Dispersal from Africa to the Neotropics was followed by multiple transitions across Neotropical biomes facilitated by frugivores.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Plant disjunctions have fascinated biogeographers and ecologists for a long time. We use tribe Bocageeae (Annonaceae), a predominantly Neotropical plant group distributed across several present-day Neotropical biomes and with an African-American disjunction, to investigate long-distance dispersal mediated by frugivorous animals at both intercontinental and intracontinental scales. METHODS: We reconstructed a species-level phylogeny of tribe Bocageeae with a dataset composed of 116 nuclear markers. We sampled 70% of Bocageeae species, covering its geographic range and representing all eight genera. We estimated divergence times using BEAST, inferred ancestral range distributions and reconstructed ancestral states for fruit traits related to long-distance dispersal in a Bayesian framework. KEY RESULTS: The ancestral Bocageeae date to the Early Eocene and were inferred to occur in Africa and proto-Amazonia. Its ancestral fruits were large and dehiscent. The first lineage split gave rise to an exclusively Neotropical clade during the Middle Eocene, in proto-Amazonia. Range exchange between the Amazon and the Atlantic Forest occurred at least once during the Miocene, and from Amazonia to Central America and Mexico, during the Early Miocene. Transitions in different sets of fruit morphologies were inferred to be related to dispersal events across South American regions/biomes. CONCLUSIONS: In Bocageeae mammals may have been responsible for long-distance dispersal through the Boreotropics. In the Neotropics, proto-Amazonia is proposed to be the source for dispersal to other tropical American biomes. Long-distance dispersal may have happened via a wide range of dispersal guilds, depending on frugivore radiations, diversity, and abundance at particular time periods and places. Hence, inter- and intracontinental dispersal may not rely on a single dispersal syndrome or guild, but more on the availability of frugivorous lineages for seed dispersal.

Damage on DNA and hematological parameters of two bat species due to heavy metal exposure in a nickel-mining area in central Brazil.

Exposure to heavy metals in mining zones is a significant threat, which can affect ecosystem services and contribute to the decline of wild bat populations. The present study investigated the impacts caused by mining on two bat species in central Brazil, the nectarivorous Glossophaga soricina and the frugivorous Carollia perspicillata. The bats were collected from a nickel-mining zone (treatment) and a protected area (control). The leukocyte profile of each species was compiled and genotoxicity (comet assay) and mutagenicity (micronucleus test) were determined using the appropriate procedures. Glossophaga soricina presented significantly higher frequencies of eosinophils and monocytes in the mining zone in comparison with the protected area, whereas C. perspicillata presented higher frequencies of lymphocytes in the mining zone, but significantly lower frequencies of monocytes. Concomitantly, G. soricina also presented a higher frequency of DNA damage, although no variation was found in this parameter in C. perspicillata when comparing environments. We also found no significant differences between populations in terms of the frequency of micronuclei and other nuclear abnormalities. Overall, the results of the study indicate that bats are susceptible to immunological disorders and DNA damage in mining zones, with the nectarivorous G. soricina appearing to be relatively more susceptible and thus a potentially effective bioindicator of the impact of contamination in these environments.

Encaixando possibilidades: uma proposta pedagógica para o malabarismo com caixas / Fitting possibilities: a pedagogical proposal for juggling boxes / Encajando posibilidades: una propuesta pedagógica para hacer malabares con cajas

Recentemente, educadores físicos e artistas atuantes na escola vêm direcionando atenção para o potencial pedagógico do circo e evidenciando a aproximação entre educação corporal e a arte. Diante da amplitude das práticas circenses, contamos com as modalidades de malabarismo com distintos aparelhos, destacandose claves, bolas e aros. Fundamentadas na manipulação de objetos, essas práticas requerem atenção dos professores, visando o oferecimento de um ensino envolvente, seguro e expressivo. Assim, o presente artigo discute elementos básicos para o ensino do malabarismo com caixas, procurando fomentar essa prática entre os profissionais que se aventuram no ensino da arte circense e que buscam uma educação artístico-estética. Partindo de referenciais teóricos, artísticos e de nossa práxis com pedagogia circense e malabarismo com caixas, acreditamos que essa modalidade possa compor o repertório de profissionais da Educação Física e das Artes e almejamos com essa contribuição que o malabarismo com caixas se torne mais disseminado e acessível.

Recently, physical educators and artists working at the school have been directing attention to the pedagogical potential of circus and showing a approach between body education and art. In view of the vast repertoire of circus practices, we have the juggling's modalities with different implements, highlighting clubs, balls, hoops. Based on the manipulation, these practices require attention from teachers who are aiming to offer a playful, engaging, safe and expressive teaching. Thus, this article discusses basic elements for teaching cigar box manipulation, seeking to encourage this practice among professionals working in the teaching of circus art and who seek an artistic-aesthetic education. Based on theoretical, artistic and practical references, also in our circus pedagogical praxis and cigar boxes manipulation. We believe that this modality can compose the repertoire for Physical Education and the Arts professionals and we aim that the cigar box manipulation becomes more widespread and accessible.

Recientemente, los educadores físicos y artistas que trabajan en la escuela están dirigiendo la atención sobre la pedagogia del circo y la aproximación entre la educación corporal y el arte. Dada la amplitud de estas prácticas, contamos con modalidades de malabares con diferentes aparatos como mazas, pelotas y aros. Basadas en la manipulación, estas prácticas requieren la atención de los docentes que buscan una enseñanza lúdica, participativa, segura y expresiva. Así, este artículo discute elementos para la enseñanza de los malabares con cajas, buscando promover esta práctica entre los profesionales que incursionan en la enseñanza del arte circense y que buscan una formación artístico-estética. Partiendo de referentes teóricos, artísticos y de nuestra praxis con la enseñanza y los malabares con cajas, creemos que esta modalidad puede componer el repertorio de los profesionales de la Educación Física y Artes y pretendemos que los malabares con cajas sean más difundidos y accesibles.

Barriers to research among residents in Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery around the world.

OBJECTIVES: To document the challenges faced by residents in Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery (OTL-HNS) around the world to successfully complete research projects. The second objective is to assess if the challenges are uniform worldwide. METHODS: A survey was sent to all OTL-HNS under 45 years old from the 2017 IFOS meeting. This survey was conducted by the YO-IFOS group (Young Otolaryngologists of the International Federation of Otolaryngological Societies). Data was collected for a period of 1 month. Demographic characteristics, information regarding research projects conducted and data concerning perceived barriers to completion of research projects were collected. RESULTS: Among the 2787 attendees, 928 responded to the survey (response rate=33.3%). Of these 928 answers, 267 responses were from residents/interns in OTL-HNS, while 635 responses were from certified otolaryngologists. The three most frequent obstacles to conducting research projects for trainees were limited dedicated time (64%), insufficient financial resources (55%) and lack of education in research (45%). There was no statistical difference in these barriers among the different countries (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: This is the first international study that provides insight on trainee's challenges to conduct research projects during residency. Despite the notion that research is essential for generating new knowledge to guide patient care, many residents fail to successfully incorporate research in their surgical curriculum. These obstacles must be addressed by Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery programs in order to facilitate and support resident's research.

Depression diagnosed by the mini international neuropsychiatric interview plus (MINI) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: relationship with functional capacity and quality of life.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of depression in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with a worsening of prognosis. Most studies classify COPD patients as depressive or non-depressive based on symptoms, rather than on a diagnosis using specific tools. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the impact of depression, as diagnosed by the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview Plus (MINI), on functional capacity estimated by the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) and unsupported upper-limb exercise test, and quality of life estimated by Saint George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), among patients with COPD. RESULTS: Using the MINI as a diagnostic tool, 22.2 % of all patients (6.6 % of all men and 41.6 % of all women) were diagnosed with depression. No significant differences were found between depressive and non-depressive patients with regard to anthropometric measurements, lung function, functional capacity, or quality of life variables. The best models for the dependent variables representing functional capacity and quality of life revealed that the covariates SGRQTOTAL and gender (R(2) = 16.7 %) were significant in explaining the response variable for functional capacity of the upper limbs. Results also showed that age, monthly income, insomnia, and the results of a 6MWT were significant in explaining overall quality of life (R(2) = 46 %), and that the percentage of the predicted forced expiratory volume in the first second post-bronchodilator and gender were significant in explaining walking distance (R(2) = 22 %). Depression, as diagnosed by the MINI, was not significant in explaining any of the dependent variables. CONCLUSIONS: Despite a high prevalence of depression in COPD patients, especially in women, depression, as diagnosed by the MINI, was not correlated with functional capacity tests or quality of life in patients with moderate to very severe COPD in the present study. This suggests that depression identified by this diagnostic test may be more accurate than depression diagnosed by tests that evaluate symptoms, as they may be influenced by the perceptions of the patient in relation to their health.

Delayed lead perforation: a rare cause of pacemaker dysfunction.

A 65-year-old woman with a dual-chamber pacemaker implanted in 2006 for symptomatic carotid sinus hypersensitivity was incidentally found to have loss of ventricular capture on routine pacemaker interrogation. A chest X-ray raised the suspicion of perforation and migration of the right ventricular lead, confirmed by three-dimensional echocardiogram and CT scan. On the basis of this case, we review myocardial lead perforation, including predisposing factors, pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnostic approach and therapeutic options.

Comparação entre três equações de referência para a espirometria em crianças e adolescentes com diferentes índices de massa corpórea / Comparison of three sets of reference equations for spirometry in children and adolescents with distinct body mass indices

OBJETIVO: Comparar o VEF1 e a CVF, calculados a partir de três equações de referência (idealizadas por Polgar e Promadhat, Hsu et al. e Mallozi em 1971, 1979 e 1995, respectivamente) e verificar se estas se equivalem ao predizer a função pulmonar em crianças e adolescentes com diferentes índices de massa corpórea (IMC). MÉTODOS: Os indivíduos foram divididos em quatro grupos: baixo peso (BP), eutrófico (E), sobrepeso (SP) e obeso (O), de acordo com o padrão de referência do National Center for Health Statistics, e então submetidos ao teste espirométrico. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliadas 122 crianças e adolescentes saudáveis com idade entre 7-14 anos. Os valores de CVF previstos pela equação de Hsu et al. nos grupos E (feminino) e BP (masculino), assim como os valores de VEF1 previstos pelas equações de Polgar e Promadhat e Hsu et al. nos grupos BP (feminino e masculino), foram significativamente superiores aos valores medidos. De acordo com a equação de Polgar e Promadhat, os valores de VEF1 previstos foram significativamente superiores aos valores medidos no grupo E (feminino). CONCLUSÕES: Não houve equivalência dos valores de CVF e VEF1, medidos em indivíduos com diferentes IMC, e os previstos pelas equações de Polgar e Promadhat e de Hsu et al. O mesmo não ocorreu quando as equações de Mallozi foram utilizadas. O IMC não foi um fator importante para o índice preditivo nas equações de Mallozi, podendo ser utilizadas indistintamente em crianças e adolescentes com diferentes IMC.

OBJECTIVE: To compare FEV1 and FVC, calculated using three sets of reference equations (devised by Polgar & Promadhat, Hsu et al. and Mallozi in 1971, 1979 and 1995, respectively) and to determine whether the three are similar in predicting lung function in children and adolescents with distinct body mass indices (BMIs). METHODS: The individuals were separated into four groups in accordance with the reference standards of the National Center for Health Statistics: underweight (UW), normal weight (NW), overweight (OW), and obese (OB). All were then submitted to spirometry. RESULTS: We evaluated 122 healthy children and adolescents, aged 7-14 years. The FVC values predicted for NW females and UW males through the use of the Hsu et al. equation were significantly higher than the measured values, as were the FEV1 values for UW females and males predicted via the Polgar & Promadhat and Hsu et al. equations. In NW females, the FEV1 values predicted via the Polgar & Promadhat equation were significantly higher than were the measured values. CONCLUSIONS: In individuals with distinct BMIs, the measured FVC and FEV1 values were not equivalent to those predicted via the Polgar & Promadhat and Hsu et al. equations. The same was not true for the Mallozi equations. The BMI was not a relevant factor for the predictive index of these equations; therefore, the Mallozi equations can be used without alteration for children and adolescents with distinct BMIs.

Bone healing after the inferior alveolar nerve lateralization: a histologic study in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus).

PURPOSE: The purpose of this article is to evaluate the bone healing around 2 different dental implant surfaces after the lateralization surgery of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) during an 8-week healing period in rabbits, and to check if there is any interaction between the implants and the nerve. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The IAN lateralization was performed in an experimental rabbit model. Eight adult female rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) underwent the surgical procedure, and 1 implant was placed on each side of the mandible while the nerve was lateralized. On both sides, the nerve was repositioned directly in contact with the implant surface. With the intention of obtaining comparative results, smooth titanium implants were installed on the right side, and blasted Al2O3 ones were placed on the left. During the healing period, bone tracers were administered subcutaneously to check different periods of bone ingrowth. RESULTS: Histologic section, regardless of the studied surface, showed bone remodeling around the nerve, without contact between the nerve and the implanted surface. The bone blocks containing implants were histomorphometrically examined through computerized analysis, and the results obtained showed that the bone remodeling around the nerve occurred during the first weeks of healing. Through analysis of variance, the blasted Al2O3 implants showed at least 2.5-fold greater bone neoformation compared with the smooth titanium implants. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that there was no significant difference in the healing process concerning the nerve between the 2 studied surfaces. No interaction was detected between the nerve and the implants.

Bone remodeling analysis after placement of dental implants using polyfluorochrome sequential labeling.

Nowadays there is a general consensus related to the stability of dental implants during bone repair. The implant anchorage in the bone is very important for the stability of the element that has to support much pressure when under use. This stability is attained by bone modeling and remodeling processes. As it is known, the implant/bone interface does not present the ideal result expected by every professional. The possibility of stimulation of the bone formation at the interface and around titanium implants is based on the reaction of the bone to trauma due to the surgical procedure. This bone reaction leads to bone repair during healing. The purpose of this study is to analyze the efficiency of bone tissue labeling through polyfluorochrome sequential labeling during remodeling or neo-formation processes after the placement of smooth threaded implants used in dentistry. This work demonstrates the possibility of periodic deposition of bone identification around titanium osseointegrated implants. It was concluded that the polyfluorochrome sequential labeling is an important tool to identify bone modeling and remodeling after the insertion of titanium implants inside rabbit's tibias at different periods of time.