Analysis of Influence of Behavioral Adoption Threshold Diversity on Multi-Layer Network.

The same people exhibit various adoption behaviors for the same information on various networks. Previous studies, however, did not examine the variety of adoption behaviors on multi-layer networks or take into consideration this phenomenon. Therefore, we refer to this phenomenon, which lacks systematic analysis and investigation, as behavioral adoption diversity on multi-layered networks. Meanwhile, individual adoption behaviors have LTI (local trend imitation) characteristics that help spread information. In order to study the diverse LTI behaviors on information propagation, a two-layer network model is presented. Following that, we provide two adoption threshold functions to describe diverse LTI behaviors. The crossover phenomena in the phase transition is shown to exist through theoretical derivation and experimental simulation. Specifically, the final spreading scale displays a second-order continuous phase transition when individuals exhibit active LTI behaviors, and, when individuals behave negatively, a first-order discontinuous phase transition can be noticed in the final spreading scale. Additionally, the propagation phenomena might be impacted by the degree distribution heterogeneity. Finally, there is a good agreement between the outcomes of our theoretical analysis and simulation.

Behavioral Propagation Based on Passionate Psychology on Single Networks with Limited Contact.

Passionate psychology behavior is a common behavior in everyday society but has been rarely studied on complex networks; so, it needs to be explored in more scenarios. In fact, the limited contact feature network will be closer to the real scene. In this paper, we study the influence of sensitive behavior and the heterogeneity of individual contact ability in a single-layer limited-contact network, and propose a single-layer model with limited contact that includes passionate psychology behaviors. Then, a generalized edge partition theory is used to study the information propagation mechanism of the model. Experimental results show that a cross-phase transition occurs. In this model, when individuals display positive passionate psychology behaviors, the final spreading scope will show a second-order continuous increase. When the individual exhibits negative sensitive behavior, the final spreading scope will show a first-order discontinuous increase In addition, heterogeneity in individuals' limited contact capabilities alters the speed of information propagation and the pattern of global adoption. Eventually, the outcomes of the theoretic analysis match those of the simulations.

Influence of heterogeneity of infection thresholds on epidemic spreading with neighbor resource supporting.

The spread of disease on complex networks has attracted wide attention in physics, mathematics, and epidemiology. Recent works have demonstrated that individuals always exhibit different criteria for disease infection in a network that significantly influences the epidemic dynamics. In this paper, considering the heterogeneity of node susceptibility, we proposed an infection threshold model with neighbor resource support. The infection threshold of an individual is associated with the degree, and a parameter follows the normal distribution. Based on improved heterogeneous mean-field theory and extensive numerical simulations, we find that the mean and standard deviation of the infection threshold model can affect the phase transition and epidemic outbreak size. As the mean of the normal distribution parameter increases from a small value to a large value, the system shows a change from a continuous phase transition to a discontinuous phase transition, and the disease even stops spreading. The disease spreads from a discontinuous phase transition to continuous for the sizeable mean value as the standard deviation increases. Furthermore, the standard deviation also varies in the outbreak size.

The effect of information-driven resource allocation on the propagation of epidemic with incubation period.

In the pandemic of COVID-19, there are exposed individuals who are infected but lack distinct clinical symptoms. In addition, the diffusion of related information drives aware individuals to spontaneously seek resources for protection. The special spreading characteristic and coevolution of different processes may induce unexpected spreading phenomena. Thus we construct a three-layered network framework to explore how information-driven resource allocation affects SEIS (susceptible-exposed-infected-susceptible) epidemic spreading. The analyses utilizing microscopic Markov chain approach reveal that the epidemic threshold depends on the topology structure of epidemic network and the processes of information diffusion and resource allocation. Conducting extensive Monte Carlo simulations, we find some crucial phenomena in the coevolution of information diffusion, resource allocation and epidemic spreading. Firstly, when E-state (exposed state, without symptoms) individuals are infectious, long incubation period results in more E-state individuals than I-state (infected state, with obvious symptoms) individuals. Besides, when E-state individuals have strong or weak infectious capacity, increasing incubation period has an opposite effect on epidemic propagation. Secondly, the short incubation period induces the first-order phase transition. But enhancing the efficacy of resources would convert the phase transition to a second-order type. Finally, comparing the coevolution in networks with different topologies, we find setting the epidemic layer as scale-free network can inhibit the spreading of the epidemic.

Underestimated disease prevalence and severe phenotypes in patients with biallelic variants: A cohort study of primary familial brain calcification from China.

BACKGROUND: Primary familial brain calcification (PFBC) is a rare calcifying disorder of the brain with extensive clinical and genetic heterogeneity. Its prevalence is underestimated due to clinical selection bias (compared with symptomatic PFBC patients, asymptomatic ones are less likely to undergo genetic testing). METHODS: A total of 273 PFBC probands were enrolled in a multicenter retrospective cohort study by two different approaches. In Group I (nonsystematic approach), 37 probands diagnosed at our clinic were enrolled. In Group II (systematic approach), 236 probands were enrolled by searching the medical imaging databases of 50 other hospitals using specific keywords. Genetic testing of four genes known to be causative of autosomal dominant PFBC was performed in all probands using cDNA. All identified variants were further confirmed using genomic DNA and classified according to ACMG-AMP recommendations. RESULTS: Thirty-two variants including 22 novel variants were detected in 37 probands. Among these probands, 83.8% (31/37) were asymptomatic. Two probands with homozygous pathogenic SLC20A2 variants presented more severe brain calcification and symptoms. Based on the variant detection rate of probands in Group II, we extrapolated an overall minimal prevalence of PFBC of 6.6 per 1,000, much higher than previously reported (2.1 per 1000). CONCLUSIONS: We identified a higher proportion of genetically confirmed PFBC probands who were asymptomatic. These patients would be overlooked due to clinical selection bias, leading to underestimation of the disease prevalence. Considering that PFBC patients with biallelic variants had more severe phenotypes, this specific condition should be focused on in genetic counseling.

Dynamics of social contagions with local trend imitation.

Research on social contagion dynamics has not yet included a theoretical analysis of the ubiquitous local trend imitation (LTI) characteristic. We propose a social contagion model with a tent-like adoption probability to investigate the effect of this LTI characteristic on behavior spreading. We also propose a generalized edge-based compartmental theory to describe the proposed model. Through extensive numerical simulations and theoretical analyses, we find a crossover in the phase transition: when the LTI capacity is strong, the growth of the final adoption size exhibits a second-order phase transition. When the LTI capacity is weak, we see a first-order phase transition. For a given behavioral information transmission probability, there is an optimal LTI capacity that maximizes the final adoption size. Finally we find that the above phenomena are not qualitatively affected by the heterogeneous degree distribution. Our suggested theoretical predictions agree with the simulation results.

Information filtering based on corrected redundancy-eliminating mass diffusion.

Methods used in information filtering and recommendation often rely on quantifying the similarity between objects or users. The used similarity metrics often suffer from similarity redundancies arising from correlations between objects' attributes. Based on an unweighted undirected object-user bipartite network, we propose a Corrected Redundancy-Eliminating similarity index (CRE) which is based on a spreading process on the network. Extensive experiments on three benchmark data sets-Movilens, Netflix and Amazon-show that when used in recommendation, the CRE yields significant improvements in terms of recommendation accuracy and diversity. A detailed analysis is presented to unveil the origins of the observed differences between the CRE and mainstream similarity indices.

[Overexpression of Shp-2 is associated with the unlimited growth and apoptosis resistance of p210 bcr-abl-mediated chronic myeloid leukemia].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression level of Shp-2 tyrosine phosphatase in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and its relationship with the unlimited growth and apoptosis resistance of p210 bcr/abl-induced malignant cells. METHODS: In this study, p210 bcr/abl positive leukemia cell specimens were obtained from 25 CML cases, meanwhile, bone marrow and peripheral blood cell samples from 8 non-tumor individuals and 10 normal individuals were used as p210 bcr/abl negative controls. K562 and KU812 leukemia cells were used as p210 bcr/abl positive controls, and KG-1 leukemia cell line was used as Shp-2 positive control. Specimens of peripheral blood and bone marrow of 25 adult patients of chronic myelocytic leukemia, 15 males and 10 females, aged 28-64, were collected. Specimens of bone marrow of 8 basically healthy adult volunteers and specimens of peripheral blood of 10 healthy adult volunteers were used as controls. The total cell protein was collected and the expression of Shp-2 was examined by Western blotting. Human leukemia cells of the line K562 were cultured. Shp-2 specific sense and antisense oligonucleotides were added into the culture fluid respectively. The cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry (FCM). STI571, specific inhibitor of p210 bcr/abl was added into the cultured fluid of K562 cells, then Western blotting and FCM were used to detect the protein expression of Shp-2 and p210 bcr/abl, and cell apoptosis. RESULTS: Phosphorylated Shp-2 (pShp)-2 protein was overexpressed in 92% (23/25) of the CML cells, but lowly expressed or not expressed in the normal hematopoietic cells. The mean pShp-2 protein/beta-actin ratio of the primary CML leukemia cells was 0.91 +/- 0.62, significantly higher than those of the normal bone marrow cells and peripheral blood hematopoietic cells (0.16 +/- 0.09 and 0.03 +/- 0.05 respectively, both P < 0.01). The apoptotic rates of the CML cells treated by Shp-2 specific antisense oligonucleotide of the concentrations of 1 micromol/L and 4 micromol/L respectively for 72 h was 7.98% and 20.29% respectively, both significantly higher than that of the control group (4.06%, P < 0.01). The number of clone of CML cells treated by 0.25 micromol/L and 1.0 micromol/L Shp-2 specific antisense oligonucleotide for 7 days were 67% (37/60) and 11.9% (5/42) that of the control group. Twenty-four and 48 hours after the stimulation of STI571 the expression level of Shp-2 protein in the CML cells decreased time-dependently and the CML cell apoptotic rates were 31.15% and 38.69% respectively, both lower than that of the control group (33.6%). The number of clone of CML cells effected by 0.25 micromol/L and 1.0 micromol/L Shp-2 specific antisense oligonucleotide for 7 days was 67% (37/60) and 11.9% (5/42) that of the control group. Twenty-four and 48 hours after the stimulation of STI571 the expression level of Shp-2 protein in the CML cells decreased time-dependently and the CML cell apoptotic rates were 31.15% and 38.69% respectively, both lower than that of the control group (33.6%). CONCLUSION: (1) The pShp-2 protein is overexpressed in CML cells, which is associated with the unlimited growth and apoptosis resistance of malignant cells. (2) Shp-2 is upregulated by p210 bcr/abl oncoprotein in CML.