RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a neurotrophin which promotes and regulates the survival of neurons in the peripheral nervous system. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of high-pressure administration of sterile physiological saline isotonic solution (HpPSIS) into nasal cavity of laboratory animals on NGF levels and NGF-receptor expression in the olfactory bulbs and brain. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For this study we used three weeks old female Sprague Dawley SD rats (n=48). Rats were divided into two groups, the first one treated delivering physiological saline solution with a normal syringe modified at the extremity to fit the rats' nostril (5 ml) (n=24) and the second one treated spray with HpPSIS (n=24 rats). Rats were treated three times a day either for 5 consecutive days (shorth term treatment) or 10 consecutive days (longer treatment) in both nostrils of HpPSIS delivered at high pressure (pression emission level: PEL: 7 g/sec for emission time ET: 0.5 sec) with a specific forced spray erogator. Untreated rats received a similar manipulation three times a day through a syringe in the nostrils, but no HpPSIS administration. RESULTS: The results of these studies highlight the possibility that endogenous enhancement of NGF by stimulation of NGF-producing cells within the nasal cavities and also in the CNS represent a novel experimental approach to enhance the brain NGF levels with a new therapy. HpPSIS treatment further enhances the presence of NGF in the four brains examined. Indeed, a significant increase of NGF was first observed after 5 days of HpPSIS treatment, compared to HpPSIS untreated rats. The increase was over 25% in the OB, ST, HI and in CX, while 10 days after HpPSIS treatments the levels of NGF were even higher. These differences were statistically significant, p < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS: It was found that forced administration of HpPSIS enhances the presence of these neurotrophic signals, not only in the olfactory bulbs, but also in forebrain cholinergic neurons, which are known to degenerate as result of memory loss and brain aging, including Alzheimer Disease. These findings for the first time in the literature demonstrate the possibility of enhancing the endogenous NGF to protect NGF-damaged neurons. Since the enhanced expression of NGF was first observed after 5 days of treatment and higher after 10 days of treatment, a reasonable hypothesis is that longer HpPSIS treatment might further enhance the level of NGF in brain and olfactory bulbs.
Assuntos
Encéfalo/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento Neural/biossíntese , Receptores de Fator de Crescimento Neural/biossíntese , Cloreto de Sódio/administração & dosagem , Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Animais , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Soluções Isotônicas , Fator de Crescimento Neural/genética , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurônios/metabolismo , Bulbo Olfatório/efeitos dos fármacos , Bulbo Olfatório/metabolismo , Pressão , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Receptores de Fator de Crescimento Neural/genéticaRESUMO
Nursing assistants (NAs) receive insufficient support in the face of heavy workloads and challenging job demands. This article describes a course on complementary therapies (CTs) intended to improve NAs' quality of life by helping them plan, develop, implement, and evaluate CTs. Future studies may examine the impact, if any, such courses have on recruitment and retention.
Assuntos
Esgotamento Profissional/prevenção & controle , Terapias Complementares/educação , Educação Continuada em Enfermagem/organização & administração , Capacitação em Serviço/organização & administração , Assistentes de Enfermagem/educação , Assistentes de Enfermagem/psicologia , Saúde Ocupacional , Autocuidado/métodos , Autocuidado/psicologia , Adulto , Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Esgotamento Profissional/diagnóstico , Esgotamento Profissional/psicologia , Terapias Complementares/métodos , Terapias Complementares/normas , Feminino , Grupos Focais , Humanos , Descrição de Cargo , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Modelos Educacionais , Reorganização de Recursos Humanos , Projetos Piloto , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Qualidade de Vida , Carga de TrabalhoRESUMO
The metabolic response to trauma is related to a variety of factors, including severity of injury, age, and previous state of health and nutrition (Cardona et al., 1994). This article addresses nutritional considerations of an orthopaedic trauma patient. A case study has been developed with common findings associated with malnutrition, including postoperative infection. Three concepts are discussed: (a) pretrauma nutritional status, (b) post-trauma metabolism, and (c) nutritional assessment parameters. A brief comment on nursing diagnoses related to nutrition concludes this article.