[Chronic inflammation of mucous membranes: integration of immunity and regeneration]. / Khronicheskoe vospalenie slizistykh obolochek: integratsiia immuniteta i regeneratsii.

Lymphoid tissue of mucous membranes is a morphological basis for local immunity. Lymphocytes of mucous membranes are bifunctional: reception of antigenic information and regulation of epithelial cells regeneration. The following structural manifestations of intercellular interactions are discussed: expression of HLA-DR antigens by the epithelium and endotheliocytes transforming them into "facultative" antigen-presenting cells; polyclonal plasmocyte proliferation; the exchange of their prevailing IgA phenotype for IgG; cytotoxic and cytogenetic effect of the interepithelial lymphocytes.

[The morphogenesis of tick-borne encephalitis in light of the new data on virus replication]. / Morfogenez kleshchevogo éntsefalita v svete novykh dannykh o replikatsii virusa.

The analysis of the RNA virus spread of tick encephalitis in the course of infection has been performed. The virus RNA is detectable first, (as early as one day after the infection) in the lymph nodes. Later it is retained in the cells of T-dependent areas. Viral RNA is also the first to be detected in the vascular structures and ventricular system of the brain. The correlation between the time of the viral RNA replication and specific initial damage in the lymphoid tissue and central nervous system is established. The question is raised on the role of the lymphocyte recirculation in the spread of the virus in the body.

[Epithelial barrier of mucous membranes in the course of chronic inflammation]. / Epitelial'nyi bar'er slizistykh obolochek v dinamike khronicheskogo vospaleniia.

The barrier function of the epithelium was studied immunohistochemically, electron microscopically and autoradiographically in 105 bronchial biopsies and 1140 biopsies of the stomach and intestinal mucosa in the course of chronic inflammation. The role of the transitory and local deficiency of SIgA and immunocomplex reactions in the morphogenesis of the permeability increase of the epithelial barrier in inflammation was established. Structural equivalents of the plastic deficiency appearing in the chronization of the inflammation and reflecting the distortion and exhaustion of the regeneration and immunity reaction as a basis of atrophy were demonstrated in the epitheliocytes and immunocompetent cells. The atrophy is defined as a reestablishment of the mucous epithelial barrier at the expense of other functions of mucous membranes, namely immune and mucous forming ones.

[Postgraduate instruction and certification in the system of the continuing education of pathologists]. / Poslediplomnoe obuchenie i attestatsiia v sisteme nepreryvnogo obrazovaniia vrachei-patologoanatomov.

The experience in changing pathology service, postgraduate training and attestation in the system of continuous education of pathologists is presented. The authors analysed different ways of pathologist training: specialization in subinternship, internship and clinical internship, short-term courses, at places of work and outpatient problem seminars, etc. The four-year program of pathologist training is suggested.

[Pulmonary microcirculatory bed and alveolar tissue in the postresuscitation period]. / Mikrotsirkuliatornoe ruslo i al'veoliarnaia tkan' legkikh v postreanimatsionnom periode.

Structural changes in alveolar lung tissue microcirculatory bed and circulatory disturbances (edema, hemorrhage, thrombosis) were studied in postresuscitation period after experimental clinical death following acute hemorrhage and mechanical asphyxia. Circulatory disturbances proved essential in the pathogenesis of postresuscitation respiratory insufficiency, follow a stepwise pattern and in early postresuscitation (up to 7 days) are pathogenetically associated with coagulopathic changes. There are periods of primary, marked and delayed disturbances, and the period of reparative changes which may cover up to 30 days since resuscitation. It is emphasized that the pattern and the degree of lung tissue damage in the postresuscitation are largely determined by circulatory disturbances.

[Immunological reactions of the bronchial mucosa in the morphogenesis of chronic bronchitis]. / Immunologicheskie reaktsii slizistoi obolochki bronkhov v morfogeneze khronicheskogo bronkhita.

Local immunity was studied using biopsy specimens obtained during bronchoscopy in 93 patients with various forms of chronic bronchitis. Reduced IgA synthesis and increased IgG synthesis by plasma cells of the lamina propria of bronchial mucosa were demonstrated, and the augmented IgG production along with penetration of various antigens into the lamina propria were shown to be responsible for a local immune-complex reaction involving the microcirculatory bed and resulting in perivascular sclerosis. The damaging and sclerosing processes that repeatedly occur in bronchial mucosa disrupt the epithelial-stromal linkages and interfere with the differentiation of surface epithelium. It is suggested that immunopathologic reactions are implicated in the setting up of a vicious circle which underlies the morphogenesis of chronic bronchitis.

[Structural basis of impairment of the external respiratory function in the post-resuscitation period]. / Strukturnye osnovy narushenii funktsii vneshnego dykhaniia v postreanimatsionnom periode.

External enhancement of free-radical processes followed by considerable tissue accumulation of toxic lipid peroxidation products in an early postresuscitation period is the main pathochemical mechanism which causes lung air-blood barrier disturbance. The basis of animal respiratory insufficiency morphogenesis after clinical death is ventilation failure (dis- and atelectasis), circulation disorder (edema, hemorrhage) being secondary. However, morphological examination of lungs of animals after four-minutes clinical death from an acute blood loss and resuscitation showed that it is the severity of circulation disorders that determines the animals condition in the postresuscitation period.

[Methodological trend in the teaching of pathological anatomy]. / O metodologicheskoi napravlennosti prepodavaniia patologicheskoi anatomii.

On the basis of fundamental concepts of the materialist dialectics and principles of morphological determinism the methodological analysis of the morphofunctional relations in normal and pathological conditions is given, the key concepts of native theory of pathology are presented. The erroneous philosophical concepts (mechanistic determinism and conditionalism , empirism and positivism ) are evaluated critically. The authors, using concrete examples, give the leading principles and the most important forms of teaching at the pathology departments of medical institutes. The necessity of educating in students the habits of independent decisions in the most complex problems of pathology, the formation of the qualitatively new, populationist style of scientific thinking and proper methodological position is grounded.

[Morphogenesis of chronic granulomatous inflammation in relation to the variability of the biological properties of the causative agent]. / Morfogenez khronicheskogo granulematoznogo vospaleniia pri izmenchivosti biologicheskikh svoistv vozbuditelia.

The relationship between morphogenesis of granuloma and biological properties of an infectious agent was studied on the model of experimental brucellosis induced by the R strain of Brucella abortus bovis. The inflammatory reaction in the animals infested with the R-strain of Brucella was found to be considerably reduced: the granulomas were smaller and had an appearance of focal accumulations of mononuclear phagocytes without a tendency for transformation into epithelioid and multinuclear giant cells which is typical of the "Bang granulomas" induced by the S-strain of Brucella. This poorly manifested granulomatosis was accompanied by a low level of the cell-mediated immunity. A hypothesis that the development of torpid and asymptomatic clinical forms of an infectious disease (pathomorhosis) is a result of the incomplete realization of phylogenetically evolved inflammatory and immune responses to the infectious agent with altered biological properties has been proposed.

[Structural basis of functional heart failure during the postresuscitation period]. / Strukturnye osnovy funktsional'noi nedostatochnosti serdtsa v postreanimatsionnom periode.

Light and electron microscopic study of the myocardium of dogs two weeks after clinical death caused by the loss of blood was carried out and showed that the structural bases of the myocardium contractile function insufficiency during the postresuscitation period included the damage of the contractile apparatus of cardiomyocytes (microlysis and fragmentation of myofibrils, deformation of Z-bands, relaxation of sacromeres) and marked lysis of the sacrotubular system leading to the violation of the excitation-contraction coupling. Cardiomyocyte damages are associated with changes in the microcirculatory channel causing the worsening of transcapillary exchange that provides the tissue homeostasis.

[Morphological methods in evaluating immunity levels in infections diseases]. / Morfologicheskie metody v otsenke napriazhennosti immuniteta pri infektsionnykh zabolevaniiakh.

Examinations of the lymphoid tissue and values of productive inflammation (granulomatosis) are most informative in the assessment of immunity intensity in infectious diseases. Histochemical, enzyme-morphological, immunohistochemical studies done by light and electron microscopy with quantitation of the results (morphometry) determine in great detail the dynamics of immunity, formation of the secondary immunological insufficiency, development of immune response deficiency to a definite bacterial antigen. Currently these methods are used only for solution of particular problems. Algorhythms for the assessment of the structural signs of immunogenesis should be developed for infectious immunomorphology.