Retrospective review of treatment outcomes and costs in children with sleep disordered breathing assessed with multi-channel studies.

Current UK guidance on OSA management recommends only selective use of sleep studies - when there is diagnostic uncertainty, in children with comorbidities or to evaluate perioperative risk in those with suspected severe OSA. Routine use of sleep studies to confirm a diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) in children before adenotonsillectomy is not currently recommended. We report the findings of a novel paediatric sleep service based on routine use of multi-channel sleep studies (MCSS) before adenotonsillectomy and present the results of a service evaluation assessing the impact of our practise on treatment outcomes and cost. We conducted a retrospective study of 264 children with sleep disordered breathing seen in our centre between July 2018-June 2019, using medical records and a sleep study database to determine treatment outcomes and costs. Using responses from a questionnaire completed by otolaryngologists for a separate prospective study, we compare our costs with estimates of those associated with a standard UK model of care i.e. with selective use of sleep studies. We estimate that our routine use of MCSS reduced the number of adenotonsillectomies by 44 % but at higher monetary costs than those estimated for the standard model of care. We note however, that reconfiguring our service to arrange a sleep study before the initial appointment, rather than after, would result in the service being cost neutral compared with the standard model. We also estimate that use of home multi-channel studies in our service would bring a significant cost saving (∼£50,000 - £80,000 per annum) compared to standard care.

Update to: Assessing the efficacy of male Wolbachia-infected mosquito deployments to reduce dengue incidence in Singapore.

BACKGROUND: This trial is a parallel, two-arm, non-blinded cluster randomised controlled trial that is under way in Singapore, with the aim of measuring the efficacy of male Wolbachia-infected Aedes aegypti deployments in reducing dengue incidence in an endemic setting with all four dengue serotypes in circulation. The trial commenced in July 2022 and is expected to conclude in September 2024. The original study protocol was published in December 2022. Here, we describe amendments that have been made to the study protocol since commencement of the trial. METHODS: The key protocol amendments are (1) addition of an explicit definition of Wolbachia exposure for residents residing in intervention sites based on the duration of Wolbachia exposure at point of testing, (2) incorporation of a high-dimensional set of anthropogenic and environmental characteristics in the analysis plan to adjust for baseline risk factors of dengue transmission, and (3) addition of alternative statistical analyses for endpoints to control for post hoc imbalance in cluster-based environmental and anthropogenic characteristics. DISCUSSION: The findings from this study will provide the first experimental evidence for the efficacy of releasing male-Wolbachia infected mosquitoes to reduce dengue incidence in a cluster-randomised controlled trial. The trial will conclude in 2024 and results will be reported shortly thereafter. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT05505682. Registered on 16 August 2022. Retrospectively registered. Last updated 11 November 2023.

Prospective evaluation of the impact of multi-channel studies on treatment outcomes in children with sleep disordered breathing.

There are significant variations in practice regarding the use of sleep studies in children with symptoms of sleep disordered breathing (SDB) prior to adenotonsillectomy. Current UK guidance recommends the selective use of sleep studies to confirm a diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) when there is diagnostic uncertainty, in children with comorbidities, or to assess perioperative risk when severe OSA is suspected. We have developed a novel paediatric sleep service over the past decade based on the routine use of multi-channel sleep studies (MCSS) before adenotonsillectomy. We present the results of a prospective evaluation assessing the impact of our service on treatment outcomes. We conducted a prospective service evaluation of 49 children with SDB seen between July 2021 and August 2022. We used medical records and a sleep study database to determine treatment outcomes. Otolaryngologists completed a questionnaire before each multi-channel sleep study to help evaluate the impact of sleep study findings on surgical decision making. Questionnaire responses before MCSS showed that clinicians thought 66 % of children were 'likely', 'very likely' or 'definitely' would require surgery but only 54 % of children underwent surgery following their sleep study. We estimate that the use of MCSS was associated with a 21 % reduction in children undergoing surgery in this small sample. We conclude that our use of MCSS facilitates conservative management, allowing a significant reduction in the number of children with SDB undergoing surgery, but further validation of MCSS against polysomnography is required.

Recent advances in enzymatic biofuel cells enabled by innovative materials and techniques.

The past few decades have seen increasingly rapid advances in the field of sustainable energy technologies. As a new bio- and eco-friendly energy source, enzymatic biofuel cells (EBFCs) have garnered significant research interest due to their capacity to power implantable bioelectronics, portable devices, and biosensors by utilizing biomass as fuel under mild circumstances. Nonetheless, numerous obstacles impeded the commercialization of EBFCs, including their relatively modest power output and poor long-term stability of enzymes. To depict the current progress of EBFC and address the challenges it faces, this review traces back the evolution of EBFC and focuses on contemporary advances such as newly emerged multi or single enzyme systems, various porous framework-enzyme composites techniques, and innovative applications. Besides emphasizing current achievements in this field, from our perspective part we also introduced novel electrode and cell design for highly effective EBFC fabrication. We believe this review will assist readers in comprehending the basic research and applications of EBFCs as well as potentially spark interdisciplinary collaboration for addressing the pressing issues in this field.

Overview of Electrospinning for Tissue Engineering Applications.

Tissue engineering (TE) is an emerging field of study that incorporates the principles of biology, medicine, and engineering for designing biological substitutes to maintain, restore, or improve tissue functions with the goal of avoiding organ transplantation. Amongst the various scaffolding techniques, electrospinning is one of the most widely used techniques to synthesise a nanofibrous scaffold. Electrospinning as a potential tissue engineering scaffolding technique has attracted a great deal of interest and has been widely discussed in many studies. The high surface-to-volume ratio of nanofibres, coupled with their ability to fabricate scaffolds that may mimic extracellular matrices, facilitates cell migration, proliferation, adhesion, and differentiation. These are all very desirable properties for TE applications. However, despite its widespread use and distinct advantages, electrospun scaffolds suffer from two major practical limitations: poor cell penetration and poor load-bearing applications. Furthermore, electrospun scaffolds have low mechanical strength. Several solutions have been offered by various research groups to overcome these limitations. This review provides an overview of the electrospinning techniques used to synthesise nanofibres for TE applications. In addition, we describe current research on nanofibre fabrication and characterisation, including the main limitations of electrospinning and some possible solutions to overcome these limitations.

In silico toxicity studies of traditional Chinese herbal medicine: A mini review.

With the availability of public databases that store compound-target/compound-toxicity information, and Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) databases, in silico approaches are used in toxicity studies of TCM herbal medicine. Here, three in silico approaches for toxicity studies were reviewed, which include machine learning, network toxicology and molecular docking. For each method, its application and implementation e.g., single classifier vs. multiple classifier, single compound vs. multiple compounds, validation vs. screening, were explored. While these methods provide data-driven toxicity prediction that is validated in vitro and/or in vivo, it is still limited to single compound analysis. In addition, these methods are limited to several types of toxicity, with hepatotoxicity being the most dominant. Future studies involving the testing of combination of compounds on the front end i.e., to generate data for in silico modeling, and back end i.e., validate findings from prediction models will advance the in silico toxicity modeling of TCM compounds.

The use of herbal and dietary supplements for COVID-19 prevention: A survey among the public in a Malaysian suburban town.

Introduction: The spread of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) may lead people to seek preventative measures. The use of herbal and dietary supplements (HDS) may have become prevalent during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to identify the prevalence, predictors, and patterns of HDS use for COVID-19 prevention in a sample of the general public in a suburban town in Malaysia. Methods: An online cross-sectional survey was conducted between May and June 2021 involving adults ≥ 18 years old. Data on the self-reported use of HDS for COVID-19 prevention were collected. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine the predictors of HDS use. Results: Overall, 41.9 % (168/401) reported using HDS to prevent COVID-19. Multivariate analysis showed that HDS users were more likely to be individuals ≥ 40 years old (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.774, 95 % confidence interval [CI] = 1.016 - 3.098), and to have had a history of HDS use prior to the pandemic (aOR = 19.378, 95 % CI = 5.901 - 63.639). Most HDS users referred to social media or websites (66.7 %, 112/168) for HDS information. Approximately half of them had consulted either pharmacists or doctors about their HDS use. Conclusion: HDS use to prevent COVID-19 was common among the respondents. Several issues - such as the concurrent use of HDS with conventional medications, the use of unreliable sources of information, and the lack of consultation with healthcare providers (HCPs) - indicate that HCPs should be more proactive in their consultative and information-providing roles regarding HDS use.

Phase control of ZIF-7 nanoparticles via mechanochemical synthesis.

Mechanochemical synthesis is a greener synthesis route to form functional metal organic frameworks (MOFs) compared to the typical solvothermal method. Here we demonstrate the crystal phase control of a widely functional zeolitic imidazolate framework, ZIF-7, and its variations via the mechanochemical synthesis route.

Potential of Natural Honey in Controlling Obesity and its Related Complications.

Honey has a long history of therapeutic properties for multiple diseases, including inflammation and oxidative stress. This review aimed to provide a better understanding and renewed interest in the potential role of honey in obesity control, obesity-related diseases treatment and weight management, with specific reference to its components and the effect of honey overall. There is compelling evidence that honey possesses the desired properties for this purpose, as seen in the in vitro, in silico, in vivo and clinical analyses discussed in this review. This review also highlights the components potentially responsible for the health benefits of honey. Honey and its components reduce blood sugar levels, improve insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism by reducing triglycerides, and reduce total cholesterol and LDL levels while increasing HDL levels that prevent excessive weight gain and reduce the risk of obesity and its complications. Further controlled studies are necessary to validate the role of honey in the management of obesity, both as a preventive and as a therapeutic agent.

How Internet Websites Portray Herbal Vitality Products Containing Eurycoma longifolia Jack: An Evaluation of the Quality and Risks of Online Information.

BACKGROUND: Tongkat Ali (TA) or Eurycoma longifolia is a herbal medicine (HM) plant traditionally used to treat sexual dysfunction and enhance libido in men. Websites containing information about HM are abundant. However, studies have shown that in general the quality of websites containing information on HM is low. The present study aims to assess the quality and risks of websites containing information about TA supplements and to identify the health claims for TA. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study to evaluate the quality and risks of websites discussing TA supplements was conducted. Online marketing websites, research articles, news articles, personal opinions, and those restricted by password were excluded. The quality and risks of websites were assessed using a modified DISCERN tool and a set of risk assessment criteria, respectively. The health claims for TA were identified and analyzed using content analysis. RESULTS: Overall, 321 websites met the inclusion criteria and were further evaluated. The overall rating of the quality of the websites was low, with a mean score ± standard deviation of 1.07 ± 0.51. Most websites lacked information that there may be more than one possible treatment choice and did not discuss areas of uncertainty. However, 67.9% (218/321) of the websites received a risk score of zero. A minority of websites (5/321, 1.6%) discouraged the use of conventional medicines. The most common health claims for TA included in the websites related to the enhancement of testosterone level (121/321, 37.7%), treatment of malaria (112/321, 34.9%), and improvement in libido (108/321, 33.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Websites containing information about TA supplements generally have a low-quality rating based on a modified DISCERN tool despite having a low-risk score. Government agencies and healthcare professionals (HCPs) must be more proactive in the critique and dissemination of information relating to HM, and in ensuring the safe use of HM among the public and patients.

Locking the Ultrasound-Induced Active Conformation of Metalloenzymes in Metal-Organic Frameworks.

Enhancing the enzymatic activity inside metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is a critical challenge in chemical technology and bio-technology, which, if addressed, will broaden their scope in energy, food, environmental, and pharmaceutical industries. Here, we report a simple yet versatile and effective strategy to optimize biocatalytic activity by using MOFs to rapidly "lock" the ultrasound (US)-activated but more fragile conformation of metalloenzymes. The results demonstrate that up to 5.3-fold and 9.3-fold biocatalytic activity enhancement of the free and MOF-immobilized enzymes could be achieved compared to those without US pretreatment, respectively. Using horseradish peroxidase as a model, molecular dynamics simulation demonstrates that the improved activity of the enzyme is driven by an opened gate conformation of the heme active site, which allows more efficient substrate binding to the enzyme. The intact heme active site is confirmed by solid-state UV-vis and electron paramagnetic resonance, while the US-induced enzyme conformation change is confirmed by circular dichroism spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. In addition, the improved activity of the biocomposites does not compromise their stability upon heating or exposure to organic solvent and a digestion cocktail. This rapid locking and immobilization strategy of the US-induced active enzyme conformation in MOFs gives rise to new possibilities for the exploitation of highly efficient biocatalysts for diverse applications.

Regulating the Coordination Environment of Mesopore-Confined Single Atoms from Metalloprotein-MOFs for Highly Efficient Biocatalysis.

Single-atom catalysts (SACs) exhibit unparalleled atomic utilization and catalytic efficiency, yet it is challenging to modulate SACs with highly dispersed single-atoms, mesopores, and well-regulated coordination environment simultaneously and ultimately maximize their catalytic efficiency. Here, a generalized strategy to construct highly active ferric-centered SACs (Fe-SACs) is developed successfully via a biomineralization strategy that enables the homogeneous encapsulation of metalloproteins within metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) followed by pyrolysis. The results demonstrate that the constructed metalloprotein-MOF-templated Fe-SACs achieve up to 23-fold and 47-fold higher activity compared to those using metal ions as the single-atom source and those with large mesopores induced by Zn evaporation, respectively, as well as up to a 25-fold and 1900-fold higher catalytic efficiency compared to natural enzymes and natural-enzyme-immobilized MOFs. Furthermore, this strategy can be generalized to a variety of metal-containing metalloproteins and enzymes. The enhanced catalytic activity of Fe-SACs benefits from the highly dispersed atoms, mesopores, as well as the regulated coordination environment of single-atom active sites induced by metalloproteins. Furthermore, the developed Fe-SACs act as an excellent and effective therapeutic platform for suppressing tumor cell growth. This work advances the development of highly efficient SACs using metalloproteins-MOFs as a template with diverse biotechnological applications.

Development of a board game to assist pharmacists learning the potentially inappropriate medications in older people.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Pharmacists have been reported to have inadequate awareness about potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) in older people. This warrants more efforts to enhance their familiarity and knowledge in this topic. A board game was developed based on the 2019 American Geriatrics Society (AGS) Beers Criteria to assist pharmacists learning the topic. EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY AND SETTING: The board game is played using dice and pawns and involved players encounter questions on various aspects of PIMs in older people. Questions used in the board game were reviewed by a panel of experts. The board game exposed pharmacists to drug-drug and drug-disease/syndrome interactions. The board game was pilot tested among 16 pharmacists and played by a group of 34 pharmacists. Close- and open-ended feedback regarding the board game were sought in both sessions using a self-developed questionnaire. FINDINGS: All pharmacists in the pilot test (PT) and actual game (AG) sessions agreed that the board game is an innovative, useful, and interesting way to learn about PIMs in older people. All pharmacists in the PT session and a high majority of those in the AG session agreed that the board game increased their knowledge about PIMs in older people. The open-ended responses showed generally positive feedback. SUMMARY: The board game can be useful as an educational tool to supplement traditional teaching methods to assist pharmacists learning the PIMs in older people. Periodic review and relevant modifications of the board game content can be done to ensure its efficiency and relevance.

Photoprotective Potential, Cytotoxicity, and UPLC-QTOF/MS Analysis on Bioactive Solvent Fractions of Moringa concanensis Nimmo Bark.

Moringa concanensis Nimmo (Moringaceae) belongs to the same family of M. oleifera (miracle tree) and is a medicinal plant traditionally used by Indians to treat various ailments related to diabetes, tumours, inflammation, and blood pressure. Despite its versatility, the photoprotective properties of the plant remain unclear. This study revealed the UV-protective properties of its methanol bark extract and respective subfractions, chloroform, hexane, and ethyl acetate through total phenolic and flavonoid content (TPC & TFC), antioxidant (DPPH), sun protecting factor (SPF) value, and UV absorption spectra analysis. This study also investigated on the inhibitory effect of the tested samples on collagenases and elastase, which are well-known for their role in the skin. The cytotoxic and H2O2 scavenging properties of M. concanensis in 3T3-L1 cells were explored. Finally, the phytochemical profiling of the active fraction was conducted through UPLC-QTOF/MS analysis. Among the tested fractions, the chloroform fraction of M. concanensis showed the highest TPC (30.92 ± 0.71 mg GAE/DW), TFC (29.05 ± 0.09 mg QE/DW), and antioxidant properties (IC50-6.616 ± 1.90 µgml-1). Additionally, chloroform fraction demonstrated the highest SPF value, 10.46 at 200 µgml-1, compared to the other tested fractions. All the fractions showed a broad absorption spectrum covering both UVA and UVB ranges. The chloroform fraction of M. concanensis also showed collagenase (50%) and elastase (IC50-2.95 ± 1.23 µgml-1) inhibition properties similar to the positive control. Cytotoxic results revealed that the chloroform fraction of M. concanensis prevented the H2O2-induced oxidative damage in 3T3-L1 cells even at lower concentrations (1.56 µgml-1). UPLC-QTOF/MS analysis tentatively identified the presence of bioactive flavonoids and phenolics such as astragalin, quercetin, isoquercetin, and caffeic acid in the active fraction of M. concanensis bark. Overall, it is suggested that the chloroform fraction of M. concanensis bark has the potency to be used as an active ingredient in sunscreen products.

Binder-free mechanochemical metal-organic framework nanocrystal coatings.

The practical applications of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) usually require their assembly into mechanically robust structures, usually achieved via coating onto various types of substrates. This paper describes a simple, scalable, and versatile mechanochemical technique for producing MOF nanocrystal coatings on various non-prefunctionalised substrates, including ZrO2, carbon cloth, porous polymer, nickel foam, titanium foil and fluorine-doped tin oxide glass. We revealed the detailed mechanisms that ensure the coating's stability, and identified the coating can facilitate the interfacial energy transfer, which allowed the electrocatalysis application of the MOF coating on conductive substrates. We further demonstrated that coatings can be directly generated in a one-pot fashion by ball milling MOF precursors with substrates.

Development and Pilot Testing of a Booklet Concerning Medications That Can Increase the Risk of Falls in Older People.

Background: A common contributory factor to falls is the use of medicines, especially those commonly known as "fall-risk increasing drugs" (FRIDs). The use of FRIDs is common among older people (OP). However, OP and their family caregivers (FCGs) are largely unaware of FRIDs and their risks in increasing the risk of falls (ROF). Methods: A booklet which aims to provide information on topics related to FRIDs was developed. The booklet was reviewed by a panel of 14 reviewers, and the content validity index (CVI) for each subsection of the booklet was computed. Pilot testing of the booklet utilized a pre-post intervention study design and included 50 OP and 50 FCGs as study participants. Perceived knowledge of the participants was assessed prior to and after completing the booklet. Participants' opinions on the usefulness and usability of the booklet were also obtained. Results: The booklet contained eight sections and each subsection of the booklet had a CVI ranging from 0.93 to 1.00. Completing the booklet resulted in improved perceived knowledge scores for each perceived knowledge item among both the OP and FCG groups (all items: p-value < 0.001). The participants perceived the booklet as useful and usable, as evidenced by almost all the perceived usefulness and usability items having a score of over 4.0. Conclusions: The FRIDs booklet developed in this study had good content validity and was widely accepted by the OP and FCGs. The positive effect on the participants' knowledge of topics related to FRIDs means that the booklet could be useful as a patient education tool to enhance FRIDs knowledge and awareness among OP and FCGs.

Chromosome identification in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) using in situ hybridization with massive pools of single copy oligonucleotides and transferability across Arecaceae species.

Chromosome identification is essential for linking sequence and chromosomal maps, verifying sequence assemblies, showing structural variations and tracking inheritance or recombination of chromosomes and chromosomal segments during evolution and breeding programs. Unfortunately, identification of individual chromosomes and chromosome arms has been a major challenge for some economically important crop species with a near-continuous chromosome size range and similar morphology. Here, we developed oligonucleotide-based chromosome-specific probes that enabled us to establish a reference chromosome identification system for oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq., 2n = 32). Massive oligonucleotide sequence pools were anchored to individual chromosome arms using dual and triple fluorescent in situ hybridization (EgOligoFISH). Three fluorescently tagged probe libraries were developed to contain, in total 52,506 gene-rich single-copy 47-mer oligonucleotides spanning each 0.2-0.5 Mb across strategically placed chromosome regions. They generated 19 distinct FISH signals and together with rDNA probes enabled identification of all 32 E. guineensis chromosome arms. The probes were able to identify individual homoeologous chromosome regions in the related Arecaceae palm species: American oil palm (Elaeis oleifera), date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) and coconut (Cocos nucifera) showing the comparative organization and concerted evolution of genomes in the Arecaceae. The oligonucleotide probes developed here provide a valuable approach to chromosome arm identification and allow tracking chromosome transfer in hybridization and breeding programs in oil palm, as well as comparative studies within Arecaceae.

Detection of ploidy and chromosomal aberrations in commercial oil palm using high-throughput SNP markers.

MAIN CONCLUSION: Karyotyping using high-density genome-wide SNP markers identified various chromosomal aberrations in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) with supporting evidence from the 2C DNA content measurements (determined using FCM) and chromosome counts. Oil palm produces a quarter of the world's total vegetable oil. In line with its global importance, an initiative to sequence the oil palm genome was carried out successfully, producing huge amounts of sequence information, allowing SNP discovery. High-capacity SNP genotyping platforms have been widely used for marker-trait association studies in oil palm. Besides genotyping, a SNP array is also an attractive tool for understanding aberrations in chromosome inheritance. Exploiting this, the present study utilized chromosome-wide SNP allelic distributions to determine the ploidy composition of over 1,000 oil palms from a commercial F1 family, including 197 derived from twin-embryo seeds. Our method consisted of an inspection of the allelic intensity ratio using SNP markers. For palms with a shifted or abnormal distribution ratio, the SNP allelic frequencies were plotted along the pseudo-chromosomes. This method proved to be efficient in identifying whole genome duplication (triploids) and aneuploidy. We also detected several loss of heterozygosity regions which may indicate small chromosomal deletions and/or inheritance of identical by descent regions from both parents. The SNP analysis was validated by flow cytometry and chromosome counts. The triploids were all derived from twin-embryo seeds. This is the first report on the efficiency and reliability of SNP array data for karyotyping oil palm chromosomes, as an alternative to the conventional cytogenetic technique. Information on the ploidy composition and chromosomal structural variation can help to better understand the genetic makeup of samples and lead to a more robust interpretation of the genomic data in marker-trait association analyses.

Sustainability of Palm Biodiesel in Transportation: a Review on Biofuel Standard, Policy and International Collaboration Between Malaysia and Colombia.

Biodiesel is gaining prominence as a superior alternative source of energy to replace petroleum-based fuel in transportation. As of today, the biodiesel market continuous to rise up as the biofuel has been introduced to more than 60 countries worldwide. The aim of the present review is to highlight on the scenario of the biofuel implementation in transportation sector towards sustainable development in Colombia and Malaysia. Colombia serves as an ideal comparative case for Malaysia in terms of biodiesel development since the country is the main palm oil producer in Latin America region and the pioneer in bioethanol industry. The first section shows an overview on the biodiesel as an alternative fuel in transportation. The next section will focus on a comparative study between Malaysia and Colombia biodiesel sector in terms of energy supply, resource, production and consumption, standards, techno-economic cost and their biodiesel policies. A comprehensive review was studied to discuss on the sustainability of palm cultivation and biodiesel, impact of palm industry and biodiesel policy in transportation sector and potential international collaboration between Malaysia and Colombia to improve their existing policies, strategies and blueprints related to the palm biodiesel industry, thus overcoming the challenges when dealing with global energy issue.

Hierarchically Porous Biocatalytic MOF Microreactor as a Versatile Platform towards Enhanced Multienzyme and Cofactor-Dependent Biocatalysis.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have recently emerged as excellent hosting matrices for enzyme immobilization, offering superior physical and chemical protection for biocatalytic reactions. However, for multienzyme and cofactor-dependent biocatalysis, the subtle orchestration of enzymes and cofactors is largely disrupted upon immobilizing in the rigid crystalline MOF network, which leads to a much reduced biocatalytic efficiency. Herein, we constructed hierarchically porous MOFs by controlled structural etching to enhance multienzyme and cofactor-dependent enzyme biocatalysis. The expanded size of the pores can provide sufficient space for accommodated enzymes to reorientate and spread within MOFs in their lower surface energy state as well as to decrease the inherent barriers to accelerate the diffusion rate of reactants and intermediates. Moreover, the developed hierarchically porous MOFs demonstrated outstanding tolerance to inhospitable surroundings and recyclability.