survey was conducted among 1906 paediatric ICU nurses in 18 children's hospitals by convenience sampling method. The survey tools were self-designed general data questionnaire, KAP questionnaire for the prevention of pressure injury and the influencing factors were analysed. A total of 1906 valid questionnaires were collected. The scores of overall KPA, knowledge, attitudes, and practice were 101.24 ± 17.22, 20.62 ± 9.63, 54.93 ± 5.81and 25.67 ± 6.76, respectively. The results of multiple linear regression analysis showed that education background, professional title, age and specialist nurse were the main influencing factor of nurses' knowledge of preventing PI; education background and specialist nurse were the main influencing factors of nurses' attitudes of preventing PI; knowledge, attitudes and education background were the main influencing factors of nurses' practice of preventing PI. Paediatric ICU nurses have a positive attitude towards the prevention of PI, but their knowledge and practice need to be improved. According to different characteristics of nurses, nursing managers should carry out training on the knowledge of prevention of PI to establish a positive attitude, so as to drive the change of nursing practice and improve the nursing practice level of ICU nurses to prevent of PI.

Effect of compressive and tensile forces on glucose concentration and cell viability within the intervertebral disc: A finite element study.

Understanding the role of mechanical force on tissue nutrient transport is essential, as sustained force may affect nutrient levels within the disc and initiate disc degeneration. This study aims to evaluate the time-dependent effects of different compressive force amplitudes as well as tensile force on glucose concentration and cell viability within the disc. Based on the mechano-electrochemical mixture theory, a multiphasic finite element model of the lumbar intervertebral disc was developed. The minimum glucose concentration and minimum cell density in both normal and degenerated discs were predicted for different compressive force amplitudes, tensile force, and corresponding creep time. Under high compressive force, the minimum glucose concentration exhibited an increasing and then decreasing trend with creep time in the normal disc, whereas that of the degenerated disc increased, then decreased, and finally increased again. At steady state, a higher compressive force was accompanied by a lower glucose concentration distribution. In the degenerated disc, the minimum cell density was negatively correlated with creep time, with a greater range of affected tissue under a higher compressive force. For tensile force, the minimum glucose concentration of the degenerated disc raised over time. This study highlighted the importance of creep time, force magnitude, and force type in affecting nutrient concentration and cell viability. Sustained weight-bearing activities could deteriorate the nutrient environment of the degenerated disc, while tensile force might have a nonnegligible role in effectively improving nutrient levels within the degenerated disc.

High-accuracy classification and origin traceability of peanut kernels based on near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy using Adaboost - Maximum uncertainty linear discriminant analysis.

Peanut kernels, known for their high nutritional value and palatability, are classified as nut food. In this study, peanut kernel samples from six distinct cities in Shandong Province, China, were examined to categorize and trace their origins. Near-infrared (NIR) spectra of samples were captured using a portable NIR-M-R2 spectrometer. After the application of Savitzky-Golay (SG) filtering, the classification was attempted using principal component analysis (PCA) plus linear discrimination analysis (LDA). Additionally, maximum uncertainty linear discriminant analysis (MLDA) was applied for comparison. A specific number of eigenvectors could respectively maximize the classification accuracies, 81.48% for PCA + LDA and 76.54% for MLDA. In order to further improve the classification accuracies, Adaboost-MLDA was proposed to develop a stronger classifier. This method, after 18 iterations, achieved remarkable effects, achieving a high accuracy of 95.06%. In a similar vein, the enhancement with preprocessing techniques multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) + SG and standard normal variate (SNV) + SG raised accuracies to 98.77% and 97.53%, respectively. The results of classifying first-order and second-order derivative spectra using Adaboost-MLDA were also described, achieving accuracies near 100%. The experiment demonstrates that integrating Adaboost with NIR spectroscopy offers a highly accurate method for peanut kernel classification, promising for practical applications in food quality control.

What is the spatiotemporal pattern of benzene concentration spread over susceptible area surrounding the Hartman Park community, Houston, Texas?

The Hartman Park community in Houston, Texas-USA, is in a highly polluted area which poses significant risks to its predominantly Hispanic and lower-income residents. Surrounded by dense clustering of industrial facilities compounds health and safety hazards, exacerbating environmental and social inequalities. Such conditions emphasize the urgent need for environmental measures that focus on investigating ambient air quality. This study estimated benzene, one of the most reported pollutants in Hartman Park, using machine learning-based approaches. Benzene data was collected in residential areas in the neighborhood and analyzed using a combination of five machine-learning algorithms (i.e., XGBR, GBR, LGBMR, CBR, RFR) through a newly developed ensemble learning model. Evaluations on model robustness, overfitting tests, 10-fold cross-validation, internal and stratified validation were performed. We found that the ensemble model depicted about 98.7% spatial variability of benzene (Adj. R2 =0.987). Through rigorous validations, stability of model performance was confirmed. Several predictors that contribute to benzene were identified, including temperature, developed intensity areas, leaking petroleum storage tank, and traffic-related factors. Analyzing spatial patterns, we found high benzene spread over areas near industrial zones as well as in residential areas. Overall, our study area was exposed to high benzene levels and requires extra attention from relevant authorities.

Integrase-LEDGF/p75 complex triggers the formation of biomolecular condensates that modulate HIV-1 integration efficiency in vitro.

The pre-integration steps of the HIV-1 viral cycle are some of the most valuable targets of recent therapeutic innovations. HIV-1 integrase (IN) displays multiple functions, thanks to its considerable conformational flexibility. Recently, such flexible proteins have been characterized by their ability to form biomolecular condensates as a result of Liquid-Liquid-Phase-Separation (LLPS), allowing them to evolve in a restricted microenvironment within cells called membrane-less organelles (MLO). The LLPS context constitutes a more physiological approach to study the integration of molecular mechanisms performed by intasomes (complexes containing viral DNA, IN, and its cellular cofactor LEDGF/p75). We investigated here if such complexes can form LLPS in vitro and if IN enzymatic activities were affected by this LLPS environment. We observed that the LLPS formed by IN-LEDGF/p75 functional complexes modulate the in vitro IN activities. While the 3'-processing of viral DNA ends was drastically reduced inside LLPS, viral DNA strand transfer was strongly enhanced. These two catalytic IN activities appear thus tightly regulated by the environment encountered by intasomes.