MIDAS and HIT-6 French translation: reliability and correlation between tests.

The aim was to evaluate the test-retest reliability of the French translation of the Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) and Headache Impact Test (HIT)-6 questionnaires as applied to episodic and chronic headaches and to assess the correlation between these two questionnaires. The MIDAS and HIT-6 questionnaires, which assess the degree of migraine-related functional disability, are widely used in headache treatment clinics. The French translation has not been checked for test-retest reliability. MIDAS involves recall, over the previous 3 months, of the number of days with functional disability with regard to work and to home and social life. HIT-6 involves a more subjective and general assessment of headache-related disability over the previous 4 weeks. We expect that there may be greater impact recall bias for chronic headaches than for episodic headaches and considered it important to be able to determine if the reliability of these questionnaires is equally good for these two patient populations. Given that both questionnaires have the same objective, that of assessing headache impact, it was thought useful to determine if their results might show a correlation and if they could thus be used interchangeably. The study was approved by an external ethics committee. The subjects were patients who regularly visit the Clinique de la Migraine de Montréal, which specializes in the treatment of headaches. The MIDAS and HIT-6 questionnaires were completed by the patients during their regular visit. Twelve days later, the same questionnaires were mailed with a prepaid return envelope. Sixty-five patients were required in both the episodic and chronic headache groups, assuming an 80% questionnaire return rate. One hundred and eighty-five patients were enrolled, and 143 completed the study, 75 with episodic headaches and 68 with chronic headaches. The questionnaire return rate was 78.9%. On average, questionnaires were completed a second time 21 days after the first, with a median of 19 days. The Shrout-Fleiss intraclass correlation coefficients for MIDAS and HIT-6 were, respectively, 0.76 and 0.77 for episodic headaches and 0.83 and 0.80 for chronic headaches. The Pearson correlation coefficient between the MIDAS and HIT-6 questionnaires was 0.48 for episodic headaches and 0.58 for chronic headaches at the first compilation and 0.42 and 0.59 at the second compilation. The test-retest intraclass correlation of the French versions for both MIDAS and HIT-6 questionnaires indicates moderate reliability for episodic headache and substantial reliability for chronic headache. The correlation between the MIDAS and HIT-6 questionnaires is weak for episodic headaches, but approaches a level of 'good' for chronic headaches.

Outpatient intravenous dihydroergotamine for refractory cluster headache.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of outpatient intravenous dihydroergotamine (DHE) for treatment of refractory cluster headache. METHOD: Medical records were retrospectively reviewed of all patients with cluster headache who received outpatient intravenous DHE for treatment of refractory cluster headache between January 1992 and May 2000. RESULTS: One hundred four treatments were identified in 70 patients. There were 7 dropouts. Of the 97 completed treatments, 60 were for episodic cluster headache and 37 were for chronic cluster headache. Results for all treatments showed complete resolution of pain during the intravenous phase at 1 month in 61 (63%) of 97 cases, partial resolution in 13 cases (15%), and failure in 23 cases (24%). For the treatment of episodic cluster headache, there was complete resolution in 44 (73%) of 60 cases, partial resolution in 9 cases (13%), and failure in 7 cases (12%). For treatment of chronic cluster headache, there was complete resolution in 17 (46%) of the 37 cases, partial resolution in 4 cases (11%), and 16 failures (43%). As regards side effects and safety, the treatment triggered chest pain suspected of being vasospastic angina in 1 patient on day 7 of the treatment, when she was in the subcutaneous phase. Two patients dropped out due to fear of the injection, 1 because of palpitations, 1 because of chest tightness, and 2 others because of leg cramps, nausea, and diarrhea. CONCLUSIONS: Outpatient intravenous DHE is a safe treatment. It is useful for refractory cluster headache, is more effective for the episodic form than the chronic form, and has a rapid onset of action. It did not change the evolution of the episodic form, but it did appear to induce remission in the chronic form or transform it to the episodic form. We advance a hypothesis to explain this.

NadN and e (P4) are essential for utilization of NAD and nicotinamide mononucleotide but not nicotinamide riboside in Haemophilus influenzae.

Haemophilus influenzae has an absolute requirement for NAD (factor V) because it lacks almost all the biosynthetic enzymes necessary for the de novo synthesis of that cofactor. Factor V can be provided as either nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide (NAD), nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), or nicotinamide riboside (NR) in vitro, but little is known about the source or the mechanism of uptake of these substrates in vivo. As shown by us earlier, at least two gene products are involved in the uptake of NAD, the outer membrane lipoprotein e (P4), which has phosphatase activity and is encoded by hel, and a periplasmic NAD nucleotidase, encoded by nadN. It has also been observed that the latter gene product is essential for H. influenzae growth on media supplemented with NAD. In this report, we describe the functions and substrates of these two proteins as they act together in an NAD utilization pathway. Data are provided which indicate that NadN harbors not only NAD pyrophosphatase but also NMN 5'-nucleotidase activity. The e (P4) protein is also shown to have NMN 5'-nucleotidase activity, recognizing NMN as a substrate and releasing NR as its product. Insertion mutants of nadN or deletion and site-directed mutants of hel had attenuated growth and a reduced uptake phenotype when NMN served as substrate. A hel and nadN double mutant was only able to grow in the presence of NR, whereas no uptake of NMN was observed.

[Acute admissions in pediatric psychiatry]. / Akutte indlaeggelser inden for det børnepsykiatriske regi.

This is a case study of 49 acute admissions to the Child Psychiatry Department at the Copenhagen County Hospital in Glostrup over the four year period 1.1.1990-31.12.1993. The aim is to appraise the concept of acute child psychiatric admission, examine the relation between definition and practice and evaluate the acute service and its viability. A retrospective analysis of the case notes shows that the 42 children involved constitute a selected group of mainly 11-14 years old girls, the most frequent diagnosis at referral- and at discharge-being anorexia nervosa. Most cases are referred from paediatric departments. Eighty percent of the acutely admitted children have had previous contact with one or more institutions. Time interval breakdown shows that more than a quarter of the cases were admitted some weeks after referral. The acute group had on average fewer hospital days than all other cases and only 12% were discharged without needing of further treatment. A further analysis revealed an inconsistency in terms of definition and practice. Only 39% of the patients were admitted within a 24-hour period after the acute referral, while 74% were admitted within the first week. The explanation is offered, that the definitions of and the indications for acute child psychiatric hospitalisation were loosely formulated and different from the more stringent medical terms and that some cases must be seen as being more of a subacute nature or representing clinical or social relapses. The question is raised whether the concept of acute admission in child psychiatric terms is viable.

[Zinc in patients with anorexia nervosa]. / Zink hos anorexia nervosa patienter.

In a multicenter study, the relation between zinc status and anorexia nervosa was studied in 18 patients (15 females and 3 males in the age range of 11 to 25 years). Analysis of plasma zinc (by atomic absorption), plasma albumin (by electro-immuno diffusion method) and sense of taste (comparing quinine, zinc sulfate and water solutions), showed no significant abnormalities. Thus, the investigation does not support the hypothesis, that zinc status plays a significant role in the symptomatology of anorexia nervosa.