The role of perioperative blood transfusion on postoperative outcomes and overall survival in patients after laparoscopic radical cystectomy.

INTRODUCTION: There are different studies in the last decades focused on general surgery patients and the impact of perioperative blood transfusion (PBT) in cancer patients' survival, and most of them have supported an independent association between PBT and worse survival in those with solid tumor malignancies. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of perioperative blood transfusion on the postoperative outcomes and survival of patients after LRC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective study analyzing our series of 218 patients surgically treated with LRC form 2005 to 2012. One-way analysis of variance test was used. Survival was estimated using the Kaplan - Meier method and was compared with log - rank and the Cox regression model was used to evaluate the association of PBT with the outcomes. RESULTS: The PBT rate of LRC series was 16%. Patients' age, comorbidities and pathological stage were not related to the PBT rate. A statistically significant relationship was found between the PBT rate and the appearance of infectious complications. Overall 3 years survival estimated with the Kaplan-Meier method was significantly worse in the transfused group: 41.38% versus 63.57% for non-transfused patients. PBT was not a significant independent predictor factor in the survival of patients after LRC. The main independent factor was the TNM classification. CONCLUSIONS: Many studies including ours have reported a lower survival rate in patients who receive PBT after oncological surgery. There was a relationship between infectious complications and PBT. We have to make efforts to limit the use of blood products in patients surgically treated with radical cystectomy for bladder cancer.

Oncological outcomes of nephron sparing nephrectomy. 17-year analysis.

OBJECTIVES: Nephron sparing renal surgery is considered the technique of choice for renal tumors smaller than 4 cm. We present our oncological results in a 17-year period. METHODS: Between January 1995 and December 2012, 130 renal tumor surgeries (58 open, 72 laparoscopic) were performed. We analize the pathological results, presence of positive surgical margins, local relapse, distant metastases and death. RESULTS: The most frequent tumor was clear cell carcinoma (73%) in a pT1 stage (87%). Mean tumor size was 3 cm. Positive surgical margin rate was 7%, currently without any tumor recurrence among these cases (follow up 37 months). Cancer specific mortality is 0% and local recurrence rate 3%. Mean follow up is 71 months. CONCLUSIONS: Nephron sparing surgery results are similar to radical nephrectomy in tumors smaller than 4 cm. Positive surgical margins do not seem to have an important repercussion in cancer specific survival.

[Laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Five-year experience]. / Suprarrenalectomía laparoscópica. Experiencia de 5 años.

OBJECTIVE: Adrenal conditions requiring surgery are uncommon and are usually seen in several surgical departments. Our experience in laparoscopic management of adrenal pathology after almost five years of use of laparoscopy for retroperitoneal conditions at our center is reported. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 37 laparoscopic adrenalectomies were performed over 53 months for benign and malignant conditions. The transperitoneal approach was used in most cases (97%) because of the greater surgeon experience with this route. Pregnancy and suspected periadrenal infiltration were considered as absolute contraindications. RESULTS: Mean operating time was 90 minutes, mean intraoperative bleeding 80 ml, and mean hospital stay was 2 days. The main complication was one death. A malignancy was found in 4 patients (10%), while all other patients (90%) had a benign condition, including 8 pheochromocytomas. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopy is considered to be the gold standard for benign adrenal conditions. When the malignant mass is a single metastasis from a primary tumor, the laparoscopic approach appears to be reliable. When the malignant lesion is a primary adrenal tumor, laparoscopic management is more controversial, although the results reported by experienced surgeons in their series appear to be adequate.

[Laparoscopic nephron-sparing surgery. 5 years' experience]. / Cirugía conservadora de parénquima renal laparoscópica. Cinco años de experiencia.

INTRODUCTION: Laparoscopic nephron-sparing surgery is among the most complex urological procedures currently performed. Open surgery continues to be the gold standard of care, but the laparoscopic approach is gaining ground slowly but surely. Our 5 years' experience is reported. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From September 2004 to March 2009, 38 laparoscopic nephron-sparing procedures were performed at our hospital. A transperitoneal laparoscopic approach was used in all cases, with en bloc clamping of renal hilum in most patients. RESULTS: Mean operating time was 141 min, mean intraoperative bleeding 130 mL, mean warm ischemia time 24 min, and mean hospital stay 3.3 days. Bleeding was the most common complication (requiring transfusion in 13.5% of patients). Positive surgical margins were found in 5.4% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Adequate selection of the patient (tumor size, location) and the procedure to be used, surgeon experience, and surgical skills are essential for achieving good oncological results and for minimizing the complications of this demanding procedure.

Laparoscopic repair of the vesicovaginal fistula (laparoscopic O'Connor repair).

INTRODUCTION: The most frequent cause of vesicovaginal fistula in developed countries is hysterectomy, while in the third world it is related to time in labour. Any surgical iatrogenic trauma implies encountering added difficulties of various kinds when repairing the condition. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We report the first case of vesicovaginal fistula to be resolved laparoscopically in our department. The patient is a woman 50 years of age who had undergone an abdominal hysterectomy 8 months previously, and who presented a syndrome compatible with vesicovaginal fistula. She was referred to our division after an unsuccessful attempt at vaginal repair. We will now describe the laparoscopic vesicovaginal fistula repair procedure. RESULTS: The surgical procedure lasted approximately 3 hours and 30 minutes. The patient began oral intake 48 hours after surgery, normal intestinal transit was restored by the 5th day, a cystography was performed on the 7th day, and the patient was discharged on the 8th day. The patient remains asymptomatic after more than a year and a half. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic resolution of vesicovaginal fistula is perfectly feasible and safe. If we consistently reproduce the principles applied in the open surgery, it offers the same success rate with the lowest possible morbidity.

Corpora cavernosa lesion by gunshot. Case study and literature review.

Rupture of the corpora cavernosa is a very rare lesion. It occurs most commonly during intercourse. A far more exceptional cause is a gunshot wound; in this case, there are frequently concomitant lesions to other structures. We present the case of a man who suffered a lesion to the corpora cavernosa due to a gunshot and underwent emergency surgery. We reviewed existing literature and verified that the first step in managing a genital gunshot wound is to stabilise the patient, following which we should surgically explore the affected area.

A review of penile cancer.

UNLABELLED: Cancer of the penis is a rare tumour in Europe and mainly affects the elderly patient population. The aim of this paper was to analyse and study the characteristics of this tumour, in our patient population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on penile tumours diagnosed and treated in the Urology Department of the Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, in the last ten years. RESULTS: A total of 34 patients were diagnosed and treated. The mean age at presentation was 71.27 years. The mean time between symptoms and the first consultation was 12.54 months with a median of 6 months. The most common form of presentation was balanoposthitis (32%) and the most common site in our series was the glans. Partial penectomy was performed in 22 cases, total amputation in 8, and local excision in 3. DISCUSSION: Carcinoma of the penis is a pathology which mostly affects elderly patients; in our series, the highest incidence was observed in patients in the group aged 75-84 years. The most common histological type was epidermoid carcinoma in its various forms of presentation. We recorded a mortality of 23%. CONCLUSION: Penile carcinoma is a rare pathology which affects elderly persons and is diagnosed late.

[Laparoscopic urinary diversions]. / Derivaciones urinarias laparoscópicas.

INTRODUCTION: The treatment of the invasive bladder cancer and the recurrent T1G3 is clearly established in radical cystectomy and pelvic linphadenectomy. One of the fields where the laparoscopic approach implies more doubts is the treatment of bladder cancer, because it requires experience enough in pelvic laparoscopic surgery and the urinary diversion implies great technical difficulties to the laparoscopic approach. OBJECTIVES: The main goal of this article is to report our results with the urinary diversion after laparoscopic radical cystectomy where the ureteral anastomosis has been performed by a laparoscopic approach. METHODS: From January 2005 to December 2007 we have performed 67 laparoscopic radical cistectomies. We conducted 28 laparoscopic urinary diversions with our technique: 7 neobladder with an average age of 54, 85 years and 21 ileal conduit with an average age of 69, 15 years. RESULTS: The averagesurgical time for enterocistoplasty with laparoscopic urethral and ureteral anastomosis is of 5 hours and 30 minutes. For the cutaneous ureteroileostomy with laparoscopic ureteral anastomosis the average surgical time has been of 4 hours and 30 minutes. We have had 1 case of urinary leakage in the laparoscopic neobladder and 3 cases in the laparoscopic ileal conduit (14%). We have not intestinal dehiscence nor ileal-ureteric stenosis. The average hospital stay for laparoscopic neobladder is for the 85% of cases of 13.6 days, and of 11.8 days for the 77.7% of ileal ureteric laparoscopies. DISCUSSION: The laparoscopic radical cystectomy is still a procedure reserved for groups with great experience in laparoscopic surgery. Nowadays, the most accepted procedure by most groups includes perform the cystectomy by a laparoscopic approach and the urinary diversion by an open approach. There is no evidence of the advantages of laparoscopic urinary diversion. It is necessary to perform comparative studies to clearly define the role of laparoscopic surgery in the urinary diversion.

[Leukemic infiltration of the urinary bladder. A new case and literature review]. / Infiltración vesical por leucemia linfoblástica aguda. A propósito de un caso y revisión de la literatura.

We expose you one case of leukemic infiltration of the urinary bladder. This kind of infiltration is rare so we reviewed the literature finding 14 cases since 1932. Although this hematological infiltration is very unusual, it should be considered in patients with leukemia and hematuria.

[Experimental laparoscopic renal autograft as learning laparoscopic model]. / Autotrasplante renal laparoscópico experimental como modelo de aprendizaje de técnica laparoscópica.

INTRODUCTION: Laparoscopic surgery requires a long training period of time in which the complexity of the training is increased. GOALS: The technique presented in this paper has been developed in order to find an experimental model that allows us to improve the learning of the vascular suture. Our main goal was to evaluate this technique as an experimental model for the vacular anastomosis, not to obtain a functional autotransplant. In this regard, here we summarize our experience during the first two cases performed. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Laparoscopic renal autotransplant was perfomed in female lab pigs weighing 15-20 kg. International Experimental Animal Care rules were accomplished. RESULTS: After sacrifizing the animals, only one case of vascular thrombosis was observed. The other cases showed normal arterial and venous flow. CONCLUSIONS: Experimental Renal Laparoscopic autotransplant constitutes a good surgical model. We are trying to implement the technique in the clinics in the next future.

[Treatment of urinary stones with laser in special conditions]. / Tratamiento de la litiasis con láser en condiciones especiales.

During the last decade there has been a rapid development in flexible nephroscopy, flexible ureterorenoscopy, laser lithotripsy and instruments for stone manipulation. We are going to review the use of Laser in the management of lithiasis in different situations. Efforts should be made to minimize renal injury and lasers play a significant role in patients with urolithiasis and horseshoe kidneys, chronic renal failure, neurological patients.

[Laparoscopic nephron sparing surgery. Initial experience]. / Cirugía renal laparoscópica conservadora de parénquima. Experiencia inicial.

We present our initial experience in laparoscopic nephron sparing surgery. It's a technically advanced procedure requiring considerable minimally invasive expertise. This technique is particularly attractive compared to an open conventional procedure with its larger incision and associated morbidity.

[Laparoscopic augmentation enterocystoplasty: initial experience]. / Enterocistoplastia de ampliación laparoscópica: experiencia inicial.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the initial experience of our group in the realization of the augmentation enterocystoplasty by laparoscopyc approach. METHODS AND PATIENTS: We describe the augmentation enterocystoplasty technique with ileal segment completely achieved by laparoscopyc approach. We present the cases of two patients suffering from hyperreflexic bladder refractory to medical treatment who underwent this surgery. In both cases the technique was realized without intraoperative complications although it was needed a surgical time of 6 and 4.5 hours respectively. The results after 12 and 5 months were satisfactory in both patients, obtaining a low pressure bladder with a good continence. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopyc augmentation enterocystoplasty is a complicated technique that requires a great experience, mainly in laparoscopyc suture. It reproduces completely the open surgery and it offers all the advantages inherent to the laparoscopyc surgery.

[Development of a laparoscopic radical prostatectomy program in an university center]. / Implantación de un programa de prostatectomía radical laparoscópica.

The aim of this article is to report our experience in setting up a laparoscopic radical prostatectomy programme. We believe that knowledge of the difficulties we faced at the start will be useful for those who wish to implement a programme like ours. We hope that by explaining the steps we took as well as our conclusions and recommendations this difficult task can be made easier.

[Analysis of a laparoscopic radical prostatectomy program with 544 cases]. / Prostatectomía radical laparoscópica. Revisión de la literatura. Nuestra experiencia.

INTRODUCTION: This article reviews the latest publications that refer to Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy (LRP) up to 2005, and describes our series of patients for this type of surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After a search of the Internet and consulting journals of renowned prestige, we selected articles that refer to this technique and we summarise the latest developments in LRP. We also present our series of patients. RESULTS: In view of the good oncologic and functional results obtained with LRP, and the possibility of performing hernioplasty as in open surgery, this technique provides a high quality service for patients. CONCLUSIONS: Due to the advances in the safety and quality of this technique, such as the use of robots, 3 CCD cameras, and the surgeon's experience, LRP should be offered to our patients, if it is within our means.

[Open and laparoscopic adrenalectomy. 10 years review]. / Suprarrenalectomía abierta y laparoscópica. Revisión de 10 años.

We present a 10 years open adrenalectomy review in our Service and the beginning of laparoscopic adrenalectomy in the last year as a part of the retroperitoneal laparoscopic program at the Hospital Universitario La Paz . The first laparoscopic adrenalectomy was done after 21 retroperitoneal laparoscopic surgeries. Our initial experience has been so good that we have reduced the contraindications for this technique and we have increased the number of laparoscopic surgery cases.

[Retroperitoneal laparoscopic surgery; initial experience in the Hospital La Paz]. / Cirugía retroperitoneal laparoscópica; experiencia de los 6 primeros meses del Hospital La Paz.

We present the initial results of retroperitoneal laparoscopic surgery in the Hospital Universitario La Paz from July 2004 to December 2004. The program started after 2 years of pelvic laparoscopy surgery practice. The initial experience has been so good that we have reduced the contraindications for this technique and we have increased the number of laparoscopic surgery cases.

[Ureteroenteric strictures: endourological treatment]. / Estenosis ureterointestinales: tratamiento endourológico.

OBJECTIVES: To review the outcomes of the ureteroenteric strictures treated by endourological techniques in our department, and to compare our long-term results with other reported series with similar follow-up and number of patients. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 27 ureteroenteric strictures treated from March 1994 to June 2003, with a mean follow-up of 30.2 months (1 day-53 months). 13 cases underwent ballon dilation + permanent double J catheter (3 of them antegrade) 8 patients underwent endoscopical incision + double J catheter (5 of them with Acucise). RESULTS: 12/21 (57,14%) renal units improved and/or remained stable. We emphasize the absence of peroperative complications except 1 case that had a very poor oncological prognosis and died of septicemia 1 day after balloon dilation. CONCLUSIONS: Endourological treatment of ureteroenteric strictures has demonstrated to provide good fuctional results on the short and mid-term in patients that open surgery, although being the treatment of choice, would be too aggressive due to their disease, age, morbid conditions,....

[Solitary fibrous tumor of the prostate]. / Tumor fibroso solitario de la próstata.

We report a new case of a solitary fibrous tumor. It is a tumor which involve to genitourinary system unusual time, and it is exceptional in the prostate. Our patient began with bladder compression symptoms. Radiological studies showed polilobed mass that moved out the bladder although the could not show the pelvic organ was involved. The definitive diagnosis was made by histology and inmunohistochemestry of the surgical piece.

[Experimental laparoscopic renal autograft]. / Autotransplante renal laparoscópico experimental.

Laparoscopic surgery requires a long training period of time in which the complexity of the training is increased. The technique presented in this paper has been developed in order to find an experimental model that allows us to improve the learning of the vascular suture. Our main goal was to evaluate this technique as an experimental model for the vascular anastomosis, not to obtain a functional autotransplant. In this regard, here we summarize our experience during the first two cases performed.