[Interleukins in chronic diseases of digestive organs]. / Interleikiny pri khronicheskikh zabolevaniiakh organov pishchevareniia.

AIM: To characterize quantitatively and functionally interleukines (IL) in chronic gastrointestinal diseases (CGD) depending on the affected organ, etiology, activity and stage of the disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Levels of IL-1 beta, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), gamma interferon (Inf-gamma) in peripheral blood of 300 patients with chronic hepatitis, gastroduodenal ulcer, cholelithiasis, glutenic enteropathy and other CGD were measured by enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS: CGD are accompanied by cytokine imbalance the severity of which depended on the etiological factor (virus, alcohol, etc.), the disease activity, stage and kind of IL. A maximal IL rise was seen in exacerbations of ulcer, cholelithiasis, chronic viral, autoimmune diseases. At early disease stages higher were the levels of Inf-gamma, IL-1 beta, IL-8, IL-6; at late stages--of TNF-alpha, IL-4. In patients with highly and moderately active CGD content of IL reached 250-750 pg/ml that is 3-5 times higher than in inactive CGD. In alcohol-induced CGD and metabolic disturbances IL level was under 150 pg/ml. CONCLUSION: Assessment of the cytokine spectrum in CGD holds prognostic importance as this spectrum allows conclusion on the disease activity, its progression.

[Interleukins in stomach and duodenal ulcers]. / Interleikiny pri iazvennoi bolezni zheludka i dvenadtsatiperstnoi kishki.

The results of research have shown, that the ulcer disease is accompanied by the increase of peripheral blood interleukins. The maximal increase of interleukins quality and especially TNFa and interleukine-4 was revealed in the patients with peptic ulcer, that was diagnosed at the first time. Interleukins increase was less expressed in the patients with freguent ulcer relapses. In patients with UDS the level of interleukins at first revealed ulcer was a little bit higher, than at frequently relapsing ulcer, however contents of all investigated interleukins in UDS is rather lower than in ulcer disease of duodenum. The definition of cytokines profile in the patients with stomach and duodenal peptic ulcer has prognostic importance because it allows to receive the additional information about disease activity, its prognosis and efficiency of anti-ulcer's therapy.

[Changes in local humoral immunity during stomach ulcer healing with laser and drug therapy]. / Izmenenie mestnogo gumoral'nogo immuniteta v protsesse zazhivleniia iazv zheludka pod vliianiem lazernoi i medikamentoznoi terapii.

The increase of the contents of serum IgA, IgG, IgM on the edge of long non-cicatrizing gastric ulcer was determined. At the same time the level of SIgA decreased in comparison with unaltered gastric mucosa. It is shown that the immunoglobulin content in the healed ulcer cicatrice depended on treatment method. The medicamentous therapy was accompanied by lowering of the contents of IgG, IgA, SIgA and by some increase of IgM level. The laser therapy is characterized by lowering of IgA, IgG, IgM level on a background of significant increase of SIgA content. The local humoral immunity after laser therapy was the same as in persons with unaltered gastric mucosa.

[Local and common humoral immunity in cholelithiasis and biliary sludge]. / Sostoianie mestnogo i obshchego gumoral'nogo immuniteta pri kholetsistolitiaze i biliarnom "sladzhe".

Analysis of local and systemic humoral immunity in 75 patients with cholelithiasis (36 patients) and biliary "sludge" (39 patients) are presented in this article. The bile of these patients were examined. The sIgA reduce in the bile, that testifies to the suppression of local humoral immunity but IgG and IgM increase due to inflammatory changes of gallbladder were revealed. Increase of all immunoglobulins, especially IgA, was revealed in blood serum. The both groups of the patients had demonstrated the same changes but with different expressiveness. This fact testifies to the similarity of pathological processes in these patients.

[Interleukins in chronic viral hepatitis]. / Interleikiny pri khronicheskom virusnom gepatite.

AIM: To estimate interleukines levels in chronic hepatitis (CH) in respect to CH etiological factor, activity and stage. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Enzyme immunoassay (kits from proteinovy Kontur, St-Petersburg) determined levels of IL-1 beta, IL-4, IL-6 and TNF-alpha in the peripheral blood of 250 patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC), B (CHB), D (CHD) and G (CHG). RESULTS: IL concentrations in chronic viral hepatitis depend on etiological factor (CHC, CHB, CHD, CHG), activity (high, moderate, low), stage (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis). IL occur in high quantities in CHC, in moderate concentrations in CHB and in minimal ones in CHG. Maximal IL levels were observed in high hepatitis activity at the stage of hepatic cirrhosis. TNF-alpha and IL-4 concentrations rose more frequently and higher than IL-6 and IL-1 beta (43 and 34%, up to 315 pg/ml and 256 pg/ml, respectively).

[Virus-specific antibodies and interferon therapy in chronic hepatitis C]. / Virusspetsificheskie antitela i interferonoterapiia pri khronicheskom gepatite C.

AIM: To study the spectrum of antibodies in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) against various antigenic structures of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and changes in their quantity in response to interferon treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Enzyme immunoassays (kits by Diagnostic Systems, N. Novgorod) were used in examination of 144 CHC patients with circulation of HCV antibodies in peripheral blood. RESULTS: IgG antibodies to cor, NS3, NS4 HCV antigens were present in the highest percentage (75-100%) and concentration (2.5-1.9 units). IgM antibodies to cor HCV, IgM and IgG to HS5 HCV were detected in 36-63%, concentration of the antibodies ranged 0.7-1.7 units. Interferon therapy reduced frequency and amount of virus-specific antibodies to various antigenic structures of HCV, primarily IgM to cor, NS5-HCV, anti-IgG NS5-HCV. CONCLUSION: In CHC a wide spectrum of antibodies to HCV antigenic structures are produced. They have different biological properties. Interferon treatment diminished their frequency and amount. This allows to consider changes in the amount of virus-specific antibodies in CHC as a criterion of antiviral treatment effectiveness.

[The immunological diagnosis of chronic viral hepatitis]. / Immunologicheskaia diagnostika khronicheskikh virusnykh gepatitov.

Chronic viral diseases of the liver are associated with changes in immune reactions mediated by T and B lymphocytes and dependent in severity on etiological factor (virus of hepatitis B, delta, C, their combination), the disease stage (hepatitis, cirrhosis), the process activity, kind of immune correction. HBsAg, viral hepatitis B marker, was detected in 21.2% of 1400 cases with chronic active hepatitis and liver cirrhosis. 32% of HbsAg-seropositive patients had antibodies to delta-antigen. Antibodies to HBsAg, HCV were found in 27.7 and 14.9% of the above patients. Chronic viral diseases of the liver with persistence of HBV, HDV and HCV markers are characterized by a complex of immune disorders, including a moderate rise in peripheral blood of IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, Ig kappa, lambda, immune complexes, cryoglobulins, autoantibodies to subcellular structures as well as changes in regulatory (suppressor, helper) and effector (lymphokine-producing) functions of T lymphocytes, inhibition of phagocytosing capacity. The above shifts in immune status, clinical and biochemical activity of the disease are more pronounced in chronic active hepatitis with HCV markers compared to BHV. Of maximal intensity they were in combined viral infection HBV+HDV or HBV+HCV.

[Immunoglobulins in the mucous membrane of the stomach and duodenum in patients with peptic ulcer]. / Immunoglobuliny v slizistoi obolochke zheludka i dvenadtsatiperstnoi kishki u bol'nykh iazvennoi bolezn'iu.

Immunofluorescence was used to detect incidence of immunoglobulins M, G, A and secretory immunoglobulin A in gastric and duodenal mucosa of 72 patients with peptic ulcer. In the aggravated disease, duodenal mucosa contains IgM and secretory IgA more frequently than gastric one which has in more cases IgG and IgA. In ulcer remission, immunoglobulins of all classes are less frequent finding in duodenal mucosa, IgM and secretory IgA occurring more often in gastric mucosa. In recurrent disease, the occurrence of immunoglobulins in gastric mucosa decreases, in duodenal mucosa this is true only for IgA and secretory IgA. Ulcer patients with the disease duration more than 10 years demonstrate immunoglobulins in gastric mucosa less frequently, most rare of them being IgM and secretory IgA (p less than 0.05). The above changes in local immunity suggest pathogenetic involvement of immune mechanisms and can precondition clinical features of ulcer.

[Secretory immunoglobulin A and pyloric helicobacteriosis in patients with duodenal ulcer]. / Sekretornyi immunoglobulin A i piloricheskii khelikobakterioz u bol'nykh iazvennoi bolezn'iu.

57 patients with duodenum ulcer were examined. Secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) was determined by an immunofluorescent method in the gastric and duodenum mucosa depending on the population size of pyloric helicobacter (HB). The frequency of SIgA detection in the gastric mucosa depends on the HB population size: when it is considerable SIgA was not detected in 41% cases. SIgA was detected in the gastric mucosa without pathological lesions in 85% cases, in atrophic gastritis in 70% and in superficial gastritis in 54% cases.

[Local and general humoral immunity in peptic ulcer patients]. / Sostoianie mestnogo i obshchego gumoral'nogo immuniteta u bol'nykh iazvennoi bolezn'iu.

The content of immunoglobulins (IgM, G, A) and secretory IgA in the saliva, gastric juice and blood serum was studied in 83 patients with duodenal ulcer. The secretory IgA in the saliva, gastric juice and blood serum was found to be reduced in patients with a protracted course of ulcer disease. Healing of ulcers was not accompanied by normalization of indices of general and local immunity in the gastric juice and saliva.

[State of local and total humoral immunity in duodenal ulcer with Campylobacter pylori infection]. / Sostoianie mestnogo i obshchego gumoral'nogo immuniteta pri iazvennoi bolezni dvenadtsatisperstnoi kishki s piloricheskim kampilobakteriozom.

A total of 83 patients with duodenal ulcer and a varying degree of gastric mucosa contamination with C. pylori were examined. Secretory IgA was less frequently detectable in the gastric juice of patients with higher level of gastric mucosa contamination with C. pylori and in lower concentrations than in the patients with a lesser C. pylori contamination. Healing of duodenal ulcer defects was associated with a decrease of gastric mucosa contamination and elevation of secretory IgA content in the gastric juice. The role of serum immunoglobulins in the gastric juice is less significant: IgG and IgA are rarely detected. Salivary content of secretory IgA depended on the gastric mucosa contamination and ulcer stage. Secretory IgA level increased by the ulcer remission, and C. pylori contamination decreased. Normal blood serum IgA, IgG, and IgM ratios were shifted in the patients with C. pylori contamination, particularly so in those with a higher level of contamination. These findings suggest a contribution of local and total immune reactions related to C. pylori to the pathogenesis of duodenal ulcer.

[HBsAg in the hepatocytes in chronic liver diseases]. / HBs-antigen v gepatotsitakh pri khronicheskikh zabolevaniiakh pecheni.

The paper is concerned with the results of studying 2038 liver biopsies in which HBsAg was determined. The studies indicate that the most complete information of the etiology of chronic liver diseases can be obtained on simultaneous determination of HBsAg in the blood and liver tissue.

[Autoantibodies to subcellular structures in chronic liver diseases]. / Autoantitela k subkletochnym strukturam pri khronicheskikh zabolevaniiakh pecheni.

The frequency of detecting autoantibodies to different subcellular structures in chronic liver diseases was studied and compared with the activity of the pathological process. The activity of antibodies to subcellular structures of the cytoplasm and nucleus was related in the first turn to IgG and also to IgM. Detection of autoantibodies to different subcellular structures in chronic liver diseases has a definite diagnostic implication and serves as reflection of the destructive process activity in various tissues and cells.