The role of spatial information in an approximate cross-modal number matching task.

The approximate number system (ANS) is thought to be an innate cognitive system that allows humans to perceive numbers (>4) in a fuzzy manner. One assumption of the ANS is that numerosity is represented amodally due to a mechanism, which filters out nonnumerical information from stimulus material. However, some studies show that nonnumerical information (e.g., spatial parameters) influence the numerosity percept as well. Here, we investigated whether there is a cross-modal transfer of spatial information between the haptic and visual modality in an approximate cross-modal number matching task. We presented different arrays of dowels (haptic stimuli) to 50 undergraduates and asked them to compare haptically perceived numerosity to two visually presented dot arrays. Participants chose which visually presented array matched the numerosity of the haptic stimulus. The distractor varied in number and displayed a random pattern, whereas the matching (target) dot array was either spatially identical or spatially randomized (to the haptic stimulus). We hypothesized that if a "numerosity" percept is based solely on number, neither spatially identical nor spatial congruence between the haptic and the visual target arrays would affect the accuracy in the task. However, results show significant processing advantages for targets with spatially identical patterns and, furthermore, that spatial congruency between haptic source and visual target facilitates performance. Our results show that spatial information was extracted from the haptic stimuli and influenced participants' responses, which challenges the assumption that numerosity is represented in a truly abstract manner by filtering out any other stimulus features.

Get in touch with numbers - an approximate number comparison task in the haptic modality.

The Approximate Number System (ANS) is conceptualized as an innate cognitive system that allows humans to perceive numbers of objects or events (>4) in a fuzzy, imprecise manner. The representation of numbers is assumed to be abstract and not bound to a particular sense. In the present study, we test the assumption of a shared cross-sensory system. We investigated approximate number processing in the haptic modality and compared performance to that of the visual modality. We used a dot comparison task (DCT), in which participants compare two dot arrays and decide which one contains more dots. In the haptic DCT, 67 participants had to compare two simultaneously presented dot arrays with the palms of their hands; in the visual DCT, participants inspected and compared dot arrays on a screen. Tested ratios ranged from 2.0 (larger/smaller number) to 1.1. As expected, in both the haptic and the visual DCT responses similarly depended on the ratio of the numbers of dots in the two arrays. However, on an individual level, we found evidence against medium or stronger positive correlations between "ANS acuity" in the visual and haptic DCTs. A regression model furthermore revealed that besides number, spacing-related features of dot patterns (e.g., the pattern's convex hull) contribute to the percept of numerosity in both modalities. Our results contradict the strong theory of the ANS solely processing number and being independent of a modality. According to our regression and response prediction model, our results rather point towards a modality-specific integration of number and number-related features.

Resolution of chiral, tetrahedral M4L6 metal-ligand hosts.

The supramolecular metal-ligand assemblies of M416 stoichiometry are chiral (M = GaIII, AlIII, InIII, FeIII, TiIV, or GeIV, H41 = N,N'-bis(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)-1,5-diaminonaphthalene). The resolution process of delta delta delta delta- and lambda lambda lambda lambda-[M(4)1(6)]12- by the chiral cation S-nicotinium (S-nic+) is described for the Ga(III), Al(III), and Fe(III) assemblies, and the resolution is shown to be proton dependent. From a methanol solution of M(acac)3, H(4)1, S-nicI, and KOH, the delta delta delta delta-KH3(S-nic)7[(S-nic) subset M(4)1(6)] complexes precipitate, and the lambda lambda lambda lambda-K6(S-nic)5[(S-nic) subset M(4)1(6)] complexes subsequently can be isolated from the supernatant. Ion exchange enables the isolation of the (NEt4(+))(12), (NMe4(+))(12), and K+(12) salts of the resolved structures, which have been characterized by CD and NMR spectroscopies. Resolution can also be accomplished with 1 equiv of NEt4+ blocking the cavity interior, demonstrating that external binding sites are responsible for the difference in S-nic+ enantiomer interactions. Circular dichroism data demonstrate that the (NMe4(+))(12) and (NEt4(+))(12) salts of the resolved [Ga(4)1(6)]12- and [Al(4)1(6)]12- structures retain their chirality over extended periods of time (>20 d) at room temperature; heating the (NEt4(+))(12)[Ga(4)1(6)] assembly to 75 degrees C also had no effect on its CD spectrum. Finally, experiments with the resolved K(12)[Ga(4)1(6)] assemblies point to the role of a guest in stabilizing the resolved framework.