Health Interventions for Preventing Climate-Sensitive Diseases: Scoping Review.

Climate variations cause public health problems, but the literature is still scarce on studies involving health interventions against climate-sensitive diseases. The objective of this review was to identify health interventions for the prevention of such diseases. We conducted a scoping review using the JBI Methodology. Six large research databases were searched (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Lilacs, Embase, and Cochrane). The following inclusion criterion was used: studies addressing health interventions to prevent climate-sensitive diseases or consequences of climate on people's health. The exclusion criteria consisted of thesis, dissertations, conference proceedings, studies with unclear information/methodology, and studies not addressing climate-related health interventions. No language or date restrictions were applied. Of 733 studies identified and screened by title and abstract, 55 studies underwent full-text screening, yielding 13 studies for review. The health interventions identified were classified into three levels of management. The macro level included the use of epidemiological models, renewable energy, and policies sensitive to climate change. The meso level comprised interventions such as the creation of environmental suitability maps, urban greening, chemoprophylaxis, water security plans, and sanitation projects, among other measures. Some interventions are at the intersection, such as educational campaigns and the modification of artificial larvae sites. Finally, the micro level contained interventions such as the inspection of window screens and the use of light-colored clothing and repellents. The health interventions at the macro, meso, and micro levels and the intersection may serve as a basis for public managers to implement appropriate interventions against climate-sensitive diseases.

Effectiveness of the fall prevention intervention in older adults with arterial hypertension: randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of the nursing intervention Fall Prevention in reducing falls in older adults with arterial hypertension. METHODS: Pilot clinical trial, with 118 participants with arterial hypertension from a city in the Northeast of Brazil. Participants were allocated by simple randomization into two groups: intervention (n = 58) and control (n = 60). The intervention was carried out at the participants' homes and consisted of guidelines for modifying environmental and behavioral risk factors for falls. A protocol with nursing activities associated with the Fall Prevention intervention proposed in the Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) taxonomy was used. The outcome was the self-reported occurrence of falls. RESULTS: There was a significant difference between the groups in the frequency of self-reported falls (p=0.38) with fewer falls occurring in the intervention group. Sixteen participants fell, of which 5.1% attributed the fall to difficulty walking, 6.8% fell in the living room, 3.4% had a sprain, and 6.8% reported to be afraid to fall again. CONCLUSION: The nursing intervention Fall Prevention was effective in reducing the occurrence of falls in older adults with arterial hypertension. These findings contribute to the advancement of clinical protocols for the prevention of falls in older adults, as the educational intervention investigated is applicable to different sociodemographic and cultural scenarios.

Nursing Diagnosis Risk for Unstable Blood Glucose Level in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus.

AIM: To validate the nursing diagnosis risk for unstable blood glucose level in adult/elderly patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. METHOD: Study Methodological was used in this article. The validation process was carried out using the model proposed by Hoskins (1989). RESULTS: The risk factors ineffective medication management and high carbohydrate and lipid food intake achieved a concordance index greater than 85%. CONCLUSION: This study contributed to the identification of new risk factors, at risk populations, and important associated conditions. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: It is believed that the findings reported in this paper can be used to improve clinical protocols for the prevention of unstable blood glucose, in addition to contributions to the advancement of nursing science.

Hierarchical analysis of factors associated with hospital readmissions for coronary heart disease: A case-control study.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To analyse, hierarchically, factors associated with hospital readmissions for acute coronary syndrome. BACKGROUND: Hospital readmissions have risen, especially in patients with multiple comorbidities, which are most often chronic. The leading causes of hospital readmission include acute coronary syndrome, which is costly and often preventable. Determining clinical and nonclinical variables that increase the chances of readmission is important to assess and evaluate patients hospitalised for coronary heart diseases. DESIGN: A case-control study whose dependent variable was hospital readmission for acute coronary syndrome. METHODS: The study included 277 inpatients, of whom 132 were in their first hospitalisation and 145 had already been hospitalised for acute coronary syndrome. The independent variables for this hierarchical model were sociodemographic conditions, life habits, access to health services and physical health measures. Data were obtained by interviews, anthropometric measurements and patient records. Logistic regression analysis was performed using the stepwise technique, with Microsoft Excel and R version 3.2.3. The research was reported via strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE). RESULTS: In the final hierarchical logistic model, the following risk factors were associated with readmission for acute coronary syndrome: inadequate drug therapy adherence, stress, history of smoking for 30 years or more, and the lack of use of primary healthcare services. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical and nonclinical variables are related to hospital readmission for acute coronary syndrome and can increase the chance of readmission by up to six times. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: The predictive model can be used to avoid readmission for acute coronary syndrome, and it represents an advance in the prediction of the occurrence of the outcome. This implies the need for a reorientation of the network for postdischarge care in the first hospitalisation for acute coronary syndrome.

Clinical Validation of the Nursing Outcome "Swallowing Status" in People with Stroke: Analysis According to the Classical and Item Response Theories.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To validate clinically the nursing outcome "Swallowing status". METHODS: The adjustment of the nursing outcome was investigated according to the Classical and Item Response Theories. The models were compared regarding information loss, goodness-of-fit, and differential item functioning. Stability and internal consistency were examined. RESULTS: The nursing outcome has the best fit in the generalized partial credit model with different discrimination parameters. Strong correlations among the scores of each indicator were observed. There was no differential item functioning of the outcome indicators. The scale presented high internal consistency (Cronbach's α = .954) and stability (and > .800). CONCLUSIONS: This study presents a valid nursing outcome. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Most accurate monitoring of sensitivity to an intervention. OBJETIVO: Validar clinicamente o resultado de enefermagem "Estado da Deglutição". MÉTODOS: O ajustamento do resultado foi investigado de acordo com as teorias Clássica e de Resposta ao Item. Os modelos foram comparados assumindo parâmetros de itens cruzados de igual discriminação. Investigaram-se as propriedades de bondade do ajuste, funcionamento diferencial dos itens, estabilidade e consistência interna. RESULTADOS: O resultado se ajustou melhor a partir do Modelo de crédito parcial generalizado, o qual demonstrou unidimensionalidade do resultado e forte correlação entre os escores de cada indicador. Não houve funcionamento diferencial dos indicadores. A consistência interna para a escala global (Cronbach's α = .954) e a estabilidade (>.800) mantiveram-se elevadas. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo apresenta um resultado de enfermagem válido. RELEVÂNCIA PARA A PRÁTICA CLÍNICA: Maior acurácia para monitorar a sensibilidade da intervenção.

Clinical validation of the nursing outcome falls prevention behavior in people with stroke.

PURPOSE: To review the nursing outcome, Fall Prevention Behavior, and clinically validate its indicators in people with stroke. METHODS: A methodological study performed with 106 patients in two outpatient clinics, from July to September of 2013. Two pairs of trained nurses applied the NOC scale, one with and one without the use of operational definitions. The internal consistency, stability and difference between the medians obtained by nurses were compared within and between pairs. RESULTS: Most participants were men, elderly, with low education and income. Statistically significant differences were noted in twelve indicators. Five indicators had different means that were greater than the least significant difference. CONCLUSIONS: The indicators were statistically significant; the internal consistency was similar between the pairs and the intraclass correlation coefficient was more satisfactory in the pair that used the definitions. Thus, the construction of empirical referents and the clinical validation process makes the nursing indicators and outcomes more adequate for specific populations and provides an effective means to better evaluate the nursing actions.

[Acute pain in myocardial infarction: analysis of concept]. / Dor aguda no infarto agudo do miocárdio: análise do conceito.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the concept "sharp pain" in the context of acute myocardial infarction. METHODS: Conceptual analysis method proposed by Walker and Avant. This makes it possible to clarify the concept of attributes. We conducted an integrative review to assist the search of studies published in 2006 and 2012, using the descriptors 'Acute Pain' and 'myocardial infarction', through consultation to Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Scopus and Public/Publish Medline (PubMed) data. RESULTS: A sample of 29 studies was selected in which the background identified was: reduction of myocardial perfusion and/or death of myocardial tissue; attributes: quality, location, time, duration and irradiation; and consequent: report of pain, dyspnea, high heart rate, nausea, vomiting, high blood pressure, high respiratory rate, sleep disturbance, diaphoresis, fatigue, paleness, weakness, anxiety and fear. CONCLUSION: The findings have clarified the attributes of the concept sharp pain in myocardial infarction.

Instrument for evaluation of sedentary lifestyle in patients with high blood pressure.

OBJECTIVE: this article describes the diagnostic accuracy of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire to identify the nursing diagnosis of sedentary lifestyle. METHOD: a diagnostic accuracy study was developed with 240 individuals with established high blood pressure. The analysis of diagnostic accuracy was based on measures of sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, likelihood ratios, efficiency, diagnostic odds ratio, Youden index, and area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve. RESULTS: statistical differences between genders were observed for activities of moderate intensity and for total physical activity. Age was negatively correlated with activities of moderate intensity and total physical activity. CONCLUSION: the analysis of area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve for moderate intensity activities, walking, and total physical activity showed that the International Physical Activity Questionnaire present moderate capacity to correctly classify individuals with and without sedentary lifestyle.

Construction and validation of indicators and respective definitions for the nursing outcome Swallowing Status.

OBJECTIVE: to develop indicators for the nursing outcome Swallowing Status and the respective conceptual and operational definitions validated by experts and in a clinical setting among patients after having experienced a stroke. METHOD: methodological study with concept analysis and content and clinical validations. The Content Validation Index was verified for the scores assigned by 11 experts to indicators. Two pairs of nurses assessed 81 patients during the clinical validation: one pair used an instrument with definitions and the other used an instrument without definitions. The resulting assessments were compared using Intraclass Correlation Coefficient, Friedman's test, and Minimal Important Difference calculation. RESULTS: All the indicators, with the exception of the indicator Ability to bring food to mouth, presented Content Validation Index above 0.80. The pair using the instrument with definitions presented an Intraclass Correlation Coefficient above 0.80 for all the indicators and similarity was found in all the assessments, according to the Minimal Important Difference calculation. The pair using the instrument without definitions presented a low coefficient (ρ<0.75) for all the indicators. CONCLUSION: the results showed that greater uniformity and accuracy was achieved by the pair of nurses using the conceptual and operational definitions for the indicators of the nursing outcome Swallowing Status.

Statistical Characteristics of the Weighted Inter-Rater Reliability Index for Clinically Validating Nursing Diagnoses.

PURPOSE: To analyze the statistical characteristics of the weighted inter-rater reliability index for validating nursing diagnoses. METHODS: From a computational algorithm, the index values were compared with the sample size, frequency of the clinical indicator, number of agreements between raters, and three other agreement estimators. FINDINGS: The index moderately correlated with the frequency of the clinical indicator and strongly correlated with the number of agreements and disagreements between the raters. This index showed a poor correlation with sample size. CONCLUSION: This index selects those clinical indicators with high frequency and/or absolute agreement and therefore has a high sensitivity. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: The high sensitivity may result in incorporating false positive clinical indicators.

[Hygiene practices for patients with HIV/AIDS]. / Práticas de higiene para pacientes com HIV/AIDS.

The objective of this study was to analyze the scientific production on health interventions related to hygiene for adults with HIV/AIDS. An integrative literature review was performed using six databases in June 2013. The descriptors AIDS and Hygiene were used, in Portuguese, English or Spanish. A total of 682 articles were found and 16 were selected. Personal hygiene practices were identified, such as hand washing, showers, tooth brushing and quitting smoking. Food hygiene practices involved washing food and kitchen utensils, using treated water, conserving and cooking food. Environmental hygiene took into account raising domestic animals, control of disease vectors, household cleanliness, waste disposal and basic sanitation. In conclusion, these specific hygiene interventions can be applied to the general population and, especially, to people with HIV/AIDS, due to immunosuppression.

[Concept analysis of the nursing outcome Mobility in patients with stroke]. / Análise de conceito do resultado de enfermagem Mobilidade em pacientes com acidente vascular cerebral.

This study aimed a concept analysis of the nursing outcome Mobility in patients with stroke. A literature review was conducted, through the online access to databases: Scopus, Pubmed, CINAHL, Cochrane, and Lilacs, using the descriptors: mobility, stroke, nursing and their synonyms in Portuguese and Spanish. 1.521 articles were identified, resulting in 49, after careful selection. Noteworthy are the articles published in Canada (26.7%), on 2001 (95.9%), by physiotherapists (34.6%), and in rehabilitation units (61.5%). The attributes identified for Mobility were: walking, standing, sitting, put the leg side to side, turn around, start and stop walking, stair climbing, motor function, and motor skill transfer. A model case and a contrary case were built, and identified, as antecedents: postural control and balance; and, as consequents: performs tasks inside and outside the house and wanders without difficulty. It was concluded that the concepts of Mobility found in this study need to be validated with experts in the field and in clinical practice.

[Nursing: promoting the health of overweight children and adolescents in the school context]. / Enfermagem: promoção da saude de crianças e adolescentes com excesso de peso no contexto escolar.

The study aimed to analyze the nursing interventions related to the competencies of health promotion of overweight children and adolescents in the school context, in light of the Galway Consensus through an integrative review. Articles published between 1988 and June, 2013 were found in the databases CINAHL, SCOPUS, MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane, LILACS and SciELO. A total of 139 publications were obtained from indexed descriptors. Ten articles were selected after reading. The most evident competencies for health promotion were: catalyzing change, needs assessment and impact assessment. The highlights were activities of health education and partnerships with other health professionals and the families of students. It was found that the skills of health promotion developed by nurses can contribute to the adoption of healthy habits by overweight children and adolescents.

[Instruments of health literacy used in nursing studies with hypertensive elderly]. / Instrumentos de letramento em saúde utilizados nas pesquisas de enfermagem com idosos hipertensos.

This study aimed to analyze nursing research regarding the instruments used to evaluate health literacy in elderly hypertensive patients. This is an integrative literature review done in the databases LILACS, PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, and Cochrane, in June 2013. The articles, electronically available, were selected for full-text review by nurses, who assessed health literacy of elderly with hypertension. Eight studies were selected for analysis and four different instruments were used in the research. The instruments were developed according to a methodology and they were all designed to evaluate the abilities of elderly regarding reading, numeracy, pronunciation and recognition of some health-related words. The nursing research analyzed in this study revealed the gaps in care related to measures aimed to increase patient's involvement in decision-making. Also, the instruments used for measuring health literacy showed limitations, and there is no gold standard test.

[Evaluation of patients with stroke monitored by home care programs]. / Avaliação de pacientes com acidente vascular cerebral acompanhados por programas de assistência domiciliária.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the patient with a stroke in home treatment, investigating physical capacity, mental status and anthropometric analysis. This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Fortaleza/CE, from January to April of 2010. Sixty-one individuals monitored by a home care program of three tertiary hospitals were investigated, through interviews and the application of scales. The majority of individuals encountered were female (59%), elderly, bedridden, with a low educational level, a history of other stroke, a high degree of dependence for basic (73.8%) and instrumental (80.3 %) activities of daily living, and a low cognitive level (95.1%). Individuals also presented with tracheostomy, gastric feeding and urinary catheter, difficulty hearing, speaking, chewing, swallowing, and those making daily use of various medications. It was concluded that home care by nurses is an alternative for care of those individuals with a stroke.

Clinical indicators of 'caregiver role strain' in caregivers of stroke patients.

The main objectives of this study were to investigate the prevalence of the nursing diagnosis caregiver role strain (CRS) in caregivers of patients with stroke and to identify the accuracy of this diagnosis's clinical indicators. A total of 42 stroke patient caregivers who provided in-home care services in a city in north-eastern Brazil. The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of clinical indicators of nursing diagnosis 'CRS' were analyzed. Study participants were mostly female, married and the daughters of stroke patients. CRS was present in 73.8% of caregivers. The presence of the clinical indicators, specifically, lack of time to meet personal needs (p = 0.011), increased emotional lability (p = 0.001), withdrawal from social life (p = 0.002), and changes in leisure activities (p = 0.002), presented high values for statistical measures of diagnostic accuracy.

Validation of the mobility nursing outcome in stroke survivors.

PURPOSE: To validate the indicators of the mobility nursing outcome. METHODS: This is a methodological study carried out from February to April 2011. The instrument was assessed by 23 nurses, and the data were analyzed using SPSS version 16.0. FINDINGS: The title "physical mobility" was the most suitable. There was a statistical proportion of less than 85% of experts who agreed that the indicators running, crawling, jumping, and moves with ease were relevant to mobility nursing outcome (p < .05). However, these indicators were not associated with stroke patients. CONCLUSIONS: For stroke patients, some indicators are not adequate to their evaluation. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: This work supports the tools' development to assess accurate outcome measurements in specific populations.

Clinical validation of the nursing diagnosis Risk for Aspiration among patients who experienced a cerebrovascular accident.

OBJECTIVE: the study's objective was the clinical validation of the nursing diagnosis Risk for Aspiration among patients who experienced cerebrovascular accidents (CVA). METHOD: a prospective cohort study was conducted with 24 patients hospitalized due to a CVA. The instrument used to collect the data addressed the risk factors for respiratory aspiration, validated by concept analysis and by experts. RESULTS: the most frequent risk factors for respiratory aspiration were: dysphagia (54.2%) and impaired physical mobility (41.7%). The prevalence of the nursing diagnosis Risk for Aspiration was 58.3% and the prevalence of respiratory aspiration over the span of 48 hours (monitoring period) was 37.5%. Risk factors for dysphagia and impaired physical mobility were significantly associated with respiratory aspiration. CONCLUSION: the risk factors dysphagia and impaired physical mobility are good predictors of the nursing diagnosis Risk for Aspiration. This study contributed to improving the NANDA-I Taxonomy and the systematization of the nursing process.

Clinical indicators of ineffective airway clearance for patients in the cardiac postoperative period.

BACKGROUND: The accuracy of an indicator determines the direct relationship between a defining characteristic and the presence or absence of a specific nursing diagnosis. AIMS: To analyse the accuracy of the clinical indicators of ineffective airway clearance in patients during the postoperative period of cardiac surgery. METHODS: A total of 98 patients recruited from a postoperative unit were included in the study. An analysis of sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, likelihood ratio, diagnostic odds ratio, accuracy, and area under the ROC curve was used to determine the accuracy of these clinical indicators. RESULTS: Four clinical indicators showed the highest levels of accuracy by statistical measure: dyspnoea, adventitious breath sounds, ineffective cough, and retained secretions. The indicators retained secretions and ineffective cough showed high diagnostic odds ratios (62.8 and 28.1, respectively). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that there are differences between the ineffective airway clearance indicators as accuracy measures.

[Review of nursing diagnosis sedentary lifestyle in individuals with hypertension: conceptual analysis]. / Revisão do diagnóstico de enfermagem estilo de vida sedentário em pessoas com hipertensão arterial: análise conceitual.

This study aims to review the components of the nursing diagnosis Sedentary Lifestyle (SL) proposed by NANDA (North American Nursing Diagnosis Association)-l in individuals with hypertension. The review was developed based on a concept analysis and supported by the Integrative Literature Review method, through which 43 articles were surveyed from five databases (LILACS, CINAHL, PUBMED, SCOPUS and COCHRANE). The following combinations of descriptors and their English and Spanish equivalents were used: Sedentary Lifestyle and Hypertension and Sedentary and Hypertension. Based on the review process, we found that the SL definition has changed, some clinical indicators have been identified and other indicators have been added to the definition. The study promotes a direction for diagnostic efficiency of clinical SL indicators, contributing to the refinement and improvement of this diagnosis and its components.