Knowledge and awareness of nicotine, nicotine replacement therapy, and electronic cigarettes among general practitioners with a special interest in respiratory medicine in China.

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the knowledge and awareness of nicotine, nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), and electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) among general practitioners with a special interest (GPwSIs) in respiratory medicine. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2021 to February 2022. Knowledge and awareness were compared among smokers and non-smokers, as well as different age and gender groups. Results: The study consisted of 102 GPwSIs from 21 cities in Sichuan Province, China. Most respondents would recommend NRT for long-term use. Only a few believed that e-cigarettes are an effective means of smoking cessation and 71.6% would not recommend e-cigarettes as a substitute for cigarettes to their patients. Additionally, the majority did not regularly provide extensive help to assist patients in quitting smoking and needed smoking cessation counseling training. Conclusion: GPwSIs in respiratory medicine in China could have a relatively low level of knowledge and awareness regarding nicotine, NRT, and e-cigarettes. The study highlights the need for smoking cessation training among GPwSIs to improve their knowledge and provide better assistance to patients who want to quit smoking.

Factors Affecting the Risk of Postpartum Hemorrhage in Pregnant Women in Tibet Health Facilities.

BACKGROUND Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), the leading cause of maternal death, is defined as a blood loss >500 mL within 24 h after vaginal delivery or >1000 mL within 24 h after cesarean section. This study aimed to investigate the incidence of PPH and assess its risk factors in pregnant women in Tibet to provide a reference for clinicians in this region. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 4796 pregnant women with gestational age ≥28 weeks who were admitted to hospitals in Tibet between December 2010 and December 2016 were involved in this study. Patient sociological and clinical data and pregnancy outcomes were collected. The related risk factors of PPH were analyzed by univariate and multivariable logistic regression. The area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic curves was used to evaluate the effect of the PPH prediction model. RESULTS PPH occurred in 95 women, with an incidence of 1.98%. The following factors were associated with higher risk for PPH: maternal age ≥35 (odds ratio [OR]=1.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.18-3.27; P=0.010), history of preterm birth (OR=2.66; 95% CI, 1.60-4.42; P<0.001), cesarean section (OR=6.69; 95% CI, 4.30-10.40; P<0.001), neonatal weight >4 kg (OR=3.92; 95% CI, 1.75-8.81; P<0.001) and occurrence of neonatal asphyxia (OR=5.52; 95% CI, 2.22-13.74; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Maternal age ≥35, history of preterm birth, cesarean section, newborn weight >4 kg, and neonatal asphyxia were risk factors of PPH, which can help evaluate PPH in Tibet.

[Epidemiological Survey on Intestinal Parasitic Infections in Lhasa City in 2014].

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of parasitic infections in Lhasa, Tibet. Methods: The residents in Chengguan District, Dangxiong County, Dazi County and Qushui County were selected to participate in the study in 2014, using the stratified random sampling method. Infections with the soil-borne nematodes in feces were examined in triplicates using the Kato-Katz method. Further, the Enterobius vermicularis were examined using the cellophane anal swab method in children aged 3-12 years, and the intestinal protozoa were detected by iodine staining. The parasitic infection was analyzed by sex, age, and occupation. Comparisons were made using Chi-square test. Results: A total of 1 015 residents（39.3±18.2 years: age range, 1-89 years） participated in the study, including 391 males（38.6%） and 623 females（61.4%）. Two hundred and forty-nine participants were positive for parasitic infections, with an overall infection rate of 24.5%（249/1 015）. The infection rate was 21.7%（220/1 015） for Taenia sp., 0.2%（2/1 015） for Trichuris trichiura and E. vermicularis respectively, 4.1%（42/1 015） for Entamoeba coli, 0.4%（4/1 015） for Giardia lamblia, 0.2%（2/1 015） for Iodamoeba butschlii. No infection was found for other parasites. There was no significant sexual difference in the infection rate of Taenia (male 21.2%, 83/391; female 22.0%, 137/624), T. trichiura (male 0; female 0.3%, 2/624), E. vermicularis (male 0.3%, 2/391; female 0.2%, 1/624), E. coli (male 5.4%, 21/391; female 3.4%, 21/624), G. lamblia (male 0.8%, 3/391; female 0.2%, 1/624), or I. butschlii (male 0; female 0.3%, 2/624) (P>0.05). The Taenia sp. infection rate in the age groups of 0-17, 18-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59 and ≥ 60 years was 10.9%（18/165）, 14.0%（18/129）, 23.0%（43/187）, 25.3%（61/241）, 26.5%（41/155）, and 28.3%（39/138）, respectively, with significant differences between groups of 0-17 and 40-49 years and between groups of 50-59 and ≥ 60 years (P<0.01). The infection rate of E. coli, T. trichiura and I. butschlii was highest in the age group of 50-59 years（6.5%, 10/155; 0.7%, 1/155; 1.3%, 2/155 respectively）. Among various occupations, farmers showed the highest infection rate for Taenia（44.5%, 147/330）, E. coli（6.4%, 21/33）, E. vermicularis （0.6%, 2/330） and I. butschlii（0.3%, 1/330）; housewives had the highest infection rate for T. trichiura（2.5%, 1/40）; and the students had the highest infection rate for G. lamblia (0.7%, 1/134). Conclusion: There are infections with various intestinal parasites in the participants of Lhasa City, among which taenia infection reaches 20.7% while others have a low level of infection.

[Quality control method of Tibetan medicine Saussureae obvalltae].

To control the quality of Tibetan medicine Saussureae obvalltae, the quality control method and standard were established in this study. The water content, total ash, acid-insoluble ash and ethanol-soluble extractives of Saussureae obvalltae were determined according to the methods recorded in appendix of Chinese Pharmacopeia(2010 edition). Microscopical identification was performed for the plant and powder of the leaves. The TLC method was established, with chlorogenic acid and rutin as control substances, and a mixture of acetate-btuanone-formic acid-water (10∶6∶1∶2) as developing solvent and silica gel G as thin layer plate. Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse XDB-C18 (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 µm) column was adopted and eluted with the mobile phase of acetonitrile-0.1% phosphoric acid (17∶83) in a gradient mode at a flow rate of 1.0 mL•min⁻¹. The column temperature was 40 ℃ and the detection wavelength was 350 nm. As a result, the plant and leaves of Saussureae obvalltae of different origins showed constent microscopic features. Chlorogenic acid, rutin and the other constituents were well separated on TLC detected under the sun light. According to the results of the methodological study, chlorogenic acid and rutin were in good linear correlation in the ranges of 0.119 2-0.715 4 µg(r=0.999 9) and 0.160 7-0.964 4 µg(r=1.000), and the average recoveries were 105.4% (RSD 1.4%) and 99.50% (RSD 0. 91%), respectively. The content of ethanol-soluble extractives, water content, total ash and acid-insoluble ash were 26.01%-31.59%, 7.16%-8.04%, 8.46%-11.14%,0.50%-1.87%, respectively. According to the study, the established method was specific and accurate, which could be used for the quality control of this drug.

Quality control method of Tibetan medicine Saussureae obvalltae / 中国中药杂志

To control the quality of Tibetan medicine Saussureae obvalltae, the quality control method and standard were established in this study. The water content, total ash, acid-insoluble ash and ethanol-soluble extractives of Saussureae obvalltae were determined according to the methods recorded in appendix of Chinese Pharmacopeia(2010 edition). Microscopical identification was performed for the plant and powder of the leaves. The TLC method was established, with chlorogenic acid and rutin as control substances, and a mixture of acetate-btuanone-formic acid-water (10∶6∶1∶2) as developing solvent and silica gel G as thin layer plate. Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse XDB-C₁₈ (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm) column was adopted and eluted with the mobile phase of acetonitrile-0.1% phosphoric acid (17∶83) in a gradient mode at a flow rate of 1.0 mL•min⁻¹. The column temperature was 40 ℃ and the detection wavelength was 350 nm. As a result, the plant and leaves of Saussureae obvalltae of different origins showed constent microscopic features. Chlorogenic acid, rutin and the other constituents were well separated on TLC detected under the sun light. According to the results of the methodological study, chlorogenic acid and rutin were in good linear correlation in the ranges of 0.119 2-0.715 4 μg(r=0.999 9) and 0.160 7-0.964 4 μg(r=1.000), and the average recoveries were 105.4% (RSD 1.4%) and 99.50% (RSD 0. 91%), respectively. The content of ethanol-soluble extractives, water content, total ash and acid-insoluble ash were 26.01%-31.59%, 7.16%-8.04%, 8.46%-11.14%,0.50%-1.87%, respectively. According to the study, the established method was specific and accurate, which could be used for the quality control of this drug.

Analysis of monitoring results of drinking-tea borne endemic fluorosis in Lhasa of Tibet / 中国地方病学杂志

ObjectiveTo understand the harm of drinking-tea borne endemic flnorosis on human body and to provide a scientific basis for the formulation of effective control measures.MethodsSeven counties in Lhasa of Tibet were selected as monitoring counties in 2008.Four townships in each county were selected(including 2 villages in Chengguan county),and 2 administrative villages in each township were selected as monitoring villages.By using Dean method,dental fluorosis of every child aged 8 - 12 in the monitoring villages was examined.At the same time,urine samples were randomly collected in each age group in the above-mentioned villages.The content of fluoride in urine was determined by F-ion selective electrode (WS/T 30-1996) and evaluated according to “The Normal Concentration of Uriary Fluride of Population” (WS/T 256-2005).Over 18 years old in the monitoring counties were divided into five age group as - 25,- 35,- 45,- 55 and 56 -,at least 10 ment were randomly selected in each age group to be examined clinical skeletal fluorosis,and the diagnosis was based on the endemic skeletal fluorosis standard(WS 192-2007 ).At the same time,adult dental fluorosis diagnosis and urinary fluoride examination were done.Drinking water samples in each survey point were collected and water fluoride was determination by ion selective electrode method.Results①Dental fluorosis:a total of 723 children aged 8 to 12 were examined,91 cases of dental fluorosis were detected,and detection rate was 12.58％,dental fluorosis index was 0.34; ②adult dental fluorosis:a total of 2626 adults were examined,998 cases of dental fluorosis were detected,and detection rate was 38.00％,dental fluorosis index was 0.71; ③Adult clinical skeletal fluorosis:a total of 2626 adults were examined,15 degree Ⅱ clinical skeletal fluorosis patients were detected,and the detection rate was 0.57％ ; ④Child urine fluoride:a total of 700 child urine samples were collected.The geometric mean was 1.97 mg/L,ranged 0.01 to 17.56 rng/L; ⑤Adult urine fluoride:a total of 2626 adults were examined,geometric mean 2.16 mg/L,ranged 0.01 to 56.87 mg/L; ⑥Water fluoride:52 water samples were tested in survey sites,and fluoride content of 15 water samples exceeded the standard; ⑦Tea fluorine content:2000 tea samples were tested; median tea fluoride was 2.38 mg/L,ranged from 0.03 to 56.87 mg/L.ConclusionsFluorosis is serious in Lhasa,which is directly related to drinking brick tea,it is recommended that to drink brick tea with lowfluoride,and discard bad living habits.

Characteristics of stroke in tibet autonomous region in china: a hospital-based study of acute stroke.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We know little of the current status of stroke in Tibet Autonomous Region in China. This study was designed to investigate the characteristics of acute stroke in Tibet. METHODS: We conducted a hospital-based study on acute first-ever stroke in the People's Hospital of Tibet Autonomous Region (PHOTAR), and then compared the data collected to that from West China Hospital (WCH). RESULTS: The study included 301 inpatients from PHOTAR and 3,334 from WCH. The peak age group in PHOTAR was one decade younger than in WCH. Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) was the main stroke subtype in PHOTAR (74.1%). The prevalence of hypertension and heavy alcohol consumption prior to stroke were the most important vascular risk factors. Treatments for stroke in PHOTAR lacked standardization and in-hospital mortality was higher for each subtype. CONCLUSIONS: ICH is the dominant stroke subtype in Tibet Autonomous Region, and can be attributed to high rates of hypertension and heavy alcohol consumption. Greater public awareness of stroke and effective management of risk factors should be implemented immediately in Tibet.

Complexation, structure, and superoxide dismutase activity of the imidazolate-bridged dinuclear copper moiety with beta-cyclodextrin and its guanidinium-containing derivative.

An imidazolate-bridged homodinuclear complex, {[Cu(L)(H2O)]2(im)}(ClO4)3 (1), assembled with beta-cyclodextrin (betaCD) and its guanidinium-containing derivative (betaGCD), and thus a helical inclusion complex, {[Cu(L)(H2O)(betaCD)]2(im)}(ClO4)3 (2), were successfully isolated and structurally characterized. Structural analysis showed that each Cu(II) ion has a distorted square pyramidal N4Ow coordination sphere and forms a chiral chain through hydrogen-bonding and hydrophobic interactions. The UV-vis data showed that such a chain can provide the imidazolate bridge additional stability and results in the dissociation equilibrium taking place at the physiological pH. The obtained IC50 value for 2 (0.23 muM) showed a high superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, which corresponds to a highly stable imidazolate bridge. Interestingly, the guanidinium-containing 1/betaGCD system showed higher SOD activity (IC50 = 0.16 muM), which is enhanced at least by 30% in comparison with that of guanidinium-lacking 2. This result supports that the positive guanidinium plays a role in the catalytic mechanism of Cu,Zn-SOD by ensuring that superoxide enters and peroxide leaves rapidly from the coordination sphere of the copper ion.

[RAPD analysis for the genetic diversity of Brassica rapa in Tibet].

Tibet, a most beautiful place, locating in southwestern China. She has been called as the third pole of the earth. Unique geological history, complex land surface and climatic zones, various soil types, all different wild vegetations etc., all of these make Tibet a very typical area of vertical agricultural ecosystem. The ecosystem in Tibet may be the most complex in the world, which varies from place to place. Genetic differentiation of 107 accessions of Brassica rapa from Tibet plateau was studied by DNA PAPD analysis using 2210 bp random primers, the genetical distribution in 107 accession of Brassica rapa from Tibet plateau was found. The results are as follows: (1) Total 236 bands were produced from 107 Tibet oilseed accession of B. rapa germaplasm resource in Tibet, of 210 bands amplified from B. rapa germaplasm resource showed polymorphism, with the ratio 88.98%. The result showed that oilseed accession of B. rapa in Tibet has richer genetic diversity; (2) Dendrogram constructed from DNA RAPDs showed that 107 accessions of B. rapa from Tibet plateau were divided into 11 cluster by calculating genetic distance, the cluster analysis showed that the genetic variation among oilseed accessions of B. rapa was closely related with their eco-geographic distribution; extensive variation existed among the accessions from Tibet Province. Based on the analysis of unique geological history, complex land surface and climatic zones, various soil types, complex growing environments, long agricultural history, different cropping systems, and natural and artificial selection as well as plant geography, plant evolution theory, it concludes that Tibet is one of the oil seed gene centers in the word.