[Spatiotemporal Distributions and Ecological Risk Assessments of Typical Antibiotics in Surface Water of Taihu Lake].

Using solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, antibiotics belonging to four classes (i.e. sulfonamides, quinolones, tetracycline, and macrolides) in the surface water of Taihu Lake were monitored monthly for a year. Moreover, the potential ecological risks of antibiotics in Taihu Lake were assessed. During the one-year monitoring, all the eighteen target antibiotics were detected to some extent in the surface water. The detection rates of five sulfonamides (sulfamethoxazole, sulfathiazole, sulfadiazine, sulfadimethazine, and trimethoprim) were higher than 50%. The concentrations of quinolones in the surface water were relatively higher. The average and medium concentrations of ciprofloxacin were 13.0 ng·L-1 and 13.5 ng·L-1, respectively. There were significant differences in the antibiotic pollution during the different months, with the average concentrations of the target antibiotics ranging from 7.3 to 33.5 ng·L-1. The concentration levels were lower from June to October, while higher concentrations were observed from February to May and in November. In the surface water of Taihu Lake, the spatial variations of antibiotics among the 20 sampling sites were not significant, with the average concentrations ranging from 13.0 to 14.3 ng·L-1. During the one-year monitoring, the rates of medium and high risks that the antibiotics posed to algae reached 57.5%. The ecological risks of antibiotics were more severe in April and November, and the quinolones may be the dominant risk factor. This issue should be carefully considered by management authorities.

[A new triterpenic acid from the roots of Rosa laevigata].

This study was designed to investigate triterpenoids from the roots of Rosa laevigata Michx. The silica gel column chromatography was used to separate the chemical constituents from the roots of Rosa laevigata Michx. HPLC was used to analyze its purity and chemical constitution. Spectroscopy methods were used to determine their structures. Five constituents were isolated and identified as19α-OH-3ß-E-feruloyl corosolic acid (1), 23-hydroxy-tormentic acid (2), 2α, 3ß, 19α, 23- tetrahydroxy-12-en-28-oleanolic acid (3), 2α, 3α, 20ß- trihydroxyurs-13 (18)-en-28-oic-acid (4), 2α, 3ß, 20ß-trihydroxyurs-13 (18)-en-28-oic-acid (5). Compound 1 was assigned as a new compound, compounds 4, 5 were obtained from the genus Rosa for the first time.

[Quantitative determination of contents of three components in Brucea javanica by HPLC].

OBJECTIVE: To develop an HPLC method for quantitative determination of three quassinoids in Brucea javanic. METHOD: The determination was carried out on a phenomenex C18 column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) with gradient elution program of methol-water at a flow rate of 1.0 mL x min(-1), and the detection wavelength was 270 nm. RESULT: Linearites of bruceine D, brusatol and bruceine H were good (r = 0.9996, 0.9996, and 0.9998) in ranges of 2.52-12.60, 2.19-10.95, and 2.91-14.55 microg, respectively. The average recoveries of bruceine D, brusatol and bruceine H were 100.01%, 100.95% and 100.43% respectively, and RSD of the above three compounds were 0.31% (n = 6), 1.7% ( n = 6) and 1.7% (n = 6), respectively. CONCLUSION: The determination results of three batch samples showed that the method was simple, accurate and could be used in the quantitative determination of three components in the B. javanica.

[The effects of kuijiekang capsule on ulcerative colitis induced by TNBS in rats].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of Kuijiekang Capsule (KJK) on rats colitis induced by TNBS. METHODS: Rats with TNBS/ethanol-induced colitis were used and treated with KJK. The experimental animals were divided into 6 groups: control group, model group, SASP group (0.50 g/kg), KJK group (0.64, 0.32, 0.16 g/kg). The animals were administrated 0. 5% carboxymethyl cellulose, SASP and KJK respectively (from the 6th d after the establishment of ulcerative colitis model to the end of the experiment, 18 d totally). At the end of the experiment, the colon mucosal damage index (CMDI), the activity of myelperoxidase (MPO) and the occult blood test (OB) in feces were observed, the mucosa pathohistology was measured and thymus and spleen of rats were weighed respectively. Meanwhile, the content of malondiadehyde (MDA) , superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) of colonic tissue were detected. RESULTS: The remarkable effects of KJK at dosage of 0.64, 0.32 g/kg on TNBS-induced colitis were observed, the extent of CMDI and OB were decreased, MPO activeity of colonic tissue was reduced. The extent of atrophy of thymus gland and intumesce of spleen of rat were ameliorated. Meanwhile, the content of MDA was reduced, and the activities of SOD and GSH-Px were increased. Pathological histology results showed that KJK could alleviate the pathohistological lesion of the colon of rat. CONCLUSION: Treatment with KJK shows beneficial effects on the mucosal damage of rats colitis induced by TNBS/ethanol. The mechanism of the actions of KJK may relate to anti-inflammatory effect, immunoloregulation and anti-oxidation.

A new picfeltarraenone glycoside from Picria fel-terrae.

AIM: To investigate the chemical constituents from Picria fel-terrae Lour. METHODS: Column chromatography techniques were used to isolate the chemical constituents, physico-chemical constants and spectroscopic analysis were employed for structural elucidation. Results Two triterpenoids named picfeltarraenone I (1) and picfeltarraenin XI (2) were isolated, and their structures were established to be 3,11,22-trioxo-16alpha-hydroxy-(20S,24)-epoxy-cucurbit-5,23-diene (1) and 3,11,22-trioxo-16alpha-hydroxy-(20S,24)-epoxy-cucurbit-5, 23-diene-2beta-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (2), respectively. CONCLUSION: Compound 2 is a new compound, the 13CNMR data of compound 1 is reported for the first

[Effects of Naomaitai capsule on learning and memory and content of Ach in rat model produced by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of Naomaitai capsule on the learning and memory abilities and the content of acetylcholine(Ach) in the brain tissue of the model rat. METHOD: One vascular dementia(VD) model was produced by occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries in rats with following steps: ischemia 20 minutes-reperfusion 10 minutes-ischemia 20 minutes. The learning and memory abilities were tested by water maze. The other VD model was formed by 4-vessel occlusion-reperfusion injury in rats. The time of right reflect recovery and the content of Ach in the brain tissue were determined. RESULT: Naomaitai capsule can significantly improve the learning and memory abilities of the dementia rats( P < 0.05, P < 0.01), increase the content of Ach (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) and reduce the time of right reflect recovery(P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Naomaitai capsule can improve the learning and memory abilities by increasing the content of Ach of the VD rats.

[Determination of linarin in Yuye Jiedu granule by RP-HPLC].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the content of linarin in Yuye Jiedu granule. METHOD: A HPLC method was developed. The chromatographic conditions are as follows Luna C18 column and acetonitrile-0.05 mol x L(-1) phosphate buffer-phosphoric acid (30:70:0.06) as mobil phase, detection wavelenth at 327 nm. RESULT: The linear range of linarin was 0.025-0.50 microg. The average recovery was 98.7% and RSD 2.7%. CONCLUSION: The method is simple and accurate, with good repeatability, and can be used for determination of linarin in Yuye Jiedu granule.

Spectral properties of the association nanoparticle system of ciprofloxacin-phloxine and its application to fluorescence analysis.

There is a fluorescence peak at 570 nm, and a maximum absorption peak at 560 nm for phloxine (PHLO) in a pH 7 water solution. Under these conditions, the ciprofloxacin cation (CPFX+) and PHLO- combine into hydrophobic CPFX-PHLO association molecule by means of static gravitation. There are stronger van der Waals forces and hydrophobic forces among the CPFX-PHLO molecules. Thus, they aggregate automatically to the (CPFX-PHLO)n association nanoparticle in red-violet color. That was characterized by scan electron microscopy (SEM), hyperfiltration and dialysis tests. In 0.04 M HCl, the red-violet nanoparticles exhibited a Rayleigh scattering peak at 470 nm, a resonance scattering peak at 580 nm, a maximum absorption wavelength at 565 nm, and a fluorescence peak at 450 nm. The fluorescence analytical conditions of CPFX have been considered. The CPFX concentration in the range of 1.0 x 10(-6)-4.0 x 10(-5) M is linear to the fluorescence intensity, F450nm. The detection limit was achieved at 4.0 x 10(-7) M CPFX. The CPFX in real samples was determined with satisfactory results.

[Spectral properties of the association particle system of quinine-[PtI6]2- and its analytical application].

In 0.01 mol x L(-1) HCl medium, red color [PtI6]2- and quinine combine to form association molecule. The molecules aggregate automatically owing to strong hydrophobic and molecular forces. And PtI6-quinine association particles with violet-red color formed. It exhibits three resonance scattering peaks at 310 nm, 400 nm and 610 nm, and a Rayleigh scattering peak at 470 nm. The absorption values all increase in the wavelength range of 350-740 nm, and the fluorescence peak at 450 nm was quenched. Under the conditions chosen, the quinine concentration in the range of 0-40 x 10(-6) mol x L(-1) is linear to the A(620 nm) value. The mole absorption coefficient epsilon(620 nm) is 1.31 x 10(4) L x mol(-1) x cm(-1). The results show that the association particles produce the resonance scattering effect, fluorescence quenching and the violet-red color.

[Absorption spectra study of the association nanoparticle system of berberine-[AuI4]- and its analytical application].

In 0.008 mol x L(-1) HCl medium, [AuCl4]- and I- combine to form [AuI4]-. [AuI4]- reacts with berberine (BB) to form (AuI4-BB) association molecule. The molecules aggregate automatically owing to strong hydrophobic and molecular forces. And (AuI4-BB)n association nanoparticles with orange-yellow color were observed. It exhibits a resonance scattering peak at 520 nm. The absorption peak for the nanoparticle system and the [AuI4]- is at 350 nm. However, the absorbance values for the nanoparticle system increased in the visible light region. Under the conditions chosen, the BB concentration in the range of 0.8 x 10(-6) mol x L(-1)-20 x 10(-6) mol x L(-1) is linear to the A(450 nm) value. The results show that the formation of (AuI4-BB)n nanoparticles produces the resonance scattering effect and the orange-yellow color.

[Isolation and identification of a new cucurbitacin from Picria fel-terrae].

AIM: To study compounds isolated from Picria fel-terrae. METHODS: The chemical constituents were separated and purified by column chromatography on silica gel and MCI. Their structures were identified on the basis of spectral data (IR, UV, MS, ID NMR and 2D NMR). RESULTS: A new cucurbitacin, along with a known one, were obtained from the 60% EtOH extract of the whole plant. CONCLUSION: The new compound was identified as 11, 24-dioxo-5, 21-diene-cucurbit-3alpha-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-16alpha-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside (dehydrobryogenin glycoside). The known one, hexanorcucurbitacin F, was obtained for the first time from Picria fel-terrae.

[Study on the chemical constituents from Picria fel-tarrae].

OBJECTIVE: To isolate and identify compounds from Picria fel-tarrae in order to utilize it better. METHOD: Constituents from Picria fel-tarrae were isolated by several column chromatography and their structures were elucidated on the basis of chemical and spectral analysis. RESULT: Six compounds, N-benzoylphenylalanyl-L-phenylalaninol acetate (1), 1-hydroxy-7-hydroxymethyl-9,10-anthraquinone (2), 9, 16-dioxo-10,12,14-octadeca-trienoic acid (3), 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-flavone (4), beta-sitosterol (5), and daucosterol (6) were obtained from the fraction with relatively low polarity of EtOH extract of Picria fel-tarrae. CONCLUSION: Compounds 1-6 were isolated from picria fel-tarrae Lour for the first time, and the 13C-NMR data of compounds 1-3 are provided firstly in the literature.

[Resonance Rayleigh scattering spectra of berberine-tetraphenylboron association nanoparticle and its analytical application].

AIM: To study the relationship between resonance Rayleigh scattering(RRS) and the formation of association nanoparticle, and to develop a new and sensitive RRS method for the determination of trace berberine (BB). METHODS: The association nanoparticle between BB and tetraphenylboron (TPB) was investigated by means of RRS, absorption spectral method and transmission electron microscope (TEM). RESULTS: In pH 5.0 NaAc-HAc buffer solution, BB and TPB combine to BB-TPB association complex. The association complexes aggregate to (BB-TPB)n association nanoparticles, due to the strong hydrophobic force and Van der Waals force. It exhibits a resonance Rayleigh scattering peak at 470 nm, a maximum absorption peak at 368 nm. A new RRS method was proposed for the determination of 0.06 to 5.28 mg.L-1 BB in real samples with satisfactory results. The detection limit is 26 micrograms.L-1. CONCLUSION: The TEM of (BBjAgp-TPBj + p)h composite association nanoparticles was observed by means of composite association nanoreaction both TPB- and BB+ or Ag+. The results indicated that the formation of (BB-TPB)n association nanoparticles and interface of solid-liquid results in the enhanced resonance light-scattering. This new RRS method showed high sensitivity, and had been successfully applied to the determination of BB in real samples.

[Clinical study of watermelon frost runhou tablet treatment for pharynx and larynx oral cavity].

OBJECTIVE: Inquire into the clinical curative effect that Watermelon frost runhou tablet cured the illness in pharynx and larynx oral cavity. METHOD: Clinical research material to 136 medical treatment units (13,435 cases) in the whole nation is added up the analysis. RESULT: Fully recovering from an illness produce effects rate is 80.0%, always there is the efficiency to serve as 96.0%. CONCLUSION: Watermelon frost runhou tablet is effective good medicine of safety curing the pharynx and larynx disease in oral cavity.

[Kinetic study on the volatility of menthol and borneol].

OBJECTIVE: To study the volatile regularity of menthol and borneol in granule and lozenge at different temperature. METHOD: Kinetic method with GC being detection technique. RESULT: The volatility of menthol and borneol acts as a pseudo first-order reaction in open system. Under the same condition, the volatile rate of menthol and borneol in granule is four times as fast as that in lozenge, and the volatile rate of borneol is faster than that of menthol. CONCLUSION: This study can be applied to improve the quality of lozenges containing menthol or/and borneol.