Robust binary fringe generation method with defocus adaptability.

Current binary defocus technology mainly focuses on fringe generation suitable for specific frequencies without considering fringe adaptability for defocus-degree variation, which decreases the measuring accuracy for this scenario. To achieve a high-quality measurement, we propose a robust binary fringe generation method to minimize the phase error caused by changes in defocus and the random error in measurement. In the method, we establish a complete phase error model and construct a novel objective function, to the best of our knowledge, to optimize the binarization threshold of each pixel. Through derivation of the threshold gradient calculation formula, we quickly obtain optimal binary fringes that can adapt to different fringe pitches and various degrees of defocus. The experimental results verify that the proposed method can generate robust binary fringes adaptive to different fringe pitches and defocus degree variation, and thus achieve high-quality 3D measurements.

High dynamic defocus response method for binary defocusing fringe projection profilometry.

The measurement accuracy of high-speed binary defocusing fringe projection profilometry depends on the fringe pitch and defocus degree. During the measurement process, the degree of defocus changes with the measurement depth of the scenes. This makes it difficult to obtain a suitable defocus degree and achieve high-precision measurement owing to dynamic changes in the measurement object or environment. To address this problem, we propose a highly dynamic defocus response method to adaptively adjust fringe pitches for binary defocusing fringe projection profilometry. As the defocus degree changes significantly, the proposed method can respond quickly and adjust the fringe pitches adaptively to the scenes. Therefore, a high-precision dynamic measurement can be achieved for the current measuring scene. In this study, considering the effect of random error and nonlinear error, we established a complete phase-error model and used it as an optimization function. Based on this function, we obtained the optimal fringe pitch expression with the defocus degree and harmonic response parameters as variables. With the proposed method, we can obtain the defocus degree and harmonic response parameters during the measurement process and calculate the optimal fringe pitches for the current scenes. Thus, the proposed method can dynamically adapt to the measuring depth change and achieve an accurate measurement without modifying any hardware parameters.

Topical Application of Fingolimod Perturbs Cutaneous Inflammation.

The prevalence of allergies, including rhinitis, eczema, and anaphylaxis, is rising dramatically worldwide. This increase is especially problematic in children who bear the greatest burden of this rising trend. Increasing evidence identifies neutrophils as primary perpetrators of the more severe and difficult to manage forms of inflammation. A newly recognized mechanism by which neutrophils are recruited during the early phase of histamine-induced inflammation involves the sphingosine kinase (SK)/sphingosine-1-phosphate axis. This study examines whether topical application of fingolimod, an established SK/sphingosine-1-phosphate antagonist already in clinical use to treat multiple sclerosis, may be repurposed to treat cutaneous inflammation. Using two mouse models of ear skin inflammation (histamine- and IgE-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis) we topically applied fingolimod prophylactically, as well as after establishment of the inflammatory response, and examined ear swelling, SK activity, vascular permeability, leukocyte recruitment, and production of proinflammatory mediators. The present study reveals that when applied topically, fingolimod attenuates both immediate and late-phase responses to histamine with reduced extravasation of fluid, SK-1 activity, proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine production, and neutrophil influx and prevents ear swelling. Intravital microscopy demonstrates that histamine-induced neutrophil rolling and adhesion to the postcapillary venules in the mouse ears is significantly attenuated even after 24 h. More importantly, these effects are achievable even once inflammation is established. Translation into humans was also accomplished with epicutaneous application of fingolimod resolving histamine-induced and allergen-induced inflammatory reactions in forearm skin. Overall, this study demonstrates, to our knowledge for the first time, that fingolimod may be repurposed to treat cutaneous inflammation.