Los otros síntomas de la Covid-19 / The other symptoms of Covid-19

El equipo de Psicología del Centro Sociosanitario Hermanas Hospitalarias de Palencia atendió en más de 120 llamadas telefónicas a 52 personas que reclamaban ayuda por diferentes situaciones personales durante el confinamiento por la primera oleada de la epidemia de COVID-19. Se realiza un estudio para conocer las características de la población afectada y los efectos psicológicos provocados por esta situación. (AU)

The Psychology Team of Hermanas Hospitalarias, Palencia, attended more than 120 telephone calls to 52 people who requested help for different personal situations during confinement due to the first wave of the COVID19 epidemic. A study is carried out to know the psychological effects caused by this situation. (AU)

Alteraciones de la conducta en personas con discapacidad intelectual adultas ingresadas en un centro residencial / Behaviour disorders in adult persons with intellectual disability located in a residential centre

Las personas con discapacidad intelectual (DI) que presentan alteraciones de la conducta, suelen tener una tasa alta de conductas auto y heteroagresivas. Además suelen tomar fármacos psicotropos durante mucho tiempo. Objetivo: Conocer las características de los problemas de conducta en esta población, así como los tratamientos farmacológicos que se utilizan. Descripción del estudio: Epidemiológico, naturalístico, observacional, prospectivo de 3 meses de duración en un grupo de pacientes con DI. Población: 80 pacientes adultos ingresados en una unidad residencial, que presentan Discapacidad Intelectual con alteración de la conducta. Material: Datos sociodemográficos, clínicos y de tratamientos. Escalas: Escala de Evaluación de la Actividad Global (EEAG), Escala de Impresión Clínica Global (CGI) y Escala de Agresividad Manifiesta (OAS). Método: Estadísticas con el SPSS v. 15.0. Estadística descriptiva y análisis de correlación. Resultados: 53 mujeres y 27 hombres. La edad media es de 50 años. El 38,8% presentan una DI moderada, el 33,8% leve, el 25% severa y el 2,5% no especificada. Tienen una puntuación media de 4,68 en la escala CGI, de 35,78 en la EEAG y de 7,10 en la escala OAS. El 32.1% de los residentes presentan agresividad verbal, el 13,8% autoagresividad, el 20% heteroagresividad hacia objetos y el 23,9% heteroagresividad hacia personas, con un grado de intensidad importante. Presentan mayor agresividad las personas más jóvenes. El 78,8% toma antipsicóticos, el 63,8% benzodiazepinas y el 58,8% antiepilépticos. Conclusiones: La población estudiada se caracteriza por la gravedad de las alteraciones de la conducta, con un funcionamiento psicosocial bajo. El grado de DI se relaciona con la gravedad clínica y la funcionalidad. La prevalencia de alteraciones de conducta es elevada, se relaciona con la gravedad clínica y es mayor en los más jóvenes. El uso de psicofármacos es elevado y está en relación con las alteraciones de la conducta

People with intellectual disability (ID) institutionalized usually have a high rate of behavior disorders. In addition they usually take psychotropics for a long time. Objective: Know the characteristics of behaviour disorders in this population. As well as the pharmacological treatments that are used. Description of the study: Epidemiological, naturalistic, observational, prospective study over 3 months in a group of patients with ID. Population: 80 adult residents institutionalized in a residential centre, diagnosed of Intellectual Disability with behaviour disorders. Material: Sociodemographic, clinical and treatment data. Scales: Global Assessment of Functioning scale (GAF), Clinical Global Impression scale (CGI) and Overt Agression Scale (OAS). Method: Statistics with the SPSS v. 15.0. Descriptive statistics and correlation analysis were performed. Results: 53 women and 27 men. The average age is 50 years. 38.8% have moderate ID, 33.8% mild, 25% severe and 2.5% unspecified. They have an average of 4.68 in the CGI scale, of 35.78 in the EEAG and of 7.10 in the OAS scale. 32.1% of the residents presented verbal aggressiveness, 13.8% self-aggression, 20% aggressiveness towards objects and 23.9% aggressiveness towards people, with an important degree of intensity. Young residents present more aggressive behaviour. 78.8% take antipsychotics, 63.8% benzodiazepines and 58.8% antiepileptic drugs. Conclusions: The population is characterized by serious behaviour disorders with a low psychosocial functioning. The degree of ID is related to severity and functionality. The prevalence of behaviour disorders is high, is related to the clinical severity and is higher in the youngest. The use of psychotropic drugs is high and is related to behaviour disorders

Hiperprolactinemia inducida por psicofármacos en personas con discapacidad intelectual ingresadas en un centro residencial / Hyperprolactinemia induced by psychotropic drugs in people with intellectual disability located in a residential centre

Introducción: En personas con Discapacidad Intelectual (DI) que presentan alteración de la conductwa es frecuente el uso de psicofármacos. Estos fármacos pueden provocar efectos secundarios. Así, la elevación de prolactina está frecuentemente asociada al uso de antipsicóticos y puede generar problemas clínicos. Objetivo: Conocer el nivel de prolactina en un grupo de personas con DI y alteración de la conducta que toman psicofármacos. Conocer su relación con las distintas variables: tipo de fármaco, sexo, edad, grado de discapacidad intelectual y diagnósticos psiquiátricos concurrentes. Población: 80 personas con discapacidad intelectual y alteración de la conducta ingresadas en un centro residencial. Edad media 50 años.53 mujeres, 27 hombres. El 38.8% presentan una DI moderada, el 33.8% leve, el 25% severa y el 2.5% no especificada. Método: Prueba analítica para determinar el nivel de prolactina. Tratamiento farmacológico de cada paciente. Estudiar diferencias significativas entre nivel de prolactina y sexo, edad, grado de DI, diagnósticos psiquiátricos concurrentes, y diferentes fármacos. Resultados: El 78.8% de los pacientes estudiados toma antipsicóticos, de los que el 52.4% toma uno y el 47.6% toma dos o más. El 54% fueron tratados con antipsicóticos de 2ª generación. El nivel medio de prolactina fue en monoterapia de 38.9 ng/ml y en politerapia de 49.4 ng/ml; antipsicóticos de 2ªgeneración: 44.6 ng/ml, antipsicóticos de 1ª generación: 43.1 ng/ml. Además, el 63.8% toma benzodiacepinas y el 58.8% antiepilépticos. Existen diferencias significativas en el nivel medio de prolactina y consumo de antipsicóticos y benzodiacepinas, pero no con los diferentes tipos de antipsicóticos, o con tomar uno o más, o con cada uno de los distintos fármacos. Realizada una regresión logística para predecir niveles de prolactina elevados, las benzodiacepinas presentan una razón de odds 3.02 y tomar antipsicóticos una razón de odds de 12.70. Conclusiones: El nivel de prolactina elevado está asociado a la toma de antipsicóticos y de benzodiacepinas. La toma de antipsicóticos predice una posibilidad de elevar la prolactina de 12.7 veces, que el no tomarlos, y la toma de benzodiacepinas de 3.02 veces superior

Introduction: In people with Intellectual Disability (ID) who exhibit behavior disorders, the use of psychoactive drugs is frequent. These medications can cause side effects. Thus, the elevation of prolactin is frequently associated with the use of antipsychotics and can generate clinical problems. Objective: To know the level of prolactin in a group of people with ID and behavior alteration who take psychotropic drugs. Acknowledge the relation with different variables: type of drug, gender, age, degree of intellectual disability and comorbid psychiatric diagnoses. Population: 80 people with intellectual disabilities and behavior disorders located in a residential centre. Average age 50 years.53 women, 27 men. 38.8% have moderate ID, 33.8% mild, 25% severe and 2.5% unspecified. Method: Analytical test to determine prolactin serum levels. Pharmacological treatment of each patient. Study significant differences between prolactin level and sex, age, degree of ID, concurrent psychiatric diagnoses, and different drugs. Results: 78.8% of patients studied take antipsychotics, of which 52.4% take one and 47.6% take two or more. 54% were treated with 2nd generation antipsychotics. The mean level of prolactin was of 38.9 ng/ml in monotherapy and of 49.4 ng/ml in polytherapy; 2nd generation antipsychotics: 44.6 ng / ml, 1st generation antipsychotics: 43.1 ng / ml. In addition, 63.8% take benzodiazepines and 58.8% antiepileptic drugs. There are significant differences in the mean level of prolactin and consumption of antipsychotics and benzodiazepines, but not with the different types of antipsychotics, or with taking one or more, or with each of the different drugs. A logistic regression was performed to predict elevated prolactin levels, benzodiazepines presented an odds ratio of 3.02 and antipsychotics, an odds ratio of 12.70. Conclusions: The elevation of prolactin is associated with the taking of antipsychotics and benzodiazepines. Taking antipsychotics predicts a possibility of elevating prolactin by 12.7 times, than not taking them, and taking benzodiazepines by 3.02 times higher

Metabolites and hormones are involved in the intraspecific variability of drought hardening in radiata pine.

Studies of metabolic and physiological bases of plant tolerance and hardening against drought are essential to improve genetic breeding programs, especially in productive species such as Pinus radiata. The exposure to different drought cycles is a highly effective tool that improves plant conditioning, but limited information is available about the mechanisms that modulate this process. To clarify this issue, six P. radiata breeds with well-known differences in drought tolerance were analyzed after two consecutive drought cycles. Survival rate, concentration of several metabolites such as free soluble amino acids and polyamines, and main plant hormones varied between them after drought hardening, while relative growth ratio and water potential at both predawn and dawn did not. Hardening induced a strong increase in total soluble amino acids in all breeds, accumulating mainly those implicated in the glutamate metabolism (GM), especially L-proline, in the most tolerant breeds. Other amino acids from GM such as γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and L-arginine (Arg) were also strongly increased. GABA pathway could improve the response against drought, whereas Arg acts as precursor for the synthesis of spermidine. This polyamine showed a positive relationship with the survival capacity, probably due to its role as antioxidant under stress conditions. Finally, drought hardening also induced changes in phytohormone content, showing each breed a different profile. Although all of them accumulated indole-3-acetic acid and jasmonic acid and reduced zeatin content in needles, significant differences were observed regarding abscisic acid, salicylic acid and mainly zeatin riboside. These results confirm that hardening is not only species-dependent but also an intraspecific processes controlled through metabolite changes.

Immunolocalization of IAA and ABA in roots and needles of radiata pine (Pinus radiata) during drought and rewatering.

Anatomical, physiological and phytohormonal changes involved in drought tolerance were examined in different Pinus radiata D. Don breeds subjected to soil drying and rewatering. Breeds with the smallest stomatal chamber size had the lowest transpiration rate and the highest intrinsic water-use efficiency. Xylem cell size was positively correlated with leaf hydraulic conductance and needle indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) concentrations, whereas transpiration rate was negatively correlated with needle abscisic acid (ABA) levels. Since these two phytohormones seem important in regulating the P. radiata drought response, they were simultaneously immunolocalized in roots and needles of the most tolerant breed (P. radiata var. radiata × var. cedrosensis) during two sequential drought cycles and after rewatering. During drought, IAA was unequally distributed into the pointed area of the needle cross-section and mainly located in mesophyll and vascular tissue cells of needles, possibly inducing needle epinasty, whereas ABA was principally located in guard cells, presumably to elicit stomata closure. In the roots, at the end of the first drought cycle, while strong IAA accumulation was observed in the cortex, ABA levels decreased probably due to translocation to the leaves. Rewatering modified the distribution of both IAA and ABA in the needles, causing an accumulation principally in vascular tissue, with residual concentrations in mesophyll, likely favouring the acclimatization of the plants for further drought cycles. Contrarily, in the roots IAA and ABA were located in the exodermis, a natural barrier that regulates the phytohormone translocation to other plant tissues and hormone losses to the soil solution after rewatering. These results confirm that immunolocalization is an efficient tool to understand the translocation of IAA and ABA in plants subjected to different water stress situations, and clarify their role in regulating physiological responses such as stomata closure and epinasty in needles and root development.

Solute accumulation and elastic modulus changes in six radiata pine breeds exposed to drought.

Drought is one of the main abiotic factors that determine forest species growth, survival and productivity. For this reason, knowledge of plant drought response and the identification of physiological traits involved in stress tolerance will be of interest to breeding programs. In this work, several Pinus radiata D. Don breeds from different geographical origins were evaluated along a water stress period (4 weeks) and subsequent rewatering (1 week), showing different responses among them. Leaf water potential (Ψ(leaf)) and osmotic potential decreases were accompanied by a variation in the total relative water content (RWC, %). The most tolerant breeds presented the lowest leaf water potential and RWC at turgor loss point, and showed the lowest elastic modulus (ε) values. A high ε value was a characteristic of a less-drought-tolerant plant and was related to membrane alterations (high electrolyte leakage percentages) that could favor cell water loss. Of the group of solutes that contributed to osmotic adjustment, soluble carbohydrates were the most abundant, although stressed plants also increased their content of free amino acids [mainly proline (Pro) and glutamic acid (Glu), and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)] and free polyamines. In addition, the most sensitive breeds had a higher GABA/Glu ratio. After rewatering, Pro and GABA were higher in rehydrated plants than in controls.

Physiological response to drought in radiata pine: phytohormone implication at leaf level.

Pinus radiata D. Don is one of the most abundant species in the north of Spain. Knowledge of drought response mechanisms is essential to guarantee plantation survival under reduced water supply as predicted in the future. Tolerance mechanisms are being studied in breeding programs, because information on such mechanisms can be used for genotype selection. In this paper, we analyze the changes of leaf water potential, hydraulic conductance (K(leaf)), stomatal conductance and phytohormones under drought in P. radiata breeds (O1, O2, O3, O4, O5 and O6) from different climatology areas, hypothesizing that they could show variable drought tolerance. As a primary signal, drought decreased cytokinin (zeatin and zeatin riboside-Z + ZR) levels in needles parallel to K(leaf) and gas exchange. When Z + ZR decreased by 65%, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation started as a second signal and increments were higher for IAA than for ABA. When plants decreased by 80%, Z + ZR and K(leaf) doubled their ABA and IAA levels, the photosystem II yield decreased and the electrolyte leakage increased. At the end of the drought period, less tolerant breeds increased IAA over 10-fold compared with controls. External damage also induced jasmonic acid accumulation in all breeds except in O5 (P. radiata var. radiata × var. cedrosensis), which accumulated salicylic acid as a defense mechanism. After rewatering, only the most tolerant plants recovered their K(leaf,) perhaps due to an IAA decrease and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid maintenance. From all phytohormones, IAA was the most representative 'water deficit signal' in P. radiata.