Envy in the workplace: a systematic review of the past five years / Inveja no local de trabalho: uma revisão sistemática dos últimos cinco anos / Envidia en el lugar de trabajo: una revisión sistemática de los últimos cinco años

In recent years, interest in studying envy at work has grown. Based on a previous review on envy and jealousy at work, the objective of this paper is to review and systematize the knowledge about this topic provided by empirical research in the past five years. After the search in scientific databases, establishing exclusion and inclusion criteria and literature coding, 32 papers were selected. The results show researchers' growing interest in studying benign envy and its consequences and exploring new variables to explain envy in the workplace. Social comparison theory and cognitive appraisal theory are the two main theoretical frameworks used in the studies reviewed. The role of the leader is essential in envy's appearance, and envy is usually related to dysfunctional results. This study provides researchers with a basis for designing future studies and creating intervention strategies to mitigate envy at work.

Nos últimos anos, cresceu o interesse em estudar a inveja no trabalho. Com base em uma revisão anterior sobre a inveja e o ciúme no trabalho, o objetivo deste artigo é revisar e sistematizar o conhecimento sobre o tema proporcionado por pesquisas empíricas nos últimos cinco anos. Após a busca nas bases de dados científicas, estabelecimento de critérios de exclusão e inclusão e codificação da literatura, foram selecionados 32 artigos. Os resultados mostram o crescente interesse dos pesquisadores em estudar a inveja benigna e suas consequências e explorar novas variáveis ​​para explicar a inveja no local de trabalho. A teoria da comparação social e a teoria da avaliação cognitiva são os dois principais referenciais teóricos usados ​​nos estudos revisados. O papel do líder é essencial no surgimento da inveja, e a inveja geralmente está relacionada a resultados disfuncionais. Este estudo fornece aos pesquisadores uma base para projetar estudos futuros e criar estratégias de intervenção para mitigar a inveja no trabalho.

En los últimos años ha aumentado el interés por estudiar la envidia en el trabajo. A partir de una revisión previa sobre la envidia y los celos en el trabajo, el objetivo de este trabajo es revisar y sistematizar el conocimiento sobre este tema proporcionado por la investigación empírica en los últimos cinco años. Tras la búsqueda en bases de datos científicas, estableciendo criterios de exclusión e inclusión y codificación de la literatura, se seleccionaron 32 artículos. Los resultados muestran el creciente interés de los investigadores por estudiar la envidia benigna y sus consecuencias y explorar nuevas variables para explicar la envidia en el lugar de trabajo. La teoría de la comparación social y la teoría de la evaluación cognitiva son los dos principales marcos teóricos utilizados en los estudios revisados. El papel del líder es esencial en la aparición de la envidia, y la envidia suele estar relacionada con resultados disfuncionales. Este estudio proporciona a los investigadores una base para diseñar estudios futuros y crear estrategias de intervención para mitigar la envidia en el trabajo.

The beneficial effects of therapeutic craniofacial massage on quality of life, mental health and menopausal symptoms and body image: A randomized controlled clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the effect of massage in the craniofacial area in menopausal women after the treatment and one month after its completion, and to measure its influence on quality of life in relation to symptoms of menopause, mental health, and body image perception. DESIGN: 50 participants with menopause, aged 45-65 years, participated in a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Participants were randomly assigned to two groups: craniofacial massage group (CMG), who received massage treatment (n = 25), and control group (CG), without treatment (n = 25). Prior to randomization, all participants provided demographic and clinical information. Quality of life, mental health and body image perception were evaluated at three time points: at the beginning of the study, at the end, and one month after finishing the treatment. RESULTS: A repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance (RM-MANOVA) was used to determine if mean scores in the criteria differed significantly between time points within subjects. The results obtained indicate that the cranial massage techniques had a large, positive between-subjects effect on our three criteria (Wilks Λ = .83, F(3, 44) = 3.04, p. <.05; Partial η = .17; ƒ = .45) as well as a large, positive between-within subjects effect (Wilks Λ = .64, F(6, 41) = 3.91, p. <.01; Partial η = .36; ƒ = .76). In short, our treatment improved participants' mental health, partially ameliorated the decrease in scores on the Menopause Rating Scale and stopped the decrease in Body Image perception's scores. CONCLUSIONS: The craniofacial massage protocol, applied to the craniofacial sphere, constitutes a complementary and valid therapy-based therapeutic option for clinicians in the treatment of different symptoms that occur in the climacteric period.

The Psychometric Structure of the Spanish Language Version of The Iowa-Netherlands Comparison Orientation Measure in Spain and Chile.

The present study investigated the structure of the Spanish version of the Iowa-Netherlands Comparison Orientation Measure (INCOM-E), an 11-item measure that assesses individual differences in social comparison orientation (SCO), i.e., the extent to which people compare themselves with others. Data came from samples from Spain (n = 1,133) and Chile (n = 2,757). Confirmatory Factor Analyses and Mokken Scale Analyses supported in both samples not the assumed two-factor structure, but a single factor structure, consisting of eight items. The resulting eight-item version of the INCOM-E was reliable in both samples, according the Gutmann's lambda-2 (.82 in Spain and .83 in Chile), and correlated very strongly with the full-length INCOM-E (.93 in Spain and .97 in Chile). In both samples, there were significant sex differences, ps < .001 with small effect sizes, ƞ2 in both samples = .01,but in the Spanish sample women scored higher, and in the Chilean sample men scored higher in SCO. The relationship with age was negative and significant (ps < .001) in both samples, albeit small (r = .22 in Spain and .13 in Chile) Based on the present research, it is advised to use the shortened eight-item version of the INCOM-E in Spanish speaking countries.

The psychometric structure of the Spanish language version of The Iowa-Netherlands Comparison Orientation Measure in Spain and Chile

The present study investigated the structure of the Spanish version of the Iowa-Netherlands Comparison Orientation Measure (INCOM-E), an 11-item measure that assesses individual differences in social comparison orientation (SCO), i.e., the extent to which people compare themselves with others. Data came from samples from Spain (n = 1,133) and Chile (n = 2,757). Confirmatory Factor Analyses and Mokken Scale Analyses supported in both samples not the assumed two-factor structure, but a single factor structure, consisting of eight items. The resulting eight-item version of the INCOM-E was reliable in both samples, according the Gutmann's lambda-2 (.82 in Spain and .83 in Chile), and correlated very strongly with the full-length INCOM-E (.93 in Spain and .97 in Chile). In both samples, there were significant sex differences, ps < .001 with small effect sizes, ƞ2 in both samples = .01,but in the Spanish sample women scored higher, and in the Chilean sample men scored higher in SCO. The relationship with age was negative and significant (ps < .001) in both samples, albeit small (r = .22 in Spain and .13 in Chile) Based on the present research, it is advised to use the shortened eight-item version of the INCOM-E in Spanish speaking countries

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Correction: Anxiety and the severity of Tension-Type Headache mediate the relation between headache presenteeism and workers' productivity.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201189.].

Anxiety and the severity of Tension-Type Headache mediate the relation between headache presenteeism and workers' productivity.

The primary objective of this study was to explore the mechanisms and conditions whereby Tension-Type Headache (TTH) presenteeism relates to health-related loss of productivity as a result of both reduced physical and mental health. To this end, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to conduct a secondary data analysis of a randomized clinical trial involving 78 Tension-type Headache (TTH) patients. The results showed that TTH presenteeism did not directly relate to health-related loss of productivity, either due to physical, or mental health problems. However, through anxiety-state, TTH presenteeism decreased patients' productivity, as consequence of reduced physical and mental health. Moreover, by increasing the severity of the Tension-Type Headache, TTH presenteeism indirectly decreased patients' productivity as consequence of reduced physical health (but not mental health). Finally, our results show that such indirect effects only occur when the cause of TTH is non-mechanical (e.g., hormonal causes, etc.). Our work provides an integrative model that can inform organizational behaviorists and health professionals (e.g., physiotherapists). Implications for organizational health are discussed.

Jealousy at work: The role of rivals' characteristics.

The present study examined rival characteristics that may evoke jealousy in the workplace, differences between men and women in this regard, and the relationship between jealousy responses and intrasexual competitiveness and social comparison orientation. Participants were 426 male and female employees. By means of a questionnaire, participants were presented with a jealousy-evoking scenario after which jealousy responses to 24 rival characteristics were assessed. Findings showed that a rival's social communal attributes evoked highest levels of jealousy, and that, compared to men, women reported more jealousy in response to a rival's physical attractiveness. Overall, as individuals had higher scores on intrasexual competitiveness and social comparison orientation, they also experienced more jealousy in response to their rival, regardless of his or her characteristics. These findings suggest that those characteristics that are highly valued in employees may backfire when employees perceive co-workers as rivals.

Mobbing in Schools and Hospitals in Uruguay: Prevalence and Relation to Loss of Status.

In the present study in secondary schools and hospitals in Uruguay ( N = 187), we examined the relationship between feeling the victim of mobbing and a perceived loss of status. Nearly all forms of mobbing were more prevalent among hospital employees than among school employees. Among hospital employees, 40.4%, and among school employees, 23.9% reported being the victim of mobbing at least once a week. Being the victim of mobbing was, in both hospitals and schools, more prevalent among older employees, and in hospitals, among employees who were more highly educated and who had been employed for a longer time. Men and women did not differ in reporting that one was a victim of mobbing, but men reported more perceived loss of status than women. However, among women, being the victim of mobbing was much more strongly related to experiencing a loss of status than among men. Several explanations for this gender difference and the practical and theoretical implications of the results are discussed.

Manual therapy for tension-type headache related to quality of work life and work presenteeism: Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this research is to evaluate the efficacy of manual therapy for tension-type headache (TTH) in restoring workers quality of work life, and how work presenteeism affects this relation. DESIGN: This study is a secondary analysis of a factorial, randomized clinical trial on manual therapy interventions. Altogether, 80 patients (85% women) with TTH and without current symptoms of any other concomitant disease participated. INTERVENTIONS: An experienced therapist delivered the treatment: myofascial inhibitory technique (IT), articulatory technique (AT), combined technique (IT and AT), and control group (no treatment). RESULTS: In general, all treatments as compared to our control group had a large effect (f≥.69) in the improvement of participants' quality of work life. Work presenteeism interacted with TTH treatment type's efficacy on participant's quality of work life. The inhibitory technique lead to higher reports of quality of work life than other treatment options only for participants with very low frequency of work presenteeism. In turn, TTH articulatory treatment techniques resulted in higher reports of quality of work life for a high to very high work presenteeism frequency. CONCLUSION: Articulatory manipulation technique is the more efficient treatment to improve quality of work life when the frequency of work presenteeism is high. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.

Does theorizing on reciprocal altruism apply to the relationships of individuals with a spinal cord injury?

From the perspective of reciprocal altruism, we examined the role of reciprocity in the close relationships of people inflicted with a spinal cord injury (SCI) (n = 70). We focused on the help receiver rather than on the help giver. Participants perceived more reciprocity in relationships with friends than in relationships with the partner and with family members. In these last relationships, perceptions of indebtedness were more prevalent than perceptions of deprivation. However, most negative feelings were evoked by a lack of reciprocity in partner relationships, followed by family relationships, and next by friendships. Moreover, depression was especially associated with a lack of perceived reciprocity in the relationships with family, and somewhat less with a lack of perceived reciprocity in the relationship with the partner. These results underline the importance of reciprocity in relationships, but suggest that reciprocity may be more, rather than less important in partner and family relationships.

Social comparison as a predictor of changes in burnout among nurses.

This study addressed the question whether the affect evoked by social comparisons and individual differences in social comparison orientation (SCO) may predict the development of burnout over a period of one year. The participants were 93 nurses (25 males and 68 females) who filled out a questionnaire twice, with an interval of about one year. Comparisons with others performing better than oneself (upward comparisons) were reported to occur more often, to evoke more positive affect, and to invoke less negative affect than comparisons with others performing worse than oneself (downward comparisons). Those who responded at Time 1 (T1) with more positive affect to upward comparison and with less negative affect to downward comparisons, showed a decrease in burnout at Time 2 (T2). In addition, those who responded with relatively more negative affect to upward comparisons at T1, showed an increase in burnout at T2, but only when they were high in SCO. It is concluded that in this population upward comparisons were more prevalent than, and evoked more favorable responses than, downward comparisons. The most important conclusion is that the affect evoked by social comparisons may predict future changes in burnout.

Targets and dimensions of social comparison among people with spinal cord injury and other health problems.

The present research examined comparison targets and comparison dimensions among two Spanish samples of individuals facing serious illnesses and diseases. In Study 1, 90 older patients (mean age 66.36) with various age-related diseases, particularly cardiovascular diseases and diabetes, indicated that they compared themselves most often with others with the same disease, next with others with another disease and least with people without health problems. They compared themselves more often on their mental state, symptoms and physical activities than on their social activities. Social comparison orientation (SCO) as an individual difference characteristic was associated with more frequent comparisons with particularly similar targets, and with more frequent comparisons of one's symptoms and physical activities. Neuroticism was correlated only with more comparisons of one's symptoms. Study 2 was conducted in a sample of 70 relatively young patients (mean age 43.97) with spinal cord injury (SCI). Overall, they compared themselves more often with others than the participants in Study 1, and they compared themselves to a similar extent with people with SCI as with people with another disease and with people without health problems. While they felt on average better off than people with other diseases and other people with SCI, people with SCI felt on average worse off than people without health problems. They compared themselves more often on physical activities than on any other dimension. Higher levels of stress and uncertainty were associated with more frequent comparisons with people without SCI, and with more frequent comparisons of one's mental state, one's symptoms and one's future perspectives. The discussion focuses on the theoretical relevance of the results for social comparison theory, and on the practical relevance of the findings for interventions.

Diferencias individuales en la comparación social: propriedades de la escala española de orientación hacia la comparación social / Individual differences on social comparison: properties of the Orientation Spanish Scale towards Social Comparison

This paper describes the development and the properties of the INCOM-E, the Spanish language version of the INCOM, a measure to assess individual differences in social comparison orientation that was originally developed simultaneously in English and in Dutch. In both Study 1 (including 212 students), and Study 2 (including 782 employees from primary health care centers), the reliability of the INCOM-E was good (alpha = 0.80), and the factor structure was very similar to that of the English and Dutch versions. As in the American and Dutch samples, in Study 1 the scale had substantial positive correlations with interpersonal orientation, public and private self-consciousness, and neuroticism. Together these variables explained already 44% of the variance of the INCOM-E. There were weak negative correlations with self-esteem, optimism and subjective well-being, and a weak positive correlation with college stress. The scale did not correlated with social desirability. In Study 2, the test-retest reliability over a year was .57. As expected, the scale had low to zero correlations with burnout, psychological wellbeing, job satisfaction and team cohesion, but positive correlations with the frequency of social comparison at work. Possible uses of the INCOM-E, in basic and applied settings, are discussed.

Efecto modulador del tipo de segmento en la predicción de la satisfacción del consumidor / The moderating role of type of segment in the prediction of customer satisfaction

Este trabajo de investigación pone a prueba el efecto modulador del tipo de segmento de cliente (funcional vs. hedonista) entre las relaciones de la confirmación de expectativas y del afecto con la satisfacción del cliente. Para ello, se ha llevado a cabo un estudio de campo en el que 244 clientes de 39 hoteles contestaron a un cuestionario. Los resultados indicaron que la relación entre la confirmación de expectativas y la satisfacción era de mayor magnitud en el segmento funcional que en el hedonista. Por el contrario, la relación entre el afecto positivo y la satisfacción fue mayor en el segmento hedonista que en el funcional. El trabajo finaliza con la discusión de las implicaciones teóricas y prácticas de los resultados

The present research tests the moderating role of type of customer segment (functional vs. hedonist) in the links from disconfirmation of expectations and affect to customer satisfaction. To this end, a field survey study was conducted using a sample of 244 customers from 39 hotels. The findings showed that the relationship between disconfirmation of expectations and customer satisfaction was greater for the functional segment than for the hedonist. In contrast, the relationship between positive affect and customer satisfaction was greater for the hedonist segment than for the functional. The paper concludes with a discussion of theoretical and managerial implications of the results