Defining the Modalities of Intravenous Contrast Application During the Diagnostics of Hepatic Metastases with Computerized Tomography.

INTRODUCTION: The liver is the biggest human abdominal parenchymal organ; it weights approximately 1500 grams and is located in the right hypochondrium, under the diaphragm. Liver is able to perform multiple functions also by means of the rich dual vascularization: hepatic arterial system and the portal vein system, between which exists a short circuit (shunt) and free mixture inside the sinusoid, whilst the two flows drain in the same vein system. The discovery of CT and its application in practice fundamentally changes the importance of diagnostic methods for hepatobiliary lesions. PATIENTS AND METHODS: During a 4-year period, 984 patients suspected with liver or biliary tract disease were explored with CT. 117 of these patients were analyzed with liver metastases. Examinations of the liver was performed in dorsal decubitus and in absolute apnea with spiral movement of the table and in denominations of 1and 5 mm. Siemens MSCT 64 and 6 tier apparatuses enable short scanning time with almost immediate reconstruction, which offers all the necessary elements required for carrying out certain protocols. RESULTS: The average density of metastatic lesions is about 20 HU smaller than normal liver parenchyma. Metastasis with necrosis are more hypodense (30-50 HU smaller than normal liver parenchyma), whilst necrotic metastases with smaller dimensions are almost isodense with normal parenchyma. However, metastases with diameter between 4 to 6 cm are completely isodense and will remain so even after the application of I.V. contrast. The average more frequent size according to most authors, as well as according to our material (148 patients or 90%) was 2-3 cm in transversal diameter.

Correlation between blood lead level and hemoglobin level in mitrovica children.

INTRODUCTION: Lead toxicity is a serious health threat, especially in developing countries due to environmental pollution. It was thus aimed to investigate correlation between blood lead level and concentration level of hemoglobin in the blood of children involved in research. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The research included 250 children of which 31(12.4%) kindergarten children, 166 (66.4%) of primary school pupils in Mitrovica and 53(21.2%) of primary school pupils in Shtime as control group. From the 250 children included in the survey 129 or 51.6% were female children and 48.4% male children. Children were selected randomly, while tests for concentration of Pb and blood hemoglobin were done at the National Institute of Public Health. RESULTS: The average value of blood lead level of Mitrovica pupils was 2.4 µg/dL (SD±1.9µg/dL), range 0.5 to 16.3µg/dL. The average value of blood lead level of Shtime pupils was 2.3µg/dL (SD±0.7µg/dL), range 1.2 to 5.2 µg/dL with no statistical difference (P = 0.191). The average value of blood lead level in kindergarten children of Mitrovica was 3.8µg/dL (SD±1.3µg/dL), range 2.2 to 7.7µg/dL with significant difference between the average values of blood lead levels of pupils and kindergarten children of Mitrovica (P <0.0001). The average value of hemoglobin in the pupils of Mitrovica was 14.0g/dL(SD± 3.7g/dL), range 9.4 to 25.6 g/dL. The average value of hemoglobin to pupils of Shtime was 11.4g/dl(SD±0.8 g/dl), range 9.2 to 13.0 g/dl with significant difference between mean values of hemoglobin pupils of Mitrovica and Shtime (U '= 6440.0, P <0.0001). With Spearman correlation is found significant correlation of a medium scale (r = -0.305, df = 248, p <0.0001) between blood lead levels and hemoglobin level in the blood.

Air pollution in pristina, influence on cardiovascular hospital morbidity.

INTRODUCTION: Numerous studies observed health effects of particulate air pollution. Ambient air quality is particularly bad in Pristina. The principal sources of contaminants are sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides NO and NO2 (NOx), ozone (O3), lead (Pb), carbon dioxide (CO2), particulate matter (PM or dust). OBJECTIVE: to investigate effects of concentrations of pollutants in ambient air on hospital admissions for cardiovascular disease in UCCK- Pristina. METHODS: Retrospective ecological study. During the three year analytical research predict the potential benefit of decreasing for concentration of PM 2.5, PM 10 were measured in two station in Pristina. The study population consisted of all hospitalization patient in intern clinic for 2010,2011 and 2012 year. Air pollution measurements will be used by KHMI data for the year of 2010, 2011 and 2012 for the municipality of. PRISTINA IN THE MEASUREMENTS POINT IN: KHMI-MESP which is equipped with automatic analyzer- Air Compact Monitoring System (Version 2.2) recordum MESSTECHNIK GmbH. Statistical data processing will be done with SPSS 17.0 statistical package. RESULTS: Based on the results obtained during the study period concentrated PM are higher level than standards value. The results showed that the number of hospital admissions for cardiovascular disease are positively correlated with concentration pollutants. Results show clear seasonal variation in the effects of PM on hospital admissions in Kosovo. The study period was short but the mean daily admissions for cardiovascular illnesses were quite large. CONCLUSION: The main source for air pollution was coal-burned power plant and traffic (old vehicles) in Kosovo.