The correlation of trust as part of the therapeutic alliance in physical therapy and their relation to outcomes for patients with chronic low back pain.

BACKGROUND: Previous qualitative research has listed trust as a component of the therapeutic alliance in physical therapy. OBJECTIVE: Quantitatively correlate trust and therapeutic alliance in physical therapy care for patients with chronic low back pain. The secondary aim was to investigate the relation of trust and therapeutic alliance with outcomes over the course of treatment. METHODS: The Primary Care Assessment Survey was used to measure trust and the Working Alliance Inventory-Short Revised tool measured therapeutic alliance. The patient recorded these measures after the initial visit and at discharge. Self-report patient outcome measures for pain, function, and global rating of change were also measured at the same time points. RESULTS: A strong correlation (rs = 0.747 and rs = 0.801) was found between trust scores and therapeutic alliance measures post-initial visit and at discharge, respectively. In addition, there were moderate to strong correlations between trust and therapeutic alliance scores with the various improved outcome measures of pain, function, and global rating of change. CONCLUSION: There appears to be a connection between trust and therapeutic alliance along with improved patient outcomes related to higher trust and therapeutic alliance scores in a cohort with chronic low back pain.

Cross-sectional analysis of generational differences in pain attitudes and beliefs of patients receiving physical therapy care in outpatient clinics.

BACKGROUND: Musculoskeletal pain is a common reason to seek outpatient physical therapy care. Generational differences regarding attitudes and beliefs have been found in many areas, but it has not been explored regarding pain. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to examine generational differences in attitudes and beliefs regarding pain and the potential differences between beneficial and non-beneficial treatment options in patients receiving care in outpatient physical therapy clinics. DESIGN: Cross-sectional descriptive survey. METHOD: A survey was developed to explore attitudes, beliefs, and treatment preferences. The survey was emailed out to past and current physical therapy patients as part of the customer satisfaction survey over a four-month period. RESULTS/FINDINGS: 2260 surveys were completed during the collection period. Generational differences were found between the different generational groups. Younger generations were more in line with current pain neuroscience, understanding that pain is normal and part of the survival mechanism and less likely to believe that pain meant something wrong with one's tissues. Younger generations also reported more agreeance to the ability to cope without medication. However, significant variations existed in treatment choices that were most beneficial and least beneficial between respondents. CONCLUSION: Generational differences do exist in some areas of pain attitudes and beliefs. Less variation was noted in treatment options between generations, but there were significant variations within all patient respondents.

The relationship between trust and outcomes during physical therapy care for chronic low back pain.

INTRODUCTION: Enhancing the therapeutic alliance has been associated with improved outcomes for patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP). Qualitatively trust has been described to be part of the therapeutic alliance, but it has not been measured quantitatively within the physical therapy literature. OBJECTIVE: Examine the relationship between trust and outcomes during physical therapy for CLBP. METHODS: Observational study of patients with CLBP being seen for physical therapy were assessed through self-report measures. The Primary Care Assessment Survey (PCAS) trust measurement scale was completed by patients at initial, post-initial, and discharge visit. These measurements were compared for correlations with patient reported outcome measures for pain and function recorded at initial visit and discharge. RESULTS: A convenience sample of 29 patients (49.3 ± 15 years old) with CLBP were measured. The PCAS showed correlations for changes in trust throughout treatment for improvements in pain and discharge pain rating. Average discharge pain rating correlated to changes in the PCAS (rs = -0.692, p < .001), with lower pain ratings relating to higher changes in trust over time. Average change in pain (rs = 0.745, p < .001) throughout treatment also correlated with higher changes in trust. Higher trust scores at discharge also correlated with improved Global Rating of Change and Oswestry Disability Index scores at discharge. The linear regression model showed adjusted R2 values for the trust scores and outcomes varied between 0.247 and 0.642. CONCLUSION: Both increases in trust throughout the treatment and end trust scores during physical therapy were related to improved outcomes for patients with CLBP.

Pain neuroscience education: Which pain neuroscience education metaphor worked best?

BACKGROUND: The use of pain neuroscience education (PNE) has been shown to be effective in reducing pain, improving function and lowering fear and catastrophisation. Pain neuroscience education utilises various stories and metaphors to help patients reconceptualise their pain experience. To date no individualised study has looked at which stories and metaphors may be the most effective in achieving the positive outcomes found with the use of PNE. OBJECTIVES: This study examined patient responses to the usefulness of the various stories and metaphors used during PNE for patients who underwent surgery for lumbar radiculopathy. METHOD: Twenty-seven participants who received preoperative PNE from a previous randomised control trial (RCT) were surveyed 1-year post-education utilising a 5-point Likert scale (0 - 'do not remember', 4 - 'very helpful') on the usefulness of the various stories and metaphors used during the PNE session. Participant demographics and outcomes data (pain intensity, function and pain knowledge) were utilised from the previous RCT for analysis and correlations. RESULTS: Nineteen surveys were returned for a response rate of 70%. No story or metaphor mean was below 2 - 'neutral', lowest mean at 2.53; 6 of the 11 stories or metaphors scored a mean above 3 - 'helpful'. CONCLUSION: No individual story or metaphor stood out as being predominately important in being helpful in the recovery process through the use of PNE. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The overall messages of reconceptualising pain during PNE may be more important than any individual story or metaphor.

The reliability of card-based and tablet-based left/right judgment measurements.

BACKGROUND: Left/right judgment (LRJ) measurement is a potential way to identify dysfunction in cortical body maps, and to measure improvement related to corresponding treatments. Few studies have explored the reliability of various methods for LRJ measurement. OBJECTIVES: To determine measurement reliability of LRJ utilizing two methods: card-based (CB) and tablet-based (TB). Establish minimal detectable difference (MDD) for accuracy and reaction time for both assessments. METHODS: Testing was done over two different days. Session 1 consisted of testing LRJ utilizing CB assessment with photos of left and right hands over two trial periods. The TB format was also tested over two trial periods. Session 2 tested with the CB assessment for two trial periods. 40 images were used in the basic upright position for both CB and TB formats. RESULTS: Fifty participants (N = 50; female = 35) with an average age of 24.3 (range 19-35) were studied. ICC (2,k) for reaction time for both methods were >0.84. The MDD for reaction time was between 0.19 and 0.49 s for various test points for both methods. Combined left and right accuracy ICC (2,k) for both methods were >0.51, with MDD between 5 and 14%. CONCLUSIONS: This study examined the reliability and MDD for the LRJ measurement for card and tablet-based assessments. Generally, LRJ reaction time had good reliability, while accuracy had moderate reliability and varied between testing methods.