Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Listeria monocytogenes in Different Raw Food from Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico.

Listeria (L.) monocytogenes is an opportunistic foodborne pathogen that causes listeriosis in humans and animals, reaching up to 30% case mortality. There are only a few reports in Mexico about the L. monocytogenes strains found in various foods. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of L. monocytogenes, serogroups, virulence genes, and antimicrobial resistance in different foods from Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico. L. monocytogenes strains were characterized by microbiological and molecular methods. Susceptibility to 12 antibiotics was determined according to CLSI and EUCAST. A total of 300 samples of seafood, pasteurized and raw milk, cheese, beef, and chicken were collected from supermarkets and retail markets. The presence of L. monocytogenes was detected in 5.6% of the samples. Most strains belonged to serogroups 4b, 4d, and 4e (68.4%). All strains presented a minimum of four virulence genes; the most common were actA, hly, and plcB (92.1%). A high percentage of antimicrobial susceptibility was observed, with resistance only to STX-TMP (78.9%), STR (26.3%), MEM (21.0%), and E (2.6%). These results show that the foods in Reynosa, Tamaulipas, are a reservoir of L. monocytogenes and represent a potential health risk.

Effects of Installing Different Types of Cooling Fins on the Cold Side of a Thermoelectric Power Generation Device on the Thermal Efficiency and Exergy Efficiency of Power Cable Surface Waste Heat Recovery.

This study investigates the thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency of a thermoelectric power generation device for recovering power cable surface waste heat. Numerical simulations are conducted to analyze the impact of different types of cooling fins on the system's performance. The results demonstrate that the installation of cooling fins improves heat transfer efficiency and enhances the thermoelectric power generation device's output power. Among the various fin designs, the system equipped with cooling fins with 17 teeth exhibits the highest performance. These findings highlight the importance of fin design in optimizing the system's thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency. This study provides valuable insights for the development and improvement of thermoelectric power generation systems for power cable surface waste heat recovery applications.

Indoor-air purification by photoelectrochemical oxidation mitigates allergic airway responses to aerosolized cat dander in a murine model.

Portable air purifiers help improve indoor air quality by neutralizing allergens, including animal dander proteins. However, there are limited in-vivo models to assess the efficacy of these devices. Here, we developed a novel animal model of experimental asthma using aerosolized cat dander extract (CDE) exposure and compared the efficacy of select air purification technologies. Mice were exposed to CDE aerosols for 6 weeks in separate custom-built whole-body exposure chambers equipped with either a photoelectrochemical oxidative (PECO) Molekule filtration device (PFD) or a HEPA-assisted air filtration device (HFD) along with positive (a device with no filtration capability) and negative controls. Compared to the positive control group, the CDE-induced airway resistance, and plasma IgE and IL-13 levels were significantly reduced in both air purifier groups. However, PFD mice showed a better attenuation of lung tissue mucous hyperplasia and eosinophilia than HFD and positive control mice, indicating a better efficacy in managing CDE-induced allergic responses. Cat dander protein destruction was evaluated by LCMS proteomic analysis, which revealed the degradation of 2731 unique peptides on PECO media in 1 h. Thus, allergen protein destruction on filtration media enhances air purifier efficacy that could provide relief from allergy responses compared to traditional HEPA-based filtration alone.

Responses of population structure and genomic diversity to climate change and fishing pressure in a pelagic fish.

The responses of marine species to environmental changes and anthropogenic pressures (e.g., fishing) interact with ecological and evolutionary processes that are not well understood. Knowledge of changes in the distribution range and genetic diversity of species and their populations into the future is essential for the conservation and sustainable management of resources. Almaco jack (Seriola rivoliana) is a pelagic fish with high importance to fisheries and aquaculture in the Pacific Ocean. In this study, we assessed contemporary genomic diversity and structure in loci that are putatively under selection (outlier loci) and determined their potential functions. Using a combination of genotype-environment association, spatial distribution models, and demogenetic simulations, we modeled the effects of climate change (under three different RCP scenarios) and fishing pressure on the species' geographic distribution and genomic diversity and structure to 2050 and 2100. Our results show that most of the outlier loci identified were related to biological and metabolic processes that may be associated with temperature and salinity. The contemporary genomic structure showed three populations-two in the Eastern Pacific (Cabo San Lucas and Eastern Pacific) and one in the Central Pacific (Hawaii). Future projections suggest a loss of suitable habitat and potential range contractions for most scenarios, while fishing pressure decreased population connectivity. Our results suggest that future climate change scenarios and fishing pressure will affect the genomic structure and genotypic composition of S. rivoliana and lead to loss of genomic diversity in populations distributed in the eastern-central Pacific Ocean, which could have profound effects on fisheries that depend on this resource.

Las respuestas de las especies marinas ante los cambios ambientales y presiones antropogénicas (por ejemplo, la sobrepesca) interactúan con procesos ecológicos y evolutivos que no se comprenden bien. El conocimiento del cambio en el rango de distribución y la diversidad genética de las especies y sus poblaciones en el futuro es fundamental para la conservación y gestión sostenible de los recursos. El jurel (Seriola rivoliana) es un pez pelágico de gran importancia para la pesca y la acuicultura en el Océano Pacífico. En este estudio, evaluamos la diversidad y estructura genómica contemporánea en loci que supuestamente están bajo selección (loci atípicos) y determinamos sus funciones potenciales. Se utilizó la combinación de métodos de asociación genotipo-ambiente, modelos de distribución espacial y simulaciones demogenéticas, para modelar los efectos del cambio climático (bajo tres escenarios RCP diferentes) y presión de pesca sobre la distribución geográfica de la especie, la diversidad y estructura genómica para los años 2050 y 2100. Nuestros resultados mostraron que la mayoría de los loci atípicos están relacionados con procesos biológicos y metabólicos que pueden estar asociados con la temperatura y la salinidad. La estructura genómica contemporánea mostró tres poblaciones: dos en el Pacífico oriental (Cabo San Lucas y el Pacífico oriental) y una en el Pacífico central (Hawai). Las proyecciones futuras sugieren una pérdida de hábitat idóneo y posibles contracciones del área de distribución para la mayoría de los escenarios, mientras que la presión de la pesca redujo la conectividad de las poblaciones. Nuestros resultados sugieren que los escenarios de cambio climático y la presión pesquera afectarán la estructura genómica y la composición genotípica de S. rivoliana y conducirán a la pérdida de diversidad genómica en las poblaciones distribuidas en el Océano Pacífico centro-oriental, lo que podría tener efectos en las pesquerías que dependen de este recurso.

Venom comparisons of endemic and micro-endemic speckled rattlesnakes Crotalus mitchellii, C. polisi and C. thalassoporus from Baja California Peninsula.

A high diversity of rattlesnake species can be found in the Baja California peninsula and the island of the Gulf of California, nevertheless, their venom has been poorly evaluated. The aim of this work was to present the first characterization of endemic Crotalus mitchellii, micro endemic C. polisi and C. thalassoporus venoms. All samples provoke human plasma coagulation showing doses in the rank of 2.3-41.0 µg and also produce rapid hydrolysis of the alpha chain of bovine fibrinogen while the beta chain is attacked at larger incubation periods by C. polisi and especially by C. thalassoporus. Phospholipase activity ranging from 23.2 to 173.8 U/mg. The venoms of C. thalassoporus and C. polisi show very high hemorrhagic activity (from 0.03 to 0.31 µg). A total of 130 toxin-related proteins were identified and classified into ten families. Crotalus mitchellii venom was characterized by high abundance of crotoxin-like and other phospholipase proteins (34.5%) and serine proteinases (29.8%). Crotalus polisi showed a similar proportion of metalloproteinases (34%) and serine proteinases (22.8%) components with important contribution of C-type lectins (14.3%) and CRiSP (14.0%) proteins. Venom of C. thalassoporus is dominated by metalloproteases that amount to more than 66% of total toxin proteins. These results provide a foundation for comprehending the biological, ecological and evolutionary significance of venom composition of speckled rattlesnake from the Baja California peninsula.

The queen conch mitogenome: intra- and interspecific mitogenomic variability in Strombidae and phylogenetic considerations within the Hypsogastropoda.

Aliger gigas is an economically important and vulnerable marine species. We present a new mitogenome of A. gigas from the Mexican Caribbean and use the eight publicly available Strombidae mitogenomes to analyze intra- and interspecific variation. We present the most complete phylogenomic understanding of Hypsogastropoda to date (17 superfamilies, 39 families, 85 genera, 109 species) to revisit the phylogenetic position of the Stromboidea and evaluate divergence times throughout the phylogeny. The A. gigas mitogenome comprises 15,460 bp including 13 PCGs, 22 tRNAs, and two rRNAs. Nucleotide diversity suggested divergence between the Mexican and Colombian lineages of A. gigas. Interspecific divergence showed high differentiation among Strombidae species and demonstrated a close relationship between A. gigas and Strombus pugilis, between Lambis lambis and Harpago chiragra, and among Tridentarius dentatus/Laevistrombus canarium/Ministrombus variabilis. At the intraspecific level, the gene showing the highest differentiation is ATP8 and the lowest is NAD4L, whereas at the interspecific level the NAD genes show the highest variation and the COX genes the lowest. Phylogenomic analyses confirm that Stromboidea belongs in the non-Latrogastropoda clade and includes Xenophoridea. The phylogenomic position of other superfamilies, including those of previously uncertain affiliation, is also discussed. Finally, our data indicated that Stromboidea diverged into two principal clades in the early Cretaceous while Strombidae diversified in the Paleocene, and lineage diversification within A. gigas took place in the Pleistocene.

Conocimientos, percepciones y actitudes de estudiantes y pasantes de odontología mexicanos con relación al COVID-19: Estudio descriptivo / Knowledge, perceptions and attitudes in Mexican dental students and interns related with COVID-19: A descriptive study

La enfermedad de COVID-19 es causada por el nuevo coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (síndrome respiratorio agudo severo), convertida hoy en día en una pandemia, emergencia sanitaria y crisis de salud pública. El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar el conocimiento, la percepción y actitudes frente a dicha pandemia de en los estudiantes y pasantes de odontología. Material y métodos: Investigación cuantitativa con diseño transversal, descriptivo y exploratorio. El tamaño de la muestra fue de 167 participantes a través de encuestas en línea, donde se describieron sus actitudes, conocimiento y percepción, por medio de un cuestionario de autorreporte el cual consistió de 24 ítems relacionados con la comprensión de la COVID-19. Resultados: La mayoría de los discípulos tiene un entendimiento moderado en relación con la normatividad, y su competencia, en su entorno con dicho trastorno viral, es adecuada. La mayoría (89.5%) respondieron tener actitudes adecuadas con el manejo del control de infecciones y prevenciones. En cuestión a la percepción, la mayoría (82.4%) sí tenía medidas de prevención a fin de evitar la transmisión y medicación adecuadas. Conclusión: Estos estudiantes están conscientes de la COVID-19 y sus medidas de prevención y precaución, requieren adquirir mayores saberes de normas sanitarias, así como llevar estrictos protocolos de control de infecciones para garantizar el ambiente seguro a los alumnos y pacientes que acuden a las clínicas odontológicas (AU)

The COVID-19 disease is caused by the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which today has become a pandemic, health emergency, and public health crisis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the knowledge, perception and attitudes towards such pandemic in dental students and interns. Material and methods: Quantitative research with a crosssectional, descriptive and exploratory design. The sample size was 167 participants through online surveys, where attitudes, knowledge and perception were described, through a self-report questionnaire which consisted of 24 items related to their knowledge of this malaise. Results: The majority of study participants have a moderate knowledge in relation to the normativity, and the knowledge of the disease in their environment is adequate. The majority (89.5%) responded having adequate attitudes with the management of infection control and prevention. Regarding perception, the majority (82.4%) did have adequate medication and preventive measures to avoid transmission. Conclusion: These students are aware of the COVID-19 sickness and its prevention and precaution measures and they require acquiring greater knowledge of health regulations as well as carrying out strict infection control protocols to guarantee a safe environment for students and patients who attend dental clinics (AU)

Genetic structure and historical and contemporary gene flow of Astyanaxmexicanus in the Gulf of Mexico slope: a microsatellite-based analysis.

BACKGROUND: Astyanax mexicanus from the river basins of the Gulf of Mexico slope are small freshwater fish that usually live in large groups in different freshwater environments. The group is considered successful due to its high capacity for dispersal and adaptation to different habitats, and the species present high morphological variability throughout their distribution in Mexico. This has produced the most extreme morphotype of the group; the hypogeous or troglobite, which has no eyes or coloration, and is probably the cause of taxonomic uncertainty in the recognition of species across the entire range. Most studies of A. mexicanus have mainly focused on cave individuals, as well as their adjacent surface locations, providing an incomplete evolutionary history, particularly in terms of factors related to dispersal and the potential corridors used, barriers to gene flow, and distribution of genetic variability. The aim of the present study is to determine the population structure and the degree and direction of genetic flow in this complex taxonomic group, incorporating geographic locations not previously included in analyses using microsatellite loci. Our aim is to contribute to the knowledge of the intricate evolutionary history of A. mexicanus throughout most of its range. METHODS: The present study included a set of several cave and surface locations of A. mexicanus, which have been widely sampled along the Gulf of Mexico slope, in a genetic population analysis using 10 microsatellite loci. RESULTS: Ten genetic populations or lineages were identified. In these populations, gene flow was recorded at two time periods. Historical gene flow, both inter and intra-basin, was observed among surface populations, from surface to cave populations, and among cave populations, whereas recording of contemporary gene flow was limited to intra-basin exchanges and observed among surface populations, surface to cave populations, and cave populations.

Proteomic comparison of adult and juvenile Santa Catalina rattlesnake (Crotalus catalinensis) venom.

Rattlesnake's venom constitutes an important ecological trait that dynamically changes over time. Venoms of adult and juvenile rattleless rattlesnakes, Crotalus catalinensis, an endemic insular species from the Gulf of California, were compared by electrophoretic profile, fibrinogenolytic activity, and proteomic composition to assess ontogenetic variability. The SDS-PAGE profiles show important differences at 12, 22, and 45 kDa, which were prominent in adult samples and absent in juvenile samples, while bands around 20, 25, and 70 kDa are almost absent in adults. Both venoms hydrolyze Aa and Bb chains of fibrinogen generating different patterns of degradation products. This activity was partially inhibited by EDTA and PMSF and completely abolished only in the presence of both inhibitors. More than 260 proteins were identified and quantified in both venoms by proteomic analysis. Metalloproteinases (more than 60%), serine proteinases (14.5% in adult venom and 17.7% in juvenile venom), and C-type lectins (7.1 and 5.9%) represent the three most abundant toxin-related protein families. Bradykinin inhibitor peptides and L-amino acid oxidases were not detected in juvenile venom. A protein-specific comparison shows that adult and juvenile venom share about 30.5% of total toxin-related proteins, while 32% and 35% are exclusively present in adult and juvenile venoms, respectively. This work represents one of the first efforts to understand phenotypic diversity in the venom composition of insular rattlesnake species from Mexico.

Impacto económico en el medio odontológico durante la pandemia del COVID-19: revisión integradora / Economic impact in the dental field during COVID-19 pandemic: integrative review

La pandemia por COVID-19 no sólo ha generado un impacto negativo en la salud, sino que la economía global también se ha visto mermada, afectando más a los países subdesarrollados. Con relación a estos daños en las finanzas de los profesionales de la salud, existen algunos efectos que derivan de la pandemia COVID-19, los cuales tienen una fuerte repercusión en la economía de todos los trabajadores a nivel mundial y el ámbito odontológico no es la excepción. Esta revisión se obtuvo mediante la búsqueda de la información en una exploración electrónica en las bases de datos PubMed, Cochrane Library, LILACS, SciELO y Latindex. El impacto económico derivado de esta pandemia, sin lugar a dudas, ha afectado la economía de los odontólogos de práctica pública y privada, por lo que la toma de decisiones en la odontología debe contemplar un uso equilibrado de los recursos financieros (AU)

The COVID-19 pandemic has not only generated a negative impact on health, but the global economy has also been reduced, being the underdeveloped countries the most affected ones. In relation to these damages in the finances of health professionals, there are some effects that derive from the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong impact on the economy of all workers worldwide and the dental field is no exception. This review was obtained by searching the information through an electronic examination in databases like PubMed, Cochrane Library, LILACS, SciELO and Latindex databases. The economic impact derived from this pandemic has undoubtedly affected the economy of dentists in public and private practice, so that decision-making in dentistry must consider a balanced use of financial resources (AU)

Consideraciones sobre el diagnóstico de COVID-19 y el papel del diagnóstico salival / Considerations on the diagnosis of COVID-19 and the role of the salival diagnosis

El nuevo coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 es el agente etiológico de la enfermedad por coronavirus de 2019 (COVID-19), convertida rápidamente en una pandemia, emergencia sanitaria y una crisis de salud pública en los países afectados a lo largo de los cinco continentes. El objetivo de la presente revisión bibliográfica fue describir algunas consideraciones sobre el diagnóstico del COVID-19 y el papel de los diagnósticos salivales. El diagnóstico molecular, la historia clínica, las manifestaciones clínicas, los hallazgos de laboratorio y los imagenológicos, y la prueba viral del ácido nucleico, el diagnóstico serológico, el sistema CRISPR/ Cas13 y la técnica SHERLOCK son elementos del arsenal diagnóstico de esta infección. Éstos son imprescindibles para el trabajo de los profesionales en salud, ya que generar y conocer medidas de identificación diagnóstica, son pilares esenciales, en el intento de mitigar una mayor propagación de esta infección (AU)

The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is the etiologic agent of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19), rapidly converted in a pandemic, sanitary emergency and Public Health crisis in the affected countries over the world. The objective of the present bibliographical review was to describe some considerations about the diagnosis of COVID-19 and the role of salivary diagnostics. The molecular diagnosis, the clinical history, the laboratory and imagenologic findings, the nucleic acid viral test, the serologic diagnosis, the CRISPR/Cas13 system, and the SHERLOCK technique, are all elements of the diagnostic arsenal to identify this infection. These elements are indispensables for the health professionals. Generating and knowing the diagnostic identification measures are essential pillars in the attempt of mitigating a greater propagation of this disease (AU)

Genetic diversity and structure of circumtropical almaco jack, Seriola rivoliana: tool for conservation and management.

The almaco jack, Seriola rivoliana, is a circumtropical pelagic fish of importance both in commercial fisheries and in aquaculture. To understand levels of genetic diversity within and among populations in the wild, population genetic structure and the relative magnitude of migration were assessed using mtDNA sequence data and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from individuals sampled from locations in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. A total of 25 variable sites of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 and 3678 neutral SNPs were recovered. Three genetic groups were identified, with both marker types distributed in different oceanic regions: Pacific-1 in central Pacific, Pacific-2 in eastern Pacific and Atlantic in western Atlantic. Nonetheless, the analysis of SNP identified a fourth population in the Pacific coast of Baja California Sur, Mexico (Pacific-3), whereas that of mtDNA did not. This mito-nuclear discordance is likely explained by a recently diverged Pacific-3 population. In addition, two mtDNA haplogroups were found within the western Atlantic, likely indicating that the species came into the Atlantic from the Indian Ocean with historical gene flow from the eastern Pacific. Relative gene flow among ocean basins was low with r m < 0.2, whereas in the eastern Pacific it was asymmetric and higher from south to north (r m > 0.79). The results reflect the importance of assessing genetic structure and gene flow of natural populations for the purposes of sustainable management.

The Miami International Evidence-based Guidelines on Minimally Invasive Pancreas Resection.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to develop and externally validate the first evidence-based guidelines on minimally invasive pancreas resection (MIPR) before and during the International Evidence-based Guidelines on Minimally Invasive Pancreas Resection (IG-MIPR) meeting in Miami (March 2019). SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: MIPR has seen rapid development in the past decade. Promising outcomes have been reported by early adopters from high-volume centers. Subsequently, multicenter series as well as randomized controlled trials were reported; however, guidelines for clinical practice were lacking. METHODS: The Scottisch Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) methodology was used, incorporating these 4 items: systematic reviews using PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases to answer clinical questions, whenever possible in PICO style, the GRADE approach for assessment of the quality of evidence, the Delphi method for establishing consensus on the developed recommendations, and the AGREE-II instrument for the assessment of guideline quality and external validation. The current guidelines are cosponsored by the International Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association, the Americas Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association, the Asian-Pacific Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association, the European-African Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association, the European Association for Endoscopic Surgery, Pancreas Club, the Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgery, the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, and the Society of Surgical Oncology. RESULTS: After screening 16,069 titles, 694 studies were reviewed, and 291 were included. The final 28 recommendations covered 6 topics; laparoscopic and robotic distal pancreatectomy, central pancreatectomy, pancreatoduodenectomy, as well as patient selection, training, learning curve, and minimal annual center volume required to obtain optimal outcomes and patient safety. CONCLUSION: The IG-MIPR using SIGN methodology give guidance to surgeons, hospital administrators, patients, and medical societies on the use and outcome of MIPR as well as the approach to be taken regarding this challenging type of surgery.

Adapterama I: universal stubs and primers for 384 unique dual-indexed or 147,456 combinatorially-indexed Illumina libraries (iTru & iNext).

Massively parallel DNA sequencing offers many benefits, but major inhibitory cost factors include: (1) start-up (i.e., purchasing initial reagents and equipment); (2) buy-in (i.e., getting the smallest possible amount of data from a run); and (3) sample preparation. Reducing sample preparation costs is commonly addressed, but start-up and buy-in costs are rarely addressed. We present dual-indexing systems to address all three of these issues. By breaking the library construction process into universal, re-usable, combinatorial components, we reduce all costs, while increasing the number of samples and the variety of library types that can be combined within runs. We accomplish this by extending the Illumina TruSeq dual-indexing approach to 768 (384 + 384) indexed primers that produce 384 unique dual-indexes or 147,456 (384 × 384) unique combinations. We maintain eight nucleotide indexes, with many that are compatible with Illumina index sequences. We synthesized these indexing primers, purifying them with only standard desalting and placing small aliquots in replicate plates. In qPCR validation tests, 206 of 208 primers tested passed (99% success). We then created hundreds of libraries in various scenarios. Our approach reduces start-up and per-sample costs by requiring only one universal adapter that works with indexed PCR primers to uniquely identify samples. Our approach reduces buy-in costs because: (1) relatively few oligonucleotides are needed to produce a large number of indexed libraries; and (2) the large number of possible primers allows researchers to use unique primer sets for different projects, which facilitates pooling of samples during sequencing. Our libraries make use of standard Illumina sequencing primers and index sequence length and are demultiplexed with standard Illumina software, thereby minimizing customization headaches. In subsequent Adapterama papers, we use these same primers with different adapter stubs to construct amplicon and restriction-site associated DNA libraries, but their use can be expanded to any type of library sequenced on Illumina platforms.

Instrumentos para evaluar ansiedad al tratamiento estomatológico en el adulto / Instruments to evaluate dental anxiety in adults

RESUMEN Introducción: La ansiedad al tratamiento estomatológico puede ser obtenida haciendo uso de instrumentos de evaluación para obtener medidas objetivas, eliminando el componente subjetivo del evaluador. Objetivo: Caracterizar los instrumentos de evaluación para ansiedad al tratamiento estomatológico en adultos. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sobre instrumentos de evaluación para ansiedad al tratamiento estomatológico, considerando la bibliografía publicada en Google académico, SciELO y Medline. Se obtuvo como resultado final un total de 44 artículos en el período revisado, 40 de ellos en revistas internacionales, 1 publicación de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y 3 libros. Análisis e integración de la información: Se obtuvieron un total de 6 instrumentos con protagnismo en la literatura científica. Estos se caracterizaron por tener como objetivo fundamental diagnosticar y clasificar al sujeto ansioso enmarcándolo en una categoría determinada, presentándose fundamentalmente en escalas e inventarios, originarios del idioma inglés. El Modifield Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) constituye el instrumento de evaluación más utilizado en investigaciones y en la práctica clínica. No son reportados instrumentos diseñados por investigadores en países hispanohablantes, sino validaciones al idioma español de los ya existentes quedando poco representado este fenómeno psicológico en poblaciones hispanohablantes considerándose deprimido el desarrollo de la evaluación psicológica en el ámbito estomatológico. Conclusiones: Los instrumentos de evaluación son muy poco validados al idioma y contexto cultural de países hispanohablantes, por lo que está limitado su uso en poblaciones de este continente, a excepción de la población mexicana(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Dental anxiety may be measured with evaluation instruments to obtain objective values, not biased by the evaluator's subjectivity. Objective: Characterize the evaluation instruments used to measure dental anxiety in adults. Methods: A bibliographic review was conducted in Google Scholar, SciELO and Medline of materials about evaluation instruments used to measure dental anxiety. A total 44 publications were obtained from the period reviewed: 40 papers published in international journals, 1 World Health Organization publication and 3 books. Data analysis and integration: A total 6 leading instruments were found in the scientific literature reviewed. These were characterized by pursuing the fundamental goal of diagnosing and classifying anxious subjects by placing them in a given category, mainly according to scales and inventories originally written in English. The Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) is the evaluation instrument most commonly used by researchers and in clinical practice. Reports were not found of instruments designed by researchers from Spanish-speaking countries, but only assessments in Spanish of the already existing ones. In other words, Spanish-speaking populations are scarcely represented in terms of the psychological phenomenon under study, which points to reduced development of psychological evaluation in dental practice. Conclusions: Evaluation instruments are scarcely validated in the Spanish language and in Spanish-speaking cultural contexts. Therefore, their use is limited in populations from this continent, with the exception of the Mexican population(AU)

Conceptos actuales de interpretación de los signos vitales en odontología y su aplicación clínica / Current concepts of interpretation of vital signs in dentistry and its clinical application

La medición de los signos vitales es de gran importancia en el consultorio dental, de esta forma podemos obtener una visión objetiva y anticipada del estado funcional del paciente. Según la información obtenida, se tomarán decisiones terapéuticas. El odontólogo debe saber que el seguimiento clínico y el uso de la técnica adecuada para sus mediciones representan un aspecto muy relevante para prevenir emergencias en el consultorio dental. El odontólogo debe medir los signos vitales antes, durante y después del procedimiento dental y, del mismo modo, debe estar involucrado en la situación individual de cada paciente y proporcionar medidas higiénicodietéticas para mejorar su calidad de vida. La evaluación continua de los signos vitales durante el procedimiento quirúrgico dental, en el que se usan anestésicos locales, es particularmente relevante en este caso, ya que puede ayudarnos a prevenir complicaciones como arritmias cardiacas, crisis hipertensivas o angina de pecho. El objetivo de este artículo es promover en toda la profesión odontológica, el monitoreo de los signos vitales, su técnica de medición correcta y su correlación con otros datos de un historial completo médico y dental (AU)

The measurement of vital signs is of great importance in the dental office, this way we can obtain an objective and anticipated vision of the functional state of the patient. According to the information obtained, therapeutic decisions will be made. The dentist must know that monitoring and using the appropriate technique for its measurements, represents a very relevant aspect for the emergency in the dental office. The dentist must measure the vital signs before, during and after the dental procedure, likewise, they must be involved in the individual situation of each patient and provide hygienic-dietetic measures to improve their quality of life. The continuous assessment of vital signs during the dental surgical procedure, in which local anesthetics are used, is particularly relevant in this case since it can help us prevent complications such as cardiac arrhythmias, hypertensive crisis or angor pectoris. The objective of this article is to promote throughout the dental profession, the monitoring of vital signs, their correct measurement technique and their correlation with other data from a complete medical and dental history (AU)

Red Queen revisited: Immune gene diversity and parasite load in the asexual Poecilia formosa versus its sexual host species P. mexicana.

In accordance with the Red Queen hypothesis, the lower genotypic diversity in clonally reproducing species should make them easier targets for pathogen infection, especially when closely related sexually reproducing species occur in close proximity. We analyzed two populations of clonal P. formosa and their sexual parental species P. mexicana by correlating individual parasite infection with overall and immune genotype. Our study revealed lower levels of overall genotypic diversity and marginally fewer MHC class I alleles in P. formosa individuals compared to sexually reproducing P. mexicana. Parasite load, however, differed only between field sites but not between species. We hypothesize that this might be due to slightly higher genotypic diversity in P. formosa at the innate immune system (toll like receptor 8) which is likely due to the species' hybrid origin. In consequence, it appears that clonal individuals do not necessarily suffer a disadvantage compared to sexual individuals when fighting parasite infection.

Miedo al tratamiento odontológico en escolares mexicanos / Dental fear among Mexican schoolchildren

RESUMEN Introducción: El miedo al tratamiento odontológico es una reacción emocional que se presenta en niños con una connotación especial. Puede influir en la conducta del niño durante el tiempo de la consulta e intervenir en la efectividad del tratamiento. El abordaje de sus características y de sus diferentes niveles de manifestación es importante para dimensionar este fenómeno psicológico y trazar estrategias futuras. Objetivo: Caracterizar el miedo al tratamiento odontológico en niños escolares mexicanos. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación descriptiva, observacional de corte transversal en 163 niños escolares de 6 a 12 años de edad de una escuela de Monterrey, México, en el período comprendido entre febrero y mayo del 2017. Se les aplicó la escala Dental Subscale of the Children's Fear Survey Schedule para determinar los niveles de miedo. Se asumieron para la investigación las variables sexo, edad y niveles de miedo. El análisis de los datos estadísticos se realizó mediante el programa SPSS versión 19.0 Resultados: Se destacó el miedo moderado con 45,4 por ciento y el componente asfixiarme de la escala con el 52,1 por ciento. Las "inyecciones" y que "un extraño me toque" constituyeron los ítems más relacionados con mucho miedo con un 42,7 por ciento y 47,9 por ciento, respectivamente. Se presentó la categoría mucho miedo solo a los 8 y 11 años de edad con 15,3 por ciento y 9,3 por ciento, respectivamente, así como el sexo femenino con el 48,4 por ciento. Conclusiones: El miedo al tratamiento odontológico en niños escolares mexicanos se manifiesta en niveles moderados, con una predilección a temer más a la asfixia durante el tratamiento dental. Edades tempranas de escolaridad, con ligero predominio en el sexo femenino, constituyeron las características más relacionadas con este fenómeno psicológico(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Dental fear is an emotional reaction occurring in children with a special connotation. It may influence the behavior of child patients during consultation and affect the effectiveness of treatment. Addressing its characteristics and its various forms of manifestation is important to gain insight into this psychological phenomenon and devise future strategies. Objective: Characterize dental fear among Mexican schoolchildren. Methods: A cross-sectional observational descriptive study was conducted of 163 schoolchildren aged 6-12 years from a school in Monterrey, Mexico, from February to May 2017. The Dental Subscale of the Children's Fear Survey Schedule was applied to determine fear levels. The variables analyzed in the study were sex, age and fear levels. Analysis of statistical data was performed with the software SPSS version 19.0. Results: The scale components moderate fear (45.4 percent) and fear of suffocation (52.1 percent) stood out among the results obtained. Injections and being touched by a stranger were the items most commonly related to great fear, with 42.7 percent and 47.9 percent, respectively. The great fear category was present only at 8 and 11 years of age, with 15.3 percent and 9.3 percent, respectively, and in the female sex with 48.4 percent. Conclusions: Dental fear is moderate among Mexican schoolchildren, with a prevalence of fear of suffocation during dental care. Early school ages and a predominance of the female sex were the features most commonly related to this psychological phenomenon(AU)

Magnitud del riesgo por accidentes con objetos cortopunzantes en la consulta odontológica / Magnitude of isk for Accidents with Sharps in the Dental Practice / Magnitude do risco para acidentes com perfurocortantes na prática odontológica

Antecedentes: El personal del área de la salud está constantemente expuesto a sangre y fluidos provenientes de los pacientes durante su jornada laboral. Por lo tanto, el personal de odontología corre el riesgo de contraer enfermedades infecciosas. Objetivo: Conocer la frecuencia del riesgo laboral por objetos punzocortantes en odontólogos de primer nivel de atención de los Centros de Salud urbano y rural de los Servicios de Salud de Nuevo León Monterrey Nuevo León, México. Métodos: diseño del estudio no experimental, descriptivo, transversal y prospectivo. Población de estudio: odontólogos aplicativos de los Servicios de Salud de Nuevo León con un muestreo probabilístico 108 odontólogos. Se utilizó un cuestionario diseñado con 12 preguntas relacionadas con los accidentes punzocortantes, con una confiabilidad de un alfa de Cronbach de .832. Resultados: el 38.8 % de los masculinos informó haber presentado accidente laboral y femeninas el 67.2 % señalaron haber sufrido un accidente con punzocortante. En relación al conocer si habían sufrido algún accidente por objetos punzocortantes, solo el 59.3 % lo reportó y un 40.7 % no había sufrido accidente; un 49 % si recibió capacitación en bioseguridad y un 51 % no ha recibido capacitación. Conclusión: Con base a estos resultados podemos concluir que aún falta por mejorar las capacitaciones y ampliar la cobertura de capacitación a los odontólogos en materia de normativas de bioseguridad y manejo de residuos peligrosos biológicos infecciosos, así como actualizar el conocimiento de infecciones transmitidas por objetos punzocortantes.

Background: The staff of the health area is constantly exposed to blood and / or fluids coming from patients during their workday. Therefore, dentistry personnel run the risk of contracting infectious diseases. Purpose: To know the frequency of occupational risk due to sharp objects in top-level dentists of the urban and rural Health Centers of the Health Services of Nuevo León. Methods: design of the non-experimental, descriptive, cross-sectional and prospective study. Study population: applicative dentists of the Health Services of Nuevo Leon with a probabilistic sampling 108 of dentists. A questionnaire designed with 12 questions related to sharps accidents with a reliability of a Cronbach's alpha of .832 was used. Results: 38.8 % of the men reported having presented an accident at work and 67.2 % of the women reported having suffered an accident with a sharp cut. In relation to knowing if they had suffered an infection due to an accident by sharp objects, 59.3 % had suffered an accident and 40.7 % had not suffered an accident; 49 % were trained in biosecurity and 51 % have not received training. Conclusion: Based on these results we can conclude that there is still a need to improve the training and expand the coverage of training to the dentist in matters of biosafety regulations and management of infectious biological dangerous wastes as well as to update the knowledge of puncture-borne infections.

Antecedentes: A equipe da área de saúde é constantemente exposta ao sangue e / ou fluidos provenientes dos pacientes durante o dia de trabalho. Portanto, o pessoal de odontologia corre o risco de contrair doenças infecciosas. Objetivo: Conhecer a frequência do risco ocupacional por objetos pontiagudos em dentistas de nível superior dos Centros de Saúde urbanos e rurais dos Serviços de Saúde de Nuevo León. Métodos: delineamento do estudo não experimental, descritivo, transversal e prospectivo. População do estudo: dentistas aplicativos dos Serviços de Saúde de Nuevo León com amostragem probabilística 108 de cirurgiões-dentistas. Foi utilizado um questionário elaborado com 12 questões relacionadas aos acidentes com perfurocortantes, com confiabilidade de um alfa de Cronbach de 0,832. Resultados: 38,8% dos homens relataram ter sofrido acidente no trabalho e 67,2% das mulheres relataram ter sofrido acidente com um corte acentuado. Em relação a saber se sofreram infecção por acidente por objetos pontiagudos, 59,3% sofreram acidente e 40,7% não sofreram acidente; 49% foram treinados em biossegurança e 51% não receberam treinamento. Conclusão: Com base nesses resultados, podemos concluir que ainda há uma necessidade de melhorar o treinamento e ampliar a cobertura do treinamento para o dentista em questões de regulamentos de biossegurança e gestão de resíduos infecciosos biológicos perigosos, bem como atualizar o conhecimento sobre punção. infecções suportadas.

Efectos negativos de la ansiedad al tratamiento estomatológico / Negative effects of anxiety to dental treatment

Introducción: La ansiedad al tratamiento estomatológico es un fenómeno psicológico cuyos efectos negativos en el paciente adulto tienen gran impacto desde el punto de vista psicológico y de salud bucal. Objetivo: Realizar una revisión bibliográfica de los efectos negativos de la ansiedad al tratamiento estomatológico en el paciente adulto. Métodos: Se efectuó un estudio de revisión bibliográfica sobre ansiedad al tratamiento estomatológico y sus efectos en el individuo, tomando en consideración la bibliografía publicada en Google académico, SciELO y Medline en el período comprendido de enero del 2013 a diciembre de 2017. Se obtuvo como resultado un total de 50 artículos, 46 de ellos en revistas internacionales, uno en revista nacional y tres libros, de los cuales fueron utilizados 33 una vez aplicado los criterios de exclusión establecidos. Análisis e integración de la información: La no adherencia al tratamiento estomatológico como consecuencia de la ansiedad está relacionada con la última visita realizada a la consulta y la frecuencia con que habitualmente acuden a recibir la atención, aspectos estos considerados fundamentales para abordar este fenómeno. Específicamente los efectos sobre el órgano dentario y los de sostén, son las consecuencias bucales que se informan en investigaciones actuales, para referirse al deterioro de la salud bucal en relación con este fenómeno psicológico. Los pacientes ansiosos ante el tratamiento estomatológico no sufren solamente consecuencias sobre su salud bucal, también es posible apreciar consecuencias psicológicas, relacionadas fundamentalmente con emociones negativas y un aislamiento social del individuo como resultado de su deterioro bucal. Conclusiones: La ansiedad al tratamiento estomatológico es el resultado histórico de las creencias y actitudes de las personas, que las llevan a rechazar o evitar la Estomatología como especialidad médica. Sus efectos son el resultado de la no adherencia al tratamiento, lo cual trae consigo problemas de salud bucal; además se nota un efecto psicológico considerable(AU)

Introduction: Anxiety to dental treatment is a psychological phenomenon whose negative effects in the adult patient have great impact from the points of view of psychology and oral health. Objective: To carry out a bibliographic review about the negative effects of anxiety on dental treatment in adult patients. Methods: A bibliographic review study on anxiety to dental treatment and its effects on the individual was carried out, taking into consideration the bibliography published in Google Academic, SciELO and Medline in the period from January 2013 to December 2017. As a result, we obtained a total amount of 50 articles, 46 of them in international journals, one in a national journal and three books, of which 33 were used once the established exclusion criteria were applied. Analysis and integration of the information: Non-adherence to dental treatment as a consequence of this anxiety is associated with the last visit made to the dental office and the frequency with which they usually attend to receive dental care, being the fundamental aspects considered to address this phenomenon. Specifically, the effects on the dental organ and those of support are the oral consequences reported in the current research, for referring to the deterioration of oral health in relation to this psychological phenomenon. Patients anxious about dental treatment do not only suffer consequences on their oral health, it is also possible to appreciate psychological consequences, mainly associated with negative emotions and social isolation of the individual as a result of their oral deterioration. Conclusions: Anxiety to dental treatment is the historical result of the beliefs and attitudes of the people, leading them to reject or avoid dental medicine as a medical specialty. Its effects are the result of non-adherence to treatment, bringing about oral-health problems. Also, a considerable psychological effect is noticed(AU)