The impact of the distal ureteral diameter ratio, bladder volume at onset of vesicoureteral reflux, and/or grade in predictive models of clinical outcomes in children with vesicoureteral reflux.

PURPOSE: Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) grade has been used as a primary factor in assessing a child's risk of clinical outcomes. Unfortunately, grade has poor inter-observer reliability. We hypothesized that more objective and reliable VCUG parameters including the distal ureteral diameter ratio (UDR) and volume at onset of VUR (Vol) may either augment or replace the current grading system to provide more reliable prediction of clinical outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Multivariate clinical outcome models were analyzed to assess the impact on predictive accuracy by the addition of voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) data including grade, UDR, and Vol, alone or in combinations. Clinical variables from retrospective review of 841 children's records included age, gender, presentation, VUR laterality, bowel and bladder dysfunction, history of febrile urinary tract infection (UTI), and number of UTIs. The primary outcomes assessed included VUR resolution or persistence and need for operative intervention. RESULTS: Grade, UDR, and Vol were independent predictors of resolution and operative intervention. Vol increased predictive accuracy in resolution models with grade or UDR alone; however, no significant difference occurred in models with the substitution of grade with UDR. CONCLUSIONS: A more reliable classification system for VUR, with improved predictive accuracy regarding clinical outcomes, may be developed incorporating UDR and Vol. Whether VUR grade can be completely replaced by Vol and UDR measurements requires further evaluation with larger number of patients.

Pediatric Palliative Epilepsy Surgery: A Report From the Pediatric Epilepsy Research Consortium (PERC) Surgery Database.

BACKGROUND: Epilepsy surgery is an underutilized resource for children with drug-resistant epilepsy. Palliative and definitive surgical options can reduce seizure burden and improve quality of life. Palliative epilepsy surgery is often seen as a "last resort" compared to definitive surgical options. We compare patient characteristics between palliative and definitive epilepsy surgical patients and present palliative surgical outcomes from the Pediatric Epilepsy Research Consortium surgical database. METHODS: The Pediatric Epilepsy Research Consortium Epilepsy Surgery database is a prospective registry of patients aged 0-18 years undergoing evaluation for epilepsy surgery at 20 pediatric epilepsy centers. We included all children with completed surgical therapy characterized as definitive or palliative. Demographics, epilepsy type, age of onset, age at referral, etiology of epilepsy, treatment history, time-to-referral/evaluation, number of failed anti-seizure medications (ASMs), imaging results, type of surgery, and postoperative outcome were acquired. RESULTS: Six hundred forty patients undergoing epilepsy surgery were identified. Patients undergoing palliative procedures were younger at seizure onset (median: 2.1 vs 4 years, P= 0.0008), failed more ASM trials before referral for presurgical evaluation (P=<0.0001), and had longer duration of epilepsy before referral for surgery (P=<0.0001). During presurgical evaluation, patients undergoing palliative surgery had shorter median duration of video-EEG data collected (P=0.007) but number of cases where ictal data were acquired was similar between groups. The most commonly performed palliative procedure was corpus callosotmy (31%), followed by lobectomy (21%) and neuromodulation (82% responsive neurostimulation vs 18% deep brain stimulation). Palliative patients were further categorized into traditionally palliative procedures vs traditionally definitive procedures. The majority of palliative patients had 50% reduction or better in seizure burden. Seizure free outcomes were significantly higher among those with traditional definitive surgeries, 41% (95% confidence interval: 26% to 57%) compared with traditional palliative surgeries and 9% (95% confidence interval: 2% to 17%). Rate of seizure freedom was 46% at 24 months or greater of follow-up in the traditional definitive group. CONCLUSIONS: Patients receiving palliative epilepsy surgery trialed more ASMs, were referred later after becoming drug resistant, and had longer gaps between drug resistance and epilepsy surgery compared with patients undergoing definitive epilepsy surgery. The extent of surgical evaluation is impacted if surgery is thought to be palliative. A majority of palliative surgery patients achieved >50% seizure reduction at follow-up, both in groups that received traditionally palliative and traditionally definitive surgical procedures. Palliative surgical patients can achieve greater seizure control and should be referred to an epilepsy surgery center promptly after failing two appropriate anti-seizure medications.

Fetal left and right ventricular strain parameters using speckle tracking in congenital heart diseases.

Assessment of fetal ventricular function is mostly subjective, and currently, for the objective assessment left ventricular shortening fraction is obtained. However, this by itself is not very reliable. Hence, more tools that can provide an objective assessment are needed to increase the confidence of functional assessment. Speckle tracking imaging can provide one such tool. In this study we sought to establish the normative value of global longitudinal and circumferential strain for our fetal patients and for two major forms of congenital heart diseases, namely atrioventricular canal defects (AVC) and uncorrected dextro-transposition of the great arteries (dTGA) to act as a benchmark. The study was completed via a single center retrospective analysis on 72 fetal echocardiograms (26 normal, 15 dTGA, and 31 AVC). Tomtec Arena™ echocardiography analysis software was used for analysis. In normal fetuses, mean left ventricular (LV) global longitudinal strain (GLS) was - 22.6% (95% CI -24, -21.1) and mean right ventricular (RV) GLS was - 22.1% (95% CI -23.6, -20.6). In AVC patients LV GLS was-26.6% (95% CI -28,-25.3) and mean RV GLS was - 26.5% (95% CI -27.9,-25.2). In dTGA patients LV GLS was - 22.9% (95% CI of -24.8, -21) and RV GLS was - 21.3% (95% CI was - 23.4, -20.8). There was good intra-rater reliability though poor to fair inter-rater reliability. Notwithstanding its current limitations, strain imaging can provide useful information that can increase confidence of cardiac functional assessment in fetal patients. However, to be reliable across the board, further automation and standardization is required.

Association between survival and number of shocks for pulseless ventricular arrhythmias during pediatric in-hospital cardiac arrest in a national registry.

BACKGROUND: Annually 15,200 children suffer an in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) in the US. Ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VF/pVT) is the initial rhythm in 10-15% of these arrests. We sought to evaluate the association of number of shocks and early dose escalation with survival for initial VF/pVT in pediatric IHCA. METHODS: Using 2000-2020 data from the American Heart Association's (AHA) Get with the Guidelines®-Resuscitation (GWTG-R) registry, we identified children >48 hours of life and ≤18 years who had an IHCA from initial VF/pVT and received defibrillation. RESULTS: There were 251 subjects (37.7%) who received a single shock and 415 subjects (62.3%) who received multiple shocks. Baseline and cardiac arrest characteristics did not differ between those who received a single shock versus multiple shocks except for duration of arrest and calendar year. The median first shock dose was consistent with AHA dosing recommendations and not different between those who received a single shock versus multiple shocks. Survival was improved for those who received a single shock compared to multiple shocks. However, no difference in survival was noted between those who received 2, 3, or ≥4 shocks. Of those receiving multiple shocks, no difference was observed with early dose escalation. CONCLUSIONS: In pediatric IHCA, most patients with initial VF/pVT require more than one shock. No distinctions in patient or pre-arrest characteristics were identified between those who received a single shock versus multiple shocks. Subjects who received a single shock were more likely to survive to hospital discharge even after adjusting for duration of resuscitation.

Baseline levels of circulating galectin-1 associated with radiographic hand but not radiographic knee osteoarthritis at a two-year follow-up.

Objective: We tested the potential of circulating galectin-1, interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) levels at baseline in individuals with knee pain as biomarkers for development of radiographic knee and/or hand osteoarthritis (OA). Design: This study comprised 212 individuals with knee pain from the Halland osteoarthritis cohort (HALLOA). Clinical characteristics and serum/plasma levels of galectin-1, IL-1 beta, IL-6, and TNF alpha were measured at baseline, and knee and hand radiographs were obtained at a two-year follow-up. The predictive value of circulating inflammatory markers and clinical variables at baseline was assessed using multinominal logistic regression for those who developed radiographic OA in knees only (n â€‹= â€‹25), in hands only (n â€‹= â€‹40), and in both knees and hands (n â€‹= â€‹43); the group who did not develop OA (n â€‹= â€‹104) was used as reference. Correlations were assessed using Spearman's correlation coefficients. Results: As expected, age was identified as a risk factor for having radiographic knee and/or hand OA at the two-year follow-up. Baseline circulating galectin-1 levels did not associate with developing radiographic knee OA but associated with developing radiographic hand OA (odds ratio (OR) for a 20% increased risk: 1.14, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01-1.29) and both radiographic knee and hand OA (OR for a 20% increased risk: 1.18, 95% CI 1.05-1.30). However, baseline IL-1 beta, IL-6, and TNF alpha did not associate with developing radiographic knee and/or hand OA. Conclusion: Non-age adjusted circulating galectin-1 is superior to IL-6, IL-1 beta, and TNF alpha in predicting radiographic hand but not knee OA.

Minimal Clinically Important Change of Movement Pain in Musculoskeletal Pain Conditions.

Movement pain, which is distinct from resting pain, is frequently reported by individuals with musculoskeletal pain. There is growing interest in measuring movement pain as a primary outcome in clinical trials, but no minimally clinically important change (MCIC) has been established, limiting interpretations. We analyzed data from 315 participants who participated in previous clinical trials (65 with chronic Achilles tendinopathy; 250 with fibromyalgia) to establish an MCIC for movement pain. A composite movement pain score was defined as the average pain (Numeric Rating Scale: 0-10) during 2 clinically relevant activities. The change in movement pain was calculated as the change in movement pain from pre-intervention to post-intervention. A Global Scale (GS: 1-7) was completed after the intervention on perceived change in health status. Participants were dichotomized into non-responders (GS ≥4) and responders (GS <3). Receiver operating characteristic curves were calculated to determine threshold values and corresponding sensitivity and specificity. We used the Euclidean method to determine the optimal threshold point of the Receiver operating characteristic curve to determine the MCIC. The MCIC for raw change in movement pain was 1.1 (95% confidence interval [CI]: .9-1.6) with a sensitivity of .83 (95% CI: .75-.92) and specificity of .79 (95% CI: .72-.86). For percent change in movement pain the MCIC was 27% (95% CI: 10-44%) with a sensitivity of .79 (95% CI: .70-.88) and a specificity of .82 (95% CI: .72-.90). Establishing an MCIC for movement pain will improve interpretations in clinical practice and research. PERSPECTIVE: A minimal clinically important change (MCIC) of 1.1- points (95% CI: .9-1.6) for movement pain discriminates between responders and non-responders to rehabilitation. This MCIC provides context for interpreting the meaningfulness of improvement in pain specific to movement tasks.

Rural-urban disparities in psychosocial functioning in epithelial ovarian cancer patients.

OBJECTIVE: Although rural residence has been related to health disparities in cancer patients, little is known about how rural residence impacts mental health and quality of life (QOL) in ovarian cancer patients over time. This prospective longitudinal study investigated mental health and QOL of ovarian cancer patients in the first-year post-diagnosis. METHOD: Women with suspected ovarian cancer completed psychosocial surveys pre-surgery, at 6 months and one-year; clinical data were obtained from medical records. Histologically confirmed high grade epithelial ovarian cancer patients were eligible. Rural/urban residence was categorized from patient counties using the USDA Rural-Urban Continuum Codes. Linear mixed effects models examined differences in psychosocial measures over time, adjusting for covariates. RESULTS: Although disparities were not observed at study entry for any psychosocial variable (all p-values >0.22), urban patients showed greater improvement in total distress over the year following diagnosis than rural patients (p = 0.025) and were significantly less distressed at one year (p = 0.03). Urban patients had a more consistent QOL improvement than their rural counterparts (p = 0.006). There were no differences in the course of depressive symptoms over the year (p = 0.17). Social support of urban patients at 12 months was significantly higher than that of rural patients (p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: Rural patients reported less improvement in psychological functioning in the year following diagnosis than their urban counterparts. Clinicians should be aware of rurality as a potential risk factor for ongoing distress. Future studies should examine causes of these health disparities and potential long-term inequities and develop interventions to address these issues.

Epilepsy Incidence and Developmental Outcomes After Early Discontinuation of Antiseizure Medication in Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy.

BACKGROUND: Neonatal seizures caused by hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) have significant morbidity and mortality. There is variability in clinical practice regarding treatment duration with antiseizure medication (ASM) after resolution of provoked neonatal seizures. We examined epilepsy incidence and developmental outcomes in post-HIE neonates discharged or not on ASM. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective chart review of all HIE-admitted neonates to the University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics neonatal intensive care unit between January 2008 and February 2021 who presented with encephalopathy, underwent therapeutic hypothermia, and developed seizures. Neonates were divided into two groups depending on whether ASM was continued or discontinued on discharge. We evaluated the incidence of epilepsy and developmental outcomes on follow-up in these two cohorts up to 12 months. RESULTS: Sixty-nine neonates met the study criteria. ASM was continued on discharge in 41 neonates (59%) and discontinued before discharge in 28 (41%). At the 12-month follow-up, nine neonates (13%) had a diagnosis of epilepsy, out of which seven neonates had ASM continued on discharge (odds ratio [OR]: 2.84; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.48, 29.9)]. There was no statistical difference between the development of postneonatal epilepsy between the two groups (P value 0.29). There was no significant difference in developmental outcome between the two groups after adjusting for covariates like magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain abnormality and number of seizure days (OR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.21, 2.22; P = 0.52). CONCLUSION: We found no significant risk of seizure recurrence by age 12 months in infants who had discontinued ASM before discharge compared with those who had continued ASM. There was no difference in developmental outcomes at the 12-month follow-up between groups after adjusting for brain MRI abnormality and the number of seizure days during admission. Our results support early discontinuation of ASM after resolution of acute provoked seizures in neonates with HIE.

Gastrointestinal and genitourinary symptoms in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy: Prevalence and impact.

INTRODUCTION/AIMS: Anecdotally, patients with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) describe gastrointestinal (GI) and genitourinary (GU) symptoms. We explored the prevalence of GI and GU symptoms and their impact on quality of life (QOL) in people with FSHD compared to healthy household controls. METHODS: In this descriptive, cross-sectional study, we emailed a survey exploring GI and GU symptoms to all FSHD Society patient contacts (n = 3507). We invited those with FSHD and unaffected household controls to respond. Non-parametric statistics were used to compare symptom frequency and impact of symptoms between respondents with FSHD and household controls. Within the FSHD group, symptom frequency was assessed relative to measures of disease progression (need for ambulatory or respiratory support). RESULTS: Surveys from 701 respondents (652 with FSHD) ≥18 years old were included in analysis. Those with FSHD had symptoms affecting both GI and GU systems more frequently than controls using ordinal rating of symptom frequency. Within the FSHD group, more advanced disease was associated with increased symptom frequency. QOL was negatively impacted by the GI and GU symptoms. There was no difference between groups in use of medications to treat these symptoms. DISCUSSION: Recognition and treatment of GI and GU symptoms in people with FSHD, particularly those with more advanced disease, could improve QOL. Additional investigation is required to confirm these findings and understand the physiology.

Risk Factors for Fibrous Ingrowth in Eyes Requiring Primary Keratoplasty.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to define risks for corneal transplantation associated with fibrous ingrowth among first-time transplant recipients. METHODS: We performed a retrospective case-control study of patients with a histopathologic diagnosis of fibrous ingrowth between 2002 and 2019. Patients with fibrous ingrowth from a first corneal specimen were included. Those with incomplete records were excluded. A 1:2 case-control ratio was used. Controls were matched using surgical indication, surgery year, transplantation method, sex, and age. RESULTS: Seventy-eight eyes (76 patients) were included and matched with 160 control eyes. The incidence of fibrous ingrowth found on a first corneal transplant was 0.6% per year. The most common keratoplasty indications were pseudophakic corneal edema (n = 25, 32%) and aphakic corneal edema (n = 15, 19%). Cases were more likely to have a history of ocular trauma (odds ratio [OR], 2.94; 95% CI, 1.30-6.30; P = 0.007), uveitis (OR, 2.73; 95% CI, 1.12-6.63; P = 0.022), retinal detachment or previous retinal surgery (OR, 2.40; 95% CI, 1.34-4.30; P = 0.003), glaucoma tube-shunt surgery (OR, 2.70; 95% CI, 1.29-5.65; P = 0.007), aphakia (OR, 3.02; 95% CI, 1.61-5.67; P = 0.0004), or iris derangement (OR, 10.52; 95% CI, 5.45-20.30; P <0.0001). A multivariate logistic regression model using iris derangement, history of ocular trauma, history of uveitis, and history of cataract surgery demonstrated 81% sensitivity and 66% specificity in predicting presence of fibrous ingrowth. CONCLUSIONS: A history of ocular trauma, uveitis, retinal detachment or previous retinal surgery, glaucoma tube-shunt surgery, aphakia, and iris derangement are risks for detecting fibrous ingrowth among first-time keratoplasty recipients. Patients with these conditions should be monitored closely for corneal decompensation.

Pain interference and fatigue in limb-girdle muscular dystrophy R9.

Pain is prevalent in individuals with limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) R9, but impact on daily living and correlation with fatigue remain unknown. Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) pain interference and fatigue short forms were completed annually by 23 children and 54 adults with biallelic fukutin-related protein (FKRP) variants for up to six years. Concurrent motor and pulmonary function were evaluated. Pain interference T-scores were near the normal mean of 50 by linear mixed model analysis (48.5 in children, 51.6 in adults). 58% of participants experienced pain interference levels greater than the general population on at least one assessment. Fatigue T-scores were elevated in adults but not children (49.0 in children, 55.1 in adults), and 75% had at least one elevated fatigue score. Of participants with at least two visits, serial scores were not consistent across visits, without a clear pattern. Pain interference and fatigue were positively correlated (r = 0.55). Both increased with older age (r = 0.21 and 0.41 respectively). Neither differed by sex or ambulation status. Motor (r=-0.32) and pulmonary (r=-0.25) function correlated with fatigue in adults, not children. Results suggest that pain in those with LGMDR9 is variable and episodic, limiting impact on daily life, while fatigue increases over time.

Memory-efficient model-based deep learning with convergence and robustness guarantees.

Computational imaging has been revolutionized by compressed sensing algorithms, which offer guaranteed uniqueness, convergence, and stability properties. Model-based deep learning methods that combine imaging physics with learned regularization priors have emerged as more powerful alternatives for image recovery. The main focus of this paper is to introduce a memory efficient model-based algorithm with similar theoretical guarantees as CS methods. The proposed iterative algorithm alternates between a gradient descent involving the score function and a conjugate gradient algorithm to encourage data consistency. The score function is modeled as a monotone convolutional neural network. Our analysis shows that the monotone constraint is necessary and sufficient to enforce the uniqueness of the fixed point in arbitrary inverse problems. In addition, it also guarantees the convergence to a fixed point, which is robust to input perturbations. We introduce two implementations of the proposed MOL framework, which differ in the way the monotone property is imposed. The first approach enforces a strict monotone constraint, while the second one relies on an approximation. The guarantees are not valid for the second approach in the strict sense. However, our empirical studies show that the convergence and robustness of both approaches are comparable, while the less constrained approximate implementation offers better performance. The proposed deep equilibrium formulation is significantly more memory efficient than unrolled methods, which allows us to apply it to 3D or 2D+time problems that current unrolled algorithms cannot handle.

Diabetes Device Downloading: Benefits and Barriers Among Youth With Type 1 Diabetes.

BACKGROUND: The majority of youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D) fail to meet glycemic targets despite increasing continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) use. We therefore aimed to determine the proportion of caregivers who review recent glycemic trends ("retrospective review") and make ensuant insulin adjustments based on this data ("retroactive insulin adjustments"). We additionally considered that fear of hypoglycemia and frequency of severe hypoglycemia would be associated with performing retrospective review. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of caregivers of youth with T1D, collecting demographics, diabetes technology usage, patterns of glucose data review/insulin dose self-adjustment, and Hypoglycemia Fear Survey (HFS). RESULTS: Nineteen percent of eligible caregivers (191/1003) responded. Performing retrospective review was associated with younger child age (12.2 versus 15.4, P = .0001) and CGM use (92% versus 73%, P = .004), but was not associated with a significant improvement in child's HbA1c (7.89 versus 8.04, P = .65). Retrospective reviewers had significantly higher HFS-behavior scores (31.9 versus 27.7, P = .0002), which remained significantly higher when adjusted for child's age and CGM use (P = .005). Linear regression identified a significant negative association between HbA1c (%) and number of retroactive insulin adjustments (0.24 percent lower mean HbA1c per additional adjustment made, P = .02). CONCLUSIONS: Retrospective glucose data review is associated with improved HbA1c when coupled with data-driven retroactive insulin adjustments. Barriers to data downloading existed even in this cohort of predominantly CGM-using T1D families.

Effects of Combined Inorganic Nitrate and Nitrite Supplementation on Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Skeletal Muscle Oxidative Capacity in Type 2 Diabetes: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.

Nitric oxide (NO) stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle. However, NO metabolism is disrupted in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) potentially contributing to their decreased cardiorespiratory fitness (i.e., VO2max) and skeletal muscle oxidative capacity. We used a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 8-week trial with beetroot juice containing nitrate (NO3−) and nitrite (NO2−) (250 mg and 20 mg/day) to test potential benefits on VO2max and skeletal muscle oxidative capacity in T2DM. T2DM (N = 36, Age = 59 ± 9 years; BMI = 31.9 ± 5.0 kg/m2) and age- and BMI-matched non-diabetic controls (N = 15, Age = 60 ± 9 years; BMI = 29.5 ± 4.6 kg/m2) were studied. Mitochondrial respiratory capacity was assessed in muscle biopsies from a subgroup of T2DM and controls (N = 19 and N = 10, respectively). At baseline, T2DM had higher plasma NO3− (100%; p < 0.001) and lower plasma NO2− levels (−46.8%; p < 0.0001) than controls. VO2max was lower in T2DM (−26.4%; p < 0.001), as was maximal carbohydrate- and fatty acid-supported oxygen consumption in permeabilized muscle fibers (−26.1% and −25.5%, respectively; p < 0.05). NO3−/NO2− supplementation increased VO2max (5.3%; p < 0.01). Further, circulating NO2−, but not NO3−, positively correlated with VO2max after supplementation (R2= 0.40; p < 0.05). Within the NO3−/NO2− group, 42% of subjects presented improvements in both carbohydrate- and fatty acid-supported oxygen consumption in skeletal muscle (vs. 0% in placebo; p < 0.05). VO2max improvements in these individuals tended to be larger than in the rest of the NO3−/NO2− group (1.21 ± 0.51 mL/(kg*min) vs. 0.31 ± 0.10 mL/(kg*min); p = 0.09). NO3−/NO2− supplementation increases VO2max in T2DM individuals and improvements in skeletal muscle oxidative capacity appear to occur in those with more pronounced increases in VO2max.

PDGFRß promotes oncogenic progression via STAT3/STAT5 hyperactivation in anaplastic large cell lymphoma.

BACKGROUND: Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is an aggressive non-Hodgkin T cell lymphoma commonly driven by NPM-ALK. AP-1 transcription factors, cJUN and JUNb, act as downstream effectors of NPM-ALK and transcriptionally regulate PDGFRß. Blocking PDGFRß kinase activity with imatinib effectively reduces tumor burden and prolongs survival, although the downstream molecular mechanisms remain elusive. METHODS AND RESULTS: In a transgenic mouse model that mimics PDGFRß-driven human ALCL in vivo, we identify PDGFRß as a driver of aggressive tumor growth. Mechanistically, PDGFRß induces the pro-survival factor Bcl-xL and the growth-enhancing cytokine IL-10 via STAT5 activation. CRISPR/Cas9 deletion of both STAT5 gene products, STAT5A and STAT5B, results in the significant impairment of cell viability compared to deletion of STAT5A, STAT5B or STAT3 alone. Moreover, combined blockade of STAT3/5 activity with a selective SH2 domain inhibitor, AC-4-130, effectively obstructs tumor development in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: We therefore propose PDGFRß as a novel biomarker and introduce PDGFRß-STAT3/5 signaling as an important axis in aggressive ALCL. Furthermore, we suggest that inhibition of PDGFRß or STAT3/5 improve existing therapies for both previously untreated and relapsed/refractory ALK+ ALCL patients.

Risk factors, management, and outcomes of Acanthamoeba keratitis: A retrospective analysis of 110 cases.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the risk factors, medical and surgical management, and visual outcomes of patients affected by Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) over a 16-year period. OBSERVATIONS: Records were reviewed retrospectively for all AK patients treated at University of Iowa between 2002 and 2017. Main outcomes measured were risk factors, time to diagnosis, coinfection types, initial and final visual acuities, and treatment outcomes, with failure of medical therapy defined as need for therapeutic keratoplasty (TK). Effects of steroid use on these outcomes were determined. Among all AK cases occurring during the study period (N = 110), the median age of the AK cohort was 31 years (range 8-80 years), and 49.1% were men. Contact lens wear was the primary risk factor for AK (95/100, 86.4%), and the median time to diagnosis was 0.70 (0.23-1.23) months. Forty-four AK patients (40%) failed medical therapy. Vision outcomes were better for AK patients with successful medical therapy compared to those requiring TK (LogMAR 0.00 v. 0.30; p < 0.0001). Corticosteroid use was associated with increased time to diagnosis (1.00 v. 0.50 months; p = 0.002), decreased final vision (LogMAR 0.10 v. 0.00; p < 0.05) and increased need for TK (40/77 v. 4/33; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPORTANCE: Acanthamoeba keratitis cases have increased over the past two decades at our institution. In this large retrospective study, AK was commonly misdiagnosed with delayed diagnosis and high rates of failed medical therapy. Corticosteroid use before AK diagnosis led to poorer outcomes. Our findings underscore the need for ophthalmologists to suspect Acanthamoeba in the setting of contact lens-associated keratitis before topical steroids are initiated.

Increased interstage morbidity and mortality following stage 1 palliation in patients with genetic abnormalities.

BACKGROUND: Hypoplastic left heart syndrome and single ventricle variants with aortic hypoplasia are commonly classified as severe forms of CHD. We hypothesised patients with these severe defects and reported genetic abnormalities have increased morbidity and mortality during the interstage period. METHODS AND RESULTS: This was a retrospective review of the National Pediatric Cardiology Quality Improvement Collaborative Phase I registry. Three patient groups were identified: major syndromes, other genetic abnormalities, and no reported genetic abnormality. Tukey post hoc test was applied for pairwise group comparisons of length of stay, death, and combined outcome of death, not a candidate for stage 2 palliation, and heart transplant. Participating centres received a survey to establish genetic testing and reporting practices. Of the 2182 patients, 110 (5%) had major genetic syndromes, 126 (6%) had other genetic abnormalities, and 1946 (89%) had no genetic abnormality. Those with major genetic syndromes weighed less at birth and stage 1 palliation. Patients with no reported genetic abnormalities reached full oral feeds sooner and discharged earlier. The combined outcome of death, not a candidate for stage 2 palliation, and heart transplant was more common in those with major syndromes. Survey response was low (n = 23, 38%) with only 14 (61%) routinely performing and reporting genetic testing. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with genetic abnormalities experienced greater morbidity and mortality during the interstage period than those with no reported genetic abnormalities. Genetic testing and reporting practices vary significantly between participating centres.

Item Response Theory Analysis: PROMIS® Anxiety Form and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale.

Little research has compared item functioning of the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®) anxiety short form 6a and the generalized anxiety disorder 7-item scale using item response theory models. This was a secondary analysis of self-reported assessments from 67 at-risk U.S. military veterans. The two measures performed comparably well with data fitting adequately to models, acceptable item discriminations, and item and test information curves being unimodal and symmetric. The PROMIS® anxiety short form 6a performed better in that item difficulty estimates had a wider range and distributed more evenly and all response categories had less floor effect, while the third category in most items of the generalized anxiety disorder 7-item scale were rarely used. While both measures may be appropriate, findings provided preliminary information supporting use of the PROMIS® anxiety short form 6a as potentially preferable, especially for veterans with low-to-moderate anxiety. Further testing is needed in larger, more diverse samples.

Ulnar nerve dislocation in ulnar nerve entrapment at the elbow. Influence on surgical outcome.

Our aim was to assess the incidence of symptomatic ulnar nerve dislocation and its influence on surgical outcome after primary and revision surgeries in ulnar nerve entrapment at the elbow (ulnar neuropathy at the elbow (UNE) or cubital tunnel syndrome). The influence of pre- or intra-operative ulnar nerve dislocation on postoperative outcome was assessed in 548 surgically treated cases (548 nerves) from two hand surgery departments reporting to the Swedish National Quality Registry for Hand Surgery, using QuickDASH, a patient-reported outcome measure (PROM), before surgery and at 3 and 12 months postoperatively, and a doctor-reported outcome measure (DROM), grading as "cured-improved "or "unchanged-worsened," at a median follow-up of 3.0 months [IQR, 1.5-6.0]. 109 of the 548 cases (20%) showed documented pre- or intra-operative ulnar nerve dislocation; more often found at revision (35/75, 47%) than at primary surgery (74/473, 16%) (p < 0.0001). Cases with dislocation presented higher QuickDASH scores at 12 months (p = 0.026). A linear regression model, adjusted for age and gender, predicted higher QuickDASH scores at 12 months postoperatively for cases with dislocation (unstandardized B 11.3 [95% CI 0.4-22.2], p = 0.043). DROM grading as unchanged-worsened at a median 3 months predicted worse QuickDASH scores (p < 0.0001) than in cured-improved cases at 3 (unstandardized B, 18.4 [95% CI 9.4-27.3]) and 12 months (unstandardized B, 18.1 [9.1-27.0]). Primary surgeries had better DROM grading than revision surgeries (p = 0.033; cured-improved, 75% and 63%, respectively), but QuickDASH scores did not differ. Presence of a clinically relevant ulnar nerve dislocation resulted in worse outcome, perhaps due to more extensive surgery with transposition. Nerve dislocation needs attention when treating UNE patients.

Diagnostic delay in patients with FKRP-related muscular dystrophy.

Diagnostic journey for people with FKRP mutations participating in a dystroglycanopathy natural history study (n = 68; NCT00313677) was analyzed. Earliest symptoms and age at muscular dystrophy diagnosis were abstracted from subject-reported medical history and record review. Initial signs/symptoms were classified as chronic motor dysfunction (e.g., delayed motor milestones, weakness, falling; n = 40, 59%), elevated transaminases (n = 7, 10%), or acute/intermittent symptoms (myoglobinuria, myalgia, febrile illness-associated acute weakness; n = 21, 31%). Median time from sign/symptom onset to diagnosis was 6.5 years and differed by symptom group: 7.5 years for motor group, 9 years for acute/intermittent group, and 4 years for elevated transaminases group. The sign/symptom category that most commonly resulted in a diagnosis was chronic motor dysfunction (n = 45). Of those without clear weakness as first symptom (n = 55), 36.4% were not diagnosed with MD until weakness became apparent. Median time to diagnosis was shortest for those with febrile illness-associated acute weakness (0.25 years). Median time from first sign/symptom to MD diagnosis has decreased incrementally from 18.8 years for those with onset in the 1970s to < 10 years for symptom onset occurring after 2000. Awareness of disease presentation variability will aid in earlier diagnosis, which is increasingly important with treatments in development.