Diastereoselective (3 + 3)-Annulations of Trisubstituted Michael Acceptors for Access to Polyfunctional Cyclohexanones.

Michael-aldol domino reactions are powerful tools for rapidly assembling carbocyclic scaffolds. We herein disclose a base-catalyzed Michael-aldol domino reaction of trisubstituted Michael acceptors with ß-keto ester nucleophiles. The cyclohexanone products are obtained in excellent diastereoselectivity (up to >20:1 dr) and good yields (up to 84%). An attractive practical consideration is that pure products are isolated directly via filtration of the unpurified reaction mixtures. Further functionalization of the cyclohexanones is achieved without perturbation of stereocenters installed through the preceding annulation.

Catalytic, Asymmetric Michael-Aldol Annulations via a Stereodivergent/Stereoconvergent Path Operating under Curtin-Hammett Control.

A bifunctional iminophosphorane (BIMP)-catalyzed method for the synthesis of densely functionalized cyclohexanols establishes five contiguous stereocenters (diastereoselection up to >20:1, enantioselectivity up to >99:1) in a Michael/aldol domino reaction between trisubstituted electrophilic alkenes and γ-nitroketones. Mechanistic studies suggest a scenario in which stereoconvergency is achieved by kinetically controlled cyclization after the initial diastereodivergent Michael addition. Diastereoconvergency during cyclization is shown to result from Curtin-Hammett kinetics, a finding that contrasts the crystallization-driven stereoconvergency previously reported in similar systems. Despite the change in the stereocontrol mechanism, the operational attributes remain attractive, with the crystalline products typically isolated in analytically pure form upon filtration of the reaction mixture.

Crystallization-Enabled Henry Reactions: Stereoconvergent Construction of Fully Substituted [N]-Asymmetric Centers.

Tetrasubstituted stereogenic carbon centers bearing a nitrogen substituent represent important motifs in medicinal chemistry and natural products; therefore, the development of efficient methods for the stereoselective synthesis of this class of compounds continues to be an important problem. This article describes stereoconvergent Henry reactions of γ,γ-disubstituted nitroalkanes to deliver highly functionalized building blocks containing up to five contiguous stereogenic centers including a fully substituted [N]-asymmetric center. Henry reactions of higher order nitroalkanes are often characterized by their reversibility and minimal accompanying thermodynamic stereocontrol. In contrast, mechanistic studies for the present case suggest a scenario in which reversibility is productively leveraged through crystallization-based stereocontrol, thereby enabling the efficient sequential π-additions of readily accessible starting materials to assemble complex acyclic stereoarrays.

Doubly stereoconvergent crystallization enabled by asymmetric catalysis.

Synthetic methods that enable simultaneous control over multiple stereogenic centers are desirable for the efficient preparation of pharmaceutical compounds. Herein, we report the discovery and development of a catalyst-mediated asymmetric Michael addition/crystallization-induced diastereomer transformation of broad scope. The sequence controls three stereogenic centers, two of which are stereochemically labile. The configurational instability of 1,3-dicarbonyls and nitroalkanes, typically considered a liability in stereoselective synthesis, is productively leveraged by merging enantioselective Brønsted base organocatalysis and thermodynamic stereocontrol using a single convergent crystallization. The synthesis of useful γ-nitro ß-keto amides containing three contiguous stereogenic centers is thus achieved from Michael acceptors containing two prochiral centers.

Stereodivergent Nucleophilic Additions to Racemic ß-Oxo Acid Derivatives: Fast Addition Outcompetes Stereoconvergence in the Archetypal Configurationally Unstable Electrophile.

Additions of carbon nucleophiles to racemic α-stereogenic ß-oxo acid derivatives that deliver enantiomerically enriched tertiary alcohols are valuable, but uncommon. This article describes stereodivergent Cu-catalyzed borylative cyclizations of racemic ß-oxo acid derivatives bearing tethered pro-nucleophilic olefins to deliver highly functionalized cyclopentanols containing four contiguous stereogenic centers. The reported protocol is applicable to a range of ß-oxo acid derivatives, and the diastereomeric products are readily isolable by typical chromatographic techniques. α-Stereogenic-ß-keto esters are typically thought to have extreme or spontaneous configurational fragility, but mechanistic studies for this system reveal an unusual scenario wherein productive catalysis occurs on the same time scale as background substrate racemization and completely outcompetes on-cycle epimerization, even under the basic conditions of the reaction.

Progress toward a Convergent, Asymmetric Synthesis of Jervine.

Progress toward a convergent approach for the enantioselective synthesis of the Veratrum alkaloid jervine is presented. The two requisite fragments were stereoselectively and efficiently fashioned from economical and readily available reagents. Key reactions include (a) a highly diastereoselective Ireland-Claisen rearrangement to establish the necessary cis-relationship between the amine and methyl group on the tetrahydrofuran E-ring; (b) a diastereoselective selenoetherification reaction that enabled the assembly of the D/E oxaspiro[4.5]decene in the needed configuration; and (c) an enzymatic desymmetrization of an abundant achiral diol en route to a key four-carbon building block as a practical alternative to a protected Roche ester reduction.