[A comparative study of the effectiveness of commercial microtest systems for identification of microorganisms of different groups in clinical microbiology]. / Sravnitel'noe izuchenie éffektivnosti kommercheskikh mikrotest-sistem dlia identifikatsii mikroorganizmov razlichnykh grupp v klinicheskoi mikrobiologii.

Studies of 806 strains of cultures isolated from pathological material demonstrated the possibility of using microtest systems MMTE1 and 2 (ALLERGEN Research and Production Plant in the town of Stavropol) and ENTEROtest 1 and 2 and ENTEROtest 16 for identification of enterobacteria and NEFERMtest, STAPHYtest, STREPTOtest, and ANAEROtest for the identification of respective groups of microorganisms at practical microbiological laboratories (Lachema, Czechia). The microtest kits are easy to use and fit for mass screenings; they permit simultaneous testing in 9 to 23 biochemical tests. Use of these test kits allows species identification of 63.3 to 80.7% cultures making use of biochemical activity tables and indexes recommended in instructions for the use of microtest kits and 85.6 to 96.1% cultures making use of IDENT computer software. Introduction of microtest kits in the practical activity of microbiological laboratories will appreciably improve the quality of microbiological investigations and allow the use of automated microbiological systems.

[Microbiological diagnosis and antibacterial therapy of non spore-forming anaerobic infections in emergencies]. / Mikrobiologicheskaia diagnostika i antibakterial'naia terapiia nesporoobrazuiushchikh anaérobnykh infektsii pri neotlozhnykh sostoianiiakh.

A total of 240 patients with soft tissue and wound suppurations, peritonitis, and suspected sepsis were examined. Anaerobic isolates were more frequently obtained in 20-75% of patients infections associated with facultative microbes. The use of non-culture media (bacterioscopy and gas-liquid chromatography) increased the detection rate of anaerobic infection up to 82% as compared with bacteriological diagnosis (63%). The findings and the data of monitoring of suppuration agents for several years allowed the authors to work out effective combined treatment regimes for early mixed aerobic and anaerobic infections in 80-100% of patients.

[Microbiologic diagnosis of mixed anaerobic and aerobic surgical infections]. / Mikrobiologicheskaia diagnostika smeshannykh anaérobno-aérobnykh infektsii v khirurgii.

One hundred and twelve patients with purulent affections of the abdominal and thoracic cavities as well as soft tissues and 49 patients with suspected generalization of the infection were examined. It was shown that the position of mixed anaerobic and aerobic infections in various groups of the patients could reach 70-80 per cent while the species composition of the pathogens was close to that of the normal microflora in the affected organ or its region. Bacteroides spp. played the main role in the development of anaerobic sepsis and conditioned a distinctive process. There was observed synergism of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus spp. and they were shown to serve as indicators of the anaerobic infection due to these species in definite biotops. The use of GLC markedly lowered the time required for diagnosis of anaerobic infections which provided rational chemotherapy at the early stages of the disease with an account of the data on monitoring of the suppuration causative agent.

[The antimicrobial activity of Augmentin (amoxicillin/clavulanic acid) compared to other antibacterial agents]. / Izuchenie antimikrobnoi aktivnosti Augmentina (amoksitsillin/klavulanovaia kislota) v sravnenii s drugimi antibakterial'nymi agentami.

Sensitivity of clinical strains of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria to Augmentin was studied in comparison to other antibiotics. Augmentin was shown to be advantageous in the level and spectrum of its antibacterial activity over ampicillin and other broad-spectrum antibiotics.

[An evaluation of the efficacy of Beclometh in bronchial asthma patients]. / Otsenka éffektivnosti beklometa u bol'nykh bronkhial'noi astmoi.

Fifteen bronchial asthma patients were followed-up for 6 months. They were administered beclomet-250 in a daily dose 1000 micrograms. The patients' clinical status was characterized by positive changes, ventilation function of the lungs improved. The drug was discovered to produce no suppressive action on adrenal function. Besides, the patients did not develop oropharyngeal candidiasis.

[The etiology of acute pneumonias in middle-aged and elderly persons]. / Etiologiia ostrykh pnevmonii u lits pozhilogo i starcheskogo vozrasta.

As many as 356 patients afflicted with acute pneumonias (of these, 225 were from 60 to over years of age) underwent examinations according to the program including bacteriological analysis of the mucus and detection of antigens and specific antibodies in the blood serum. The etiology of acute pneumonia was established in 346 patients (97.2%). In the etiological structure of acute pneumonia, there prevailed bacteria, among which pneumococci, streptococci and hemophilic bacilli occurring both in the form of monocultures and as a constituent part of associations were mostly demonstrable. Acute pneumonias caused by Legionella, Klebsiella and staphylococci were encountered comparatively seldom. The rate of the demonstration of Mycoplasma and viral bacterial associations varied depending on the epidemiological situation. In young persons, acute pneumonias were induced primarily by bacterial monocultures, Mycoplasma, and viral bacterial associations. The latter ones were demonstrated more frequently in persons over 60. The authors review the information content of the employed diagnostic program for the verification of bacterial monocultures and associations of causative agents. Note that penicillin, tetracyclines and biseptol are less effective in respect of bacterial associations detectable in elderly persons.

[Fecal contamination with nuclease-positive bacteria as one of the indices of intestinal dysbacteriosis]. / Obsemenennost' isprazhenii nukleazopolozhitel'nymi bakteriiami kak odin iz pokazatelei disbakterioza kishechnika.

A comparative study of the levels of fecal contamination with opportunistic anaerobic nuclease-positive microorganisms was carried out in 114 normal subjects with normal intestinal microflora and in 82 somatic patients with disordered microflora in order to find new integral indicators of disturbed microflora of the intestine; along with routine methods, new techniques were employed. Integral assessment of the intestinal microflora was carried out by scintillation of the total count of facultative anaerobic microorganisms and the share of nuclease-positive bacteria, that yielded nucleic acid depolymerization areas 2 mm or higher from the border of the colonies.

[Characteristics of the serologic properties of bacteria of the genus Moraxella]. / Kharakteristika serologicheskikh svoistv bakterii roda Moraxella.

Antigenic relationships between different Moraxella species and closely related bacteria were examined in agglutination (AT), indirect immunofluorescence (IIF), double gel immunodiffusion tests, and counter-current immunoelectrophoresis with experimentally obtained antisera. Specificities of commercial antibody reagents, manufactured by Abbott, USA, intended for enzyme immunoassay diagnosis of gonorrhea and urogenital chlamydia infections, were assessed. Results of donor blood serum examinations helped establish AT and IIF diagnostic titres to be used in serologic diagnosis of infections induced by various Moraxella species.

[Comparative evaluation of commercial test systems for the identification of gram-negative bacteria]. / Sravnitel'naia otsenka kommercheskikh test-sistem dlia identifikatsii gramotritsatel'nykh bakterii.

Diagnostic efficiency of 5 test-systems i.e. Enterotube 11, Oxi-Ferm Tube, API 20E, API 20NE and MS-2 BID was estimated comparatively with using collection and clinical strains of enteric bacteria and nonfermenting organisms. The accuracy of the enteric bacteria identification as compared to that with the use of the routine methods was more than 90 per cent. The diagnostic mistakes were more frequent with species differentiation of Klebsiella and Enterobacter. In the studies with nonfermenting bacteria the results were less stable and statistically significant differences in identification of separate strains were stated. Advantages and disadvantages of various test-systems are discussed.

[Acute pneumonia complicating chronic pyelonephritis in persons over 60-years-old]. / Ostrye pnevmonii na fone khronicheskogo pielonefrita u lits starshe 60 let.

A study was made of the clinical, x-ray and immunological features of acute pneumonias (AP) developing against a background of chronic pyelonephritis in 28 patients aged 60 and over this age. Routine microbiological inoculation of the sputum as well as noncultural methods (definition of antigen substances and specific antibodies in the blood serum) were employed for etiological deciphering. A modern program of etiological diagnosis ensured the detection of a wide spectrum of agents including viruses, Mycoplasma and Legionella. Pneumococci, streptococci, hemophilic bacteria in the form of monocultures as well as part of associations of microorganisms were shown to be the most frequent agents causing AP. The resistance of 495 strains of pneumococci, streptococci and hemophilic bacteria to antibiotics was considered. A low sensitivity of these cultures to tetracyclines and biseptol was observed. Caramycin and chloramphenicol were recommended for the treatment of AP combined with chronic pyelonephritis.

[Diagnostic significance of opportunistic bacteria in acute intestinal infections]. / Diagnosticheskoe znachenie uslovno-patogennykh bakterii pri ostrykh kishechnykh infektsiiakh.

A study was made of the rate of the cultivation of opportunistic bacteria (OB) from the feces of different groups of patients, normal persons and those examined in accordance with epidemic indications as well as of serological modulations in autogenous strains of the bacteria. The rate of the cultivation of the different types of OB in the different groups, in inpatients and outpatients, and the character of the serological modulations in them depending on the OB type and the group under examination were different. Evolution in the specific composition of OB over the recent 20 years is demonstrated. The principles of evaluating the diagnostic importance of OB cultivated from the feces of patients and normal persons are worded. Five possible versions of the diagnostic interpretation of OB demonstration in human feces are presented.

[Biological properties of opportunistic enterobacteria isolated from healthy persons and from patients with intestinal dysbacteriosis]. / Biologicheskie svoistva uslovno-patogennykh énterobakterii, vydelennykh ot zdorovykh liudei i somaticheskikh bol'nykh s disbakteriozom kishechnika.

The comparative study of the signs of pathogenicity in 724 enterobacterial strains and in some species of nonfermenting microorganisms isolated from the feces of 115 somatic patients with intestinal dysbacteriosis and 80 healthy persons (565 strains) has revealed that microorganisms belonging to the same species may essentially differ in their occurrence, in the activity of the enzymes (DNAase, RNAase, phosphatase) which they release into the culture medium, as well as in their capacity to give the positive reaction with Congo red. At the same time, the cultures isolated in cases of intestinal dysbacteriosis have been found to be biologically more active.

[Isolation of the L forms of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus var. Lwoffii in infectious endocarditis]. / Vydelenie L-form Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, var. Lwoffii pri infektsionnom éndokardite.

In the bacteriological study of blood samples taken from a patient with infectious endocarditis the hemoculture of the L-forms of A. calcoaceticus, var. lwoffii, was isolated. This hemoculture reverted into the bacterial form in the process of subculturing on solid media. The species of the isolated L-forms was established on the basis of the data obtained in the study of the biological properties of the revertants. To ensure the effectiveness of bacteriological investigations, a special search for atypical cultures is recommended in those cases when the inoculation of blood samples yields negative results.

[Role of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae in the etiology of acute pneumonias in the elderly]. / Rol' Streptococcus pneumoniae i Haemophilus influenzae v étiologii ostrykh pnevmonii u lits pozhilogo vozrasta.

The quantitative study of microflora in the sputa of 158 patients and the serological analysis of the blood sera of 37 patients with diagnosed acute pneumonia were carried out. The occurrence of S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae in diagnostic titers was, respectively, 55.1% and 5.7% in bacteriological study and 89.2% and 43.2% in serological analysis. The sensitivity of clinical strains to antibacterial preparations varied within a wide range: 99.8% to 58.8% for S. pneumoniae and 90.6% to 56.2% for H. influenzae.

[Use of CO2 laser for the prevention of postoperative wound suppuration]. / Ispol'zovanie CO2-lazera dlia profilaktiki nagnoeniia posleoperatsionnykh ran.

The experiments with laboratory animals have convincingly shown that CO2-laser can be successfully used for prophylactics of suppurations of postoperative wounds in clinics.