Pulmonary oedema, pneumonia and mortality in submersion victims; a retrospective study in 125 patients.

OBJECTIVE: The identification of risk factors contributing to the development of pulmonary oedema, pneumonia and late mortality in submersion victims. DESIGN: A retrospective study of 125 submersion victims. SETTING: The medical intensive care unit in a university hospital. METHODS: Baseline examination on admission consisted of history, physical examination, arterial blood gas analysis and a chest radiograph. Patients were then classified into four groups: class I, baseline examination negative; class II, baseline examination positive, but mechanical ventilation not needed on admission; class III, mechanical ventilation required on admission; class IV, patients suffering from cardiopulmonary arrest. All patients who were not successfully resuscitated or who had expired within 24 h after admission were excluded for determination of the risk of pulmonary oedema and pneumonia. RESULTS: Class I patients did not develop pulmonary complications; neither pulmonary oedema nor pneumonia occurred in this group. In the remaining classes the incidence of pulmonary oedema was 72% and that of pneumonia, 14.7%. Stepwise logistic regression showed that pulmonary oedema was related to the type of water (seawater, ditch water, swimming pool) victims were submerged in and to the neurological state both at the time of rescue and on admission. The development of pneumonia was related to the use of mechanical ventilation (the risk was 52%). Pneumonia was not related to neurological state at the time of rescue or on admission, to body temperature on admission, to the prophylactic administration of antibiotics or to the use of corticosteroids. Mortality was high in class IV patients, but low in all other patients. Early mortality was 18.4% while late mortality was 5.6%. CONCLUSIONS: There is no need to hospitalise submersion victims when there are no signs or symptoms of aspiration upon arrival in the emergency room. All other patients should be admitted to an intensive care unit. The risk of pneumonia is high when mechanical ventilation is necessary. Mortality is high in patients with circulatory arrest on admission, but low in all other patients.

Advanced multiple beam equalization radiography (AMBER) combined with computed radiography. Preliminary evaluation.

The combined use of AMBER (Advanced Multiple Beam Equalization Radiography) and a digital storage phosphor (SP) radiography system was evaluated for chest radiography in a pilot study with 4 patients. Four image modes with different dose levels were compared: the SP in combination with an AMBER equalized exposure (SP/AMBER) and 3 nonequalized exposures with dose levels corresponding to the respective calculated AMBER lung dose (SP/lung field dose), the calculated AMBER mediastinal dose (SP/mediastinal dose) and the calculated AMBER average dose (SP/average dose). All image modes were matched for Hurter and Driffield characteristics and subjectively rated according to visibility of details. The improved signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of SP/AMBER resulted in a better visualization of structures in the mediastinum and the basal lung where SP/lung field dose scored lowest. For the central lung no quality differences were seen between techniques. The compressed dynamic range of the SP/AMBER images was more easily displayed on the hard-copy film. The combination of AMBER with SP radiography promises to overcome the dynamic range limitations of digital displays while, at moderate doses, giving better S/N and image quality than standard SP technique.