The impacts of the raising regime of Salmon species on their triacylglycerol composition revealed by easy ambient sonic-spray ionization mass spectrometry.

Marine fish consumption is rising around the world due to the high quality of its nutritional components, including long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), which are abundant and found as triacylglycerol (TAG) in the muscle and skin of Salmonidae family. Farm raised and wild species of Salmon have different diets, that directly influences their TAG composition. In this work, we demonstrate the evaluation of TAG composition of salmon species as an authenticity screening parameter. For this purpose, we propose the use of ambient mass spectrometry, here represented by the thermal imprinting (TI) easy ambient sonic-spray ionization mass spectrometry (EASI-MS), to offer a fast and ecofriendly method for TAG extraction and characterization of fish muscles and skins. Specifically, TI-EASI-MS was employed to obtain the TAG profiles of different species from Salmonids, which were compared using multivariate statistical analysis. Clear differentiation of wild-raised fishes was achieved based on their higher content of ions attributed to TAG containing PUFA when compared to farm-raised fishes. The TI extraction method was also compared to the standard Bligh & Dyer extraction protocol and the techniques were equivalent for Salmon species differentiation.

Lipidomic Profiling of Plasma and Erythrocytes From Septic Patients Reveals Potential Biomarker Candidates.

BACKGROUND: Sepsis remains the primary cause of death from infection, despite advances in modern medicine. The identification of reliable diagnostic biomarkers for the early detection of this disease is critical and may reduce the mortality rate as it could allow early treatment. The purpose of this study was to describe the changes in the plasma and red cells blood lipidome profiling of patients diagnosed with sepsis and septic shock with the aim to identify potentially useful metabolic markers. METHODS: Lipids from plasma and erythrocytes from septic patients (n = 20) and healthy controls (n = 20) were evaluated by electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and the fatty acid composition of the phospholipids fraction of erythrocytes was determined by gas chromatography. The data were treated with multivariate data analysis, including principal component analysis and (orthogonal) partial least squares discriminant analysis. RESULTS: Potential biomarkers including lysophosphatidylcholines (lyso-PCs) and sphingomyelin (SMs) with specific fatty acid chains were identified. Both Lyso-PCs and SMs were downregulated, whereas the saturated and unsaturated phosphatidylcholines (PCs) were upregulated in the plasma and erythrocytes of septic patients. An increase in oleic acid (C18:1 n-9) accompanied by a decrease in the unsaturation index as well as in the levels on n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids was observed in erythrocytes phospholipids patients as compared with healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that lipidome profiling has great potential in discovering potential clinical biomarkers for sepsis and helping to understand its underlying mechanisms.

Antitrypanosomal activity of Brazilian propolis from Apis mellifera.

Extracts from different samples of Brazilian propolis were obtained by Soxhlet extraction or maceration at room temperature using ethanol, water, and accombination of both solvents. Analysis of their composition using HPLC revealed that no major differences were seen when a propolis sample was subject to different extraction methods. The activity of the 15 extracts was assayed against bloodstream trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas' disease. Multivariate analysis was applied to evaluate the efficiency of the different extracts and the trypanocidal activity. The extracts could be divided into two groups. In the first, in which, extracts were obtained by reflux in Soxhlet using 100% ethanol, there was a lower content of bioactive compounds and consequently lower trypanocidal activity. Extract 136-Et100 stands out in this group, since it had the highest levels of bioactive compounds together with highest activity against the parasite when compared with all other extracts. The second group comprises extracts with intermediate levels of bioactive compounds and higher activity against T. cruzi.