[The dynamics of ischemic heart disease and the risk factors among the male population of Moscow in the 1985 to 1995 period]. / Dinamika ishemicheskoi bolezni serdtsa i faktorov riska sredi muzhskogo naseleniia Moskvy za period 1985 po 1995.

The trends in prevalence of ischemic heart disease (IHD) and risk factors for 1985-1995 have been studied on random representative samples of male population from Moscow. For the decade studied IHD incidence increased, especially in younger males. Changes in IHD risk factors were the following: systolic and diastolic pressures were on the increase. HDLP cholesterol and total cholesterol in the blood lowered, total triglycerides were unchanged, incidence of smoking remained high.

[The characteristics of the levels of the blood pressure, physical development and risk factors for atherosclerosis in schoolchildren living in areas of radioactive contamination]. / Kharakteristika urovnei arterial'nogo davleniia, fizicheskogo razvitiia i faktorov riska ateroskleroza u shkol'nikov, prozhivaiushchikh v zonakh radioaktivnogo zagriazneniia.

One-stage epidemiological survey for prevalence of standard risk factors (blood pressure, body weight, atherosclerosis, smoking) has been performed on a representative sample of 828 schoolchildren aged 7-17 living in the Bryansk region (winter 1993). This territory underwent radionuclide contamination after the Chernobyl accident (1-5 Ci/km2). The comparison population consisted of matched schoolchildren from Moscow. According to the conventional criteria, schoolchildren from the survey population were at risk of atherosclerosis.

[The epidemiology of systolic and diastolic arterial hypertension in relation to risk factors and education among the male population of some cities of Russia, the CIS nations and the Baltic states (a cooperative study)]. / Epidemiologiia sistolicheskoi i diastolicheskoi arterial'noi gipertonii v sviazi s faktorami riska i obrazovaniem sredi muzhskogo naseleniia v nekotorykh gorodakh Rossii, stran SNG i pribaltiiskikh gosudarstv (kooperativnoe issledovanie).

The prevalence of systolic and diastolic arterial hypertension (AH) was studied on a material of random representative samples of male population aged 20-54 years in the cities of Moscow, Saint Petersburg [correction of Sankt-Peterburg], Tallinn, Kiev, Novosibirsk, Alma-Ata, Tashkent and Bishkek. AH was estimated in connection with risk factors (RF) from the standpoint of uni- and multidimensional statistical analysis. It has been established that RF (age, cholesterol and triglycerides concentration, overweight and alcohol use) make more significant contribution into the prevalence of diastolic AH whereas the systolic AH prevalence is largely determined only by age and education. The data obtained are likely to form the basis for the design of a more integral system of prophylaxis of cardiovascular diseases.

[A genetic-epidemiological model of predisposition to ischemic heart disease (1)]. / Genetiko-épidemiologicheskaia model' predraspolozhennosti k ishemicheskoi bolezni serdtsa (soobshchenie 1).

A genetic and epidemiological sample of 20-59-year-old males, Moscow residents (n = 3141), was surveyed. The authors obtained data on the prevalence of coronary heart disease from epidemiological criteria and genealogical data on cardiovascular diseases by the "Familial History" questionnaire in the first-degree relatives who were interviewed by using a genetic and mathematical monolocus diallelic model. It was found that out of the 10 possible variants under study a genetic and environmental variant with independent penetrance of 3 genotypes adequately describes the prevalence of coronary heart disease in the families and in the population. This suggest that both genetic and environmental factors have an influence on the prevalence of coronary heart disease and that there is a possible genetic polymorphism of the disease.

[Significance of risk factors in the prevalence of ischemic heart disease in men living in different climatic-geographic areas of Russia, the CIS countries and the Baltic states (a cooperative study)]. / Znachenie faktorov riska v rasprostranennosti ishemicheskoi bolezni serdtsa u muzhchin, prozhivaiushchikh v razlichnykh klimato-geograficheskikh zonakh Rossii, stran SNG i Pribaltiiskikh gosudarstv (kooperativnoe issledovanie).

The paper deals with the contribution of risk factors to the spread of coronary heart disease (CHD) among males living in various cities and towns of Russia, CIS countries and Baltic states. The examination of random representative samples of male populations established that risk factors, such as age, arterial hypertension, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, dyslipoproteinemia, and smoking (p < 0.05), make a significant contribution to the spread of CHD, including acute CHD. Age, arterial hypertension, and body weight (p < 0.01) also make a substantial contribution to the development of CHD. The risk factors play a greater role in the spread of CHD in Tallinn, Alma-Ata, St. Petersburg, and Novosibirsk than in Moscow and Ufa, but in the spread of acute CHD in Tallinn, Kaunas, Ufa, and Alma-Ata than in Moscow and St. Petersburg.

[The epidemiology of the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and their combination among the male population in the cities of different regions of the CIS Nations and Baltic states. A cooperative study]. / Epidemiologiia faktorov riska serdechno-sosudistykh zabolevanii i ikh kombinatsii sredi muzhskogo naseleniia v gorodakh razlichnykh regionov SNG i pribaltiiskikh gosudarstv. Kooperativnoe issledovanie.

The prevalence of risk factors (RF) to develop cardiovascular disorders alone and in combination has been studied in males aged 20-54 differing by occupation and education. They lived in various cities of CIS and Baltic States. It was established that RF alone and in combination are common among the male population. The risk is the highest in the group of males engaged in hard physical labour (p < 0.05) and in low-education subjects. In subjects with higher education RF are the lowest. RF alone and in combination proved higher in Europeans and Siberians compared to males living in the Central Asia.

[The comparative characteristics of the distribution of the lipid component of the blood and the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia in men 20-54 years old in the cities of the CIS Nations and Estonia (a cooperative study)]. / Sravnitel'naia kharakteristika raspredeleniia lipidnogo sostava krovi i rasprostranennost' giperkholesterinemii u muzhchin 20--54 let v nekotorykh gorodakh SNG i Estonii (kooperativnoe issledovanie).

A comparative study of hypercholesterolemia and lipid distribution in males aged 20-54 randomly selected in one of the districts of Moscow, St. Petersburg, Tallinn, Kiev, Novosibirsk, Tashkent, Alma-Ata and Bishkek has been performed. A comparative interpopulation analysis involved mean values of blood lipid spectrum: total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLPC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLPC). TC, TG, LDLPC in blood were higher in European region and Siberia than in Middle Asia populations. These findings correlated with hypercholesterolemia prevalence. An average of 50% of European population studied need preventive treatment for hypercholesterolemia.

[The results of conducting a program for the supplementary education of medical workers in the problems of preventing and treating arterial hypertension (a population study)]. / Rezul'taty provedeniia programmy dopolnitel'nogo obrazovaniia meditsinskikh rabotnikov po voprosam profilaktiki i lecheniia arterial'noi gipertonii (populiatsionnoe issledovanie).

A programme on supplementary health education of medical staff from city polyclinics in the prevention and treatment of arterial hypertension was launched in one of the Moscow districts for 3 years. Another district was used as a comparison subject. Representative samples of residents aged 35-64 years from the two districts were screened before and after implementation of the programme. The WHO International MONICA programme was used to evaluate the efficiency of the programme proposed by the authors. The intervention district showed an improvement of hypertensives' awareness of the disease and a double increase in the number of patients with a high compliance. In the comparison district, these parameters remained unchanged. According to the criteria developed in the MONICA programme, there was a downward tendency in the incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke and these diseases-related deaths in the intervention district, whereas this was not observed in the district under comparison.

[Risk factors of ischemic heart disease and arteriosclerosis among the population of Tallinn: their relation to age, sex and ethnic origin (a population study)]. / Faktory riska ishemicheskoi bolezni serdtsa i ateroskleroza u zhitelei Tallinna: sviaz' s vozrastom, polom, étnicheskoi prinadlezhnost'iu (populiatsionnoe issledovanie).

A random sample of males aged 30-54, females aged 30-54, and schoolchildren aged 10-14 years who live in Tallinn underwent a cross-sectional epidemiological study. A total of 4149 individuals were examined. The adults and children showed different atherogenic changes in lipid parameters, the former displayed high blood pressures, whereas the Estonian children had higher levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and diastolic blood pressure. The Estonian males had more pronounced atherogenic shifts of lipid parameters, low levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol, while the Russians smoked more cigarettes. The Russian females had higher blood pressures and body weight index than the Estonian ones. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that body weight was the most common correlate of blood pressure and lipid levels both for children and adults.

[Epidemiology of ischemic heart disease as related to the main risk factors among the male population in various Soviet cities (a cooperative study)]. / Epidemiologiia ishemicheskoi bolezni serdtsa i ee sviaz' osnovnymi faktorami riska sredi muzhskogo naseleniia v nekotorykh gorodakh SSSR (kooperativnoe issledovnaie).

A study was made of the prevalence of coronary heart disease, risk factors (arterial hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypo-alpha-cholesterolemia, overweight, tobacco-smoking) and of the relation of coronary heart disease to the risk factors in men aged 20 to 39 years and 40 to 54 years, living in 8 cities of the USSR. The study was carried out on material of random representative samples. It has been established that the prevalence of coronary heart disease and risk factors is bigger among the populations living in the European part of the USSR and Siberia, being lower among the populations of Central Asia. The relationship between coronary heart disease and the risk factors is pronounced to a greater measure in arterial hypertension and overweight and to a less degree in other conditions. Besides, the relation of coronary heart disease to the risk factors is marked to a much greater measure among men belonging to the senior age groups.

[Increased risk of death from coronary heart disease in men with low blood concentration of total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol according to data from a prospective epidemiologic study in Moscow and Leningrad within the framework of Soviet-American cooperation]. / Povyshennyi risk smerti ot koronarnoi bolezni serdtsa u muzhchin s nizkoi kontsentratsiei v krovi obshchego kholesterina i kholesterina lipoproteidov nizkoi plotnosti po dannym prospektivnogo épidemiologichekogo issledovaniia v Moskve i Leningrade v ramkakh Sovetsko-Amerikanskogo sotrudnichestva.

The authors provide the results of a prospective study carried out for almost 10 years among men who underwent screenings in 1975-1977 at an age of 40-59 years in Moscow and Leningrad (overall 6431 persons) with a purpose of analyzing potential causes of high risk of death from coronary heart disease in a group of subjects with hypocholesterolemia. Based on a mathematical-statistical analysis, variants of the interpretations of the indicated fact are presented.

[Comparative characteristics of nutrition of the male population in some cities of the USSR (a cooperative study)]. / Sravnitel'naia kharakteristika pitaniia muzhskogo naseleniia v nekotorykh gorodakh SSSR (kooperativnoe issledovanie).

The state of nutrition was studied in men of varying age groups (20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-54 years) living in different cities of the USSR. The standard method of food ration "daily reproduction" was used to investigate 25% of representative subsample in each age group. It has been found that the daily ration of men living in the European part of the USSR (Moscow, Kiev, Tallinn) is characterized by a rather high caloric value and by a significant imbalance in the consumption of the main food substances.

[Characteristics of the nutrition of the male population of Ufa]. / Kharakteristika pitaniia muzhskogo naseleniia Ufy.

The method of daily ration reproduction was used to study the actual nutrition of 25% of male subsampling comprising 674 subjects, during the epidemiological investigation of unorganized male population in a region of Ufa. The results of the study have shown that the caloric value of their nutrition does not exceed the established standards and is diminished with age. Protein consumption meets the physiological requirements, animal proteins prevail in their structure. Carbohydrate consumption is low, mainly at the expense of starch, while the share of sugar is high. Fat consumption exceeds the values recommended, mainly at the expense of saturated fatty acids. Cholesterol consumption is excessive. The established nutrition imbalance of the main food substances has evidenced the atherogenic character of the population nutrition, prevalence of animal food products in its structure, that should be taken into consideration when measures for the prevention of coronary heart disease are elaborated.

[The regional characteristics of the prevalence of elevated arterial pressure in the schoolchildren of Moscow, Tallinn and Novosibirsk (a cooperative study)]. / Regional'nye osobennosti rasprostraneniia povyshennogo arterial'nogo davleniia u shkol'nikov Moskvy, Tallinna i Novosibirska (kooperativenoe issledovanie).

The authors describe the results of a cooperative epidemiological screening of schoolchildren aged 11 to 14 years, living in Moscow, Tallinn and Novosibirsk. 1219 persons underwent screening in Moscow, 923 in Novosibirsk, and 1227 in Tallinn; the screening coverage was 88.3, 92 and 87.2%, respectively. The mean values of systolic and diastolic arterial pressure (AP), the anthropometric parameters, and of the degree of puberty are given with respect to the cities. The structure as well as predictors of high AP in schoolchildren differed with respect to the above-indicated cities. The highest AP values were identified in Moscow schoolchildren whereas the least ones in schoolchildren living in Tallinn. The data obtained were compared to those of the epidemiological screening of the male population aged 20 to 54 years, living in the same cities. A reverse correlation has been established.

[Practical evaluation of risk of acute myocardial infarct or sudden death]. / Prakticheskaia otsenka riska vozniknoveniia ostrogo infarkta miokarda ili vnezapnoi smerti.

A model (a formula) is given to estimate a risk for acute myocardial infarction or sudden death in the next 5 years. This model has been derived by using a logistic function method on the material obtained from a 8.5-year follow-up of males aged 40-59 years who represented a random sample from one of the Moscow districts. Age, duration of smoking, systolic blood pressure, exercise-induced angina, myocardial infarction in his or his familial history were used as a parameter for risk. This formula is proposed to be applied to the risk classification in patients examined and followed by the practitioners and middle-level medical personnel, to the planning and coordination of preventive measures.

[Subfractionated conversions of high density lipoproteins in vitro in sera with various lipid spectra]. / Subfraktsionnye perekhody lipoproteidov vysokoi plotnosti in vitro v syvorotkakh s razlichnymi lipidnymi spektrami.

Using gradient gel electrophoresis, the interconversions of high density lipoproteins (HDL) upon heating for 24 hours at 37 degrees C of blood sera obtained from dyslipidemic patients, were studied. It was shown that during incubation of normolipidemic, hypercholesterolemic and hyperalphacholesterolemic sera, the portion of large particles of HDL2 subclass (HDL2b) is increased with a simultaneous decrease in the portion of the smallest particles of HDL3 subclass (HDL3b and HDL3c). Contrariwise, in hypertriglyceridemic and hypoalphacholesterolemic sera the portion of the largest HDL2b particles is decreased, while that of middle-sized HDL3a is increased. Hence, hypertriglyceridemia and hypoalphacholesterolemia are not associated with an intensive conversion of small HDL3 particles into large HDL2 ones, which may be the reason for the decreased cholesterol transport function of HDL.